Colour names as verbalizers of prototypes of human consciousness

The study of color as one of the constants of culture, which reproduces the ways of formation, assimilation, coining in the cultural memory of universal and nationally marked culturally significant concepts. Basic color names in different languages.

Рубрика Культура и искусство
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 06.08.2023
Размер файла 40,1 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University

Colour names as verbalizers of prototypes of human consciousness

Luchechko T.M.

PhD, Associate Professor

Summary

The paper deals with the study of colour as one of the constants of culture, which represents the ways of formation, assimilation, and fixing of universal and nationally marked ethnically significant concepts in the cultural memory. Certain universal prototypes are considered to serve as the foundation of basic colour names in various languages, which at the same time act as mythological archetypal symbols: fire, vegetation, blood, sky, light, and darkness. Therefore, the study of human thinking and ethnic concepts is largely determined by the features of the prototypes reflected in the language of certain ethnical and cultural groups.

Colour is considered as one of the features of objects along with physical characteristics such as weight, height, shape, etc., the ideas of which are formed in the human mind based on many years of visual and auditory experience and verbalized in language units.

The article also examines the structure of the lexical and semantic field of colorr nominations with the allocation of the core as the primary layer of the lexicon and the periphery formed by secondary colorr nominations. The evolution of colour names from primary to secondary ones is considered taking into account two main aspects of the theory of their prototypic determination: the central tendency model and the frequency of features model. The prototypical nature of all basic colours and their shades is defined as a universal attribute of colour schemes in different languages. However, the idea of conventional predetermination as a common feature of colour prototypes is refuted. Considering the idea of colour as a set of shades, the main ways of verbal representation of shades based on the modification of basic colour names are also characterized. Thus, the possibility of distinguishing universal and nationally specific concepts of colour in the cultural and semantic spheres of different languages is proved, which makes it possible to realize the thoughts and feelings of the language speakers.

Key words: colour, colour name, primary and secondary colour names, colours prototypes.

Лучечко Т.М.

Кольороназви як вербалізатори прототипів людської свідомості

Анотація

color name cultural memory

Статтю присвячено дослідженню кольору як однієї з констант культури, що відтворює шляхи формування, засвоєння, карбування в культурній пам'яті універсальних та національно маркованих культурно значимих концептів, адже основою базових кольоронайменувань в різних мовах є певні універсальні прототипи, які водночас виступають міфологічними архетиповими символами: вогонь, рослинність, кров, небо, світло, темрява. Відтак, дослідження людського мислення та етнічних концептів значною мірою визначається особливостями прототипів, відображених у мові народу.

Колір розглянуто як одну з ознак об'єктів довкілля поряд із фізичними характеристиками як-от, вага, висота, форма тощо, уявлення про які формуються у свідомості людини на основі багатолітнього зорового та слухового досвіду та вербалізуються в мовних одиницях.

У розвідці проаналізовано також структуру лексико- семантичного поля кольорономінацій з виділенням ядра як первинного шару лексики та периферії, яку формують вторинні номінації кольорів. Еволюцію кольоронайменувань від первинних до вторинних розглянуто з урахуванням двох основних напрямків теорії їх прототипної зумовленості: моделі центральної тенденції та моделі частотності ознак. Прототипний характер усіх базових кольорів та їхніх відтінків визначено як універсальний атрибут кольороназв у різних мовах. Проте спростовано ідею про конвенціональну зумовленість як спільну ознаку колірних прототипів. З урахуванням ідеї про колір як сукупність відтінків схарактеризовано також основні способи вербальної репрезентації відтінків, що базуються на модифікації найменувань базових кольорів. Відтак, доведено можливість виокремлення у культурно-семантичних просторах різних мов універсальних і національно-специфічних понять про колір, що дає можливість зрозуміти напрям думок і почуттів народівносіїв цих мов.

Ключові слова: колір, кольороназва, первинні та вторинні кольороназви, прототипи кольороназв.

With the formation of a new, cognitive-communicative or functional paradigm in linguistics, recent scholarship has displayed a growing interest in the issue of colour names. Linguistic, psychological, cultural, and anthropological traditions have developed in the history of the study of colour-naming words.

The study of colour nomenclature is carried out in various linguistic fields - etymology, word formation, idiostylistics, linguistics, psycholinguistics [1, p. 47], and the peculiarities of human intellectual activity are the motivating factor for the colour verbalization, since it represents the sensory experience of the individual/society, which is in complex interdependencies of stability/variability, centrality/peripherality of reflection on the world [2, p. 235]. Scientists argue that the perception of the environment occurs through analyzers, i.e. specialised sensory systems. In the process of mastering, an image of an object or phenomenon is formed that acts on the analyzer. Units that capture perceptual sensations at the lexical level demonstrate the peculiarities of structural and semantic organization. All perceptual sensations, impressions, and subjective experiences in the process of world cognition were embodied by man in rituals, ceremonies, verbal formulas, and images (symbols) [3, p. 253]. Thus, the idea of colour as a feature of environmental objects is formed in the human mind based on many years of subjective visual experience and is subsequently represented in linguistic units.

Thus, colour, along with physical characteristics such as weight, height, shape, etc., is defined as a property of an object. Humans see the world around them in colour, so when new objects appear, they acquire not only the shape but also colour characteristics. In culture, colour has always been of great importance because of its close connection with the philosophical and aesthetic comprehension of reality [4, p. 297]. Misconceptions about colours indicate the specificity of environmental perception. However, for example, J. Lakoff believes that colour is a subjective category that does not exist in the objective world [5, p. 146].

The project aims at investigating the issue of colour prototypes in modern linguistics.

Since ancient times, colour has been one of the means of comprehending the world, although later the symbolic use of colour designations has expanded significantly. Colours began to be employed to characterize space, time, and certain social groups [6, p. 126].

Colour is one of the dominant categories of culture, as it captures unique information about the surrounding nature, the peculiarities of historical development, the interaction of different ethnic traditions, and the poetic perception of reality [7, p. 109]. Colour can characterize and systematize objects, social attitudes, and concepts. Thus, even despite the universality of human cognition, there are numerous differences in colour symbolism in closely related languages, which affects, firstly, the choice of specific imag- es-standards by the language speakers, and secondly, the specificity of the semantics of a linguistic unit with a colour component [8, p. 72].

Therefore, I. Holubovska identifies three main factors that determine the ethnicity of the colour conceptualization of reality by native speakers: 1) the colour palette of the natural environment of a certain linguistic and cultural area (landscape); 2) everyday activity; 3) the specifics of the artificially created environment (works of architecture, artificial materials, painting) [9, p. 27].

The concept of colour nature is reflected in language, forming various phrases with a colour adjective, for example, blue sea, green grass, white wall, and red fire. Thus, the "palette" of coloronyms used in different linguistic units can also be considered the object of linguistic research. The formation and development of linguistic units with coloronyms are influenced by extralinguistic factors. Such expressions represent both direct and figurative symbolic meanings with national elements associated with cultural, historical, and economic realities [4, p. 298].

According to their origin, colours fall into two categories: primary and secondary. The origin of the primary ones can be traced through etymological analysis; they denote abstract colour qualities such as yellow, green, and red and do not correlate in modern language with noun referents. Secondary ones are formed by colour similarity to objects and environmental phenomena (crimson, pink) [10, p. 24].

Krytenko distinguishes between words of the first order (non-derivative names: blue, grey, green) and the second order (blond, reddish). The former form the core of the lexical and semantic category of colour names, while the latter, being semantically related to the former, constitute the periphery. The words of the second group define shades more precisely, so the need for them increases with the development of science and technology [11, p. 99].

Therefore, it can be argued that the lexical and semantic field of colour schemes consists of a core (the primary layer of the lexicon - direct nomination correlated with the chromatic and achromatic spectra) and a periphery - secondary colour nominations, composites, phraseological units. The variety of colours perceived by our visual system is called "colour space", "colour spectrum", etc. [12, p. 190].

At the level of primary nomination, a person gave new names to objects referring to the environment, as he or she could not distinguish specific features of objects due to a rather low level of abstract thinking. Thus, previous generations associated colours with certain objects, events, actions, and characteristics, then compared these associative reinterpretations with people's behavior and actions and later generalized the associations through language according to the communicative situation. The syntactic combination of colour names with other words is subject to extralinguistic regularities and reflects the structure of people's thinking [13, p. 40].

The primary colours of the spectrum are traditionally referred to as prototypical since the key seme in determining their meaning is the signs of already existing objects of reality. A. Vezhbytska focuses on the ability of colours to associate, to "imagine" a prototype in the recipient's mind. For example, the prototype for the blue colour of the spectrum is the sky, the green colour is vegetation, and for the red colour, fire, blood, etc. [14, с. 237].

The theory of prototypes explains the evolution of colour names from the reproduction of colour semantics, by correlating with associations in the speaker's mind, to the abstract representation of a set of stimuli that embody the key semantic characteristics of the colour [15, p. 175].

A. Vezhbytska claims that colour concepts are associated with certain universal elements of human experience, i.e. day, night, sun, fire, sky, earth, etc., which serve as cognitive clues throughout the process of colour nomination [16, p. 131].

Developing A. Vezhbytska's ideas, H. Yavorska suggests that prototypes (sky, water, vegetation, fire, blood) are thought to be mythological and mythopoetic symbols, and therefore archetypes for the main colour nominations. Therefore, certain features of archaic conceptualization can affect the semantics of colour schemes [1, p. 42-43].

When studying colour schemes, linguists adhere to two main theories of their prototypical predetermination.According to the central tendency theory, the prototypical colour is something that is the most typical of all instances of a prototypical object [17, p. 113]. For example, the conceptual prototype of the colour green is grass, although it acquires different shades depending on the season (fern, forest green, mantis). According to the feature frequency model, the prototype of a colour name is the quality or object that is most often associated with it. For example, English blue refers to the blue colour, and of all the possible variants of the sky colour (sapphire, navy, fiercely red), blue embodies the prototype of the sky [15, p. 175].

The prototypical nature of colour nomenclature is characteristic of all basic colours of the spectrum and their shades, which is a typical attribute of colour nomenclature in many languages. The conventional predetermination of prototypes (their traditional labeling: e.g., English red and Ukrainian red have the same prototypes offire and blood) is not their universal attribute. Sometimes the prototypical connections diverge in different languages, for example, for the English yellow the prototypes are lemon or eggyolks, and for the Ukrainian yellow - gold, sunflower, and the sun.

Prototypes of colour names are considered to be generalized images of the reality represented in language. Being primary by nature, prototypical colour names serve as the basis for numerous metonymic and metaphorical transferences. Prototypical effects are assumed to be secondary by nature, as they are caused by the interaction of various facts: historical, social, psychological, and cultural [15, p. 176]. For example, in the English proverb There may be blue and better blue, the colour name blue, which is determined by its prototypical connection with the sky, acquires additional connotations of nobility, quality, and breed.

Modern linguists define colour as a set of shades that form a symbolic structure that depends on the emotional and personal traits of a person. Each colour evokes emotions [18]. S. Uporova defines the main attributes of emotionality caused by colour names:

any colour name is emotionally coloured and expresses a person's attitude to reality;

colour can be expressed explicitly (through colour name) and implicitly (through naming an object associated with a certain colour nomination) [19, p. 52].

The main way to convey shades is to modify the primary colour with the help of:

suffixes to convey intensity (Ukr. синюватий, жовтуватий, червонуватий; Eng. reddish, yellowish, blueish);

special words that specify the colour (Ukr. блідо-, яскраво-; Eng. light-, dark-);

a metaphorical reference to an object with an identical shade (Ukr. білосніжний; Eng. snow-white);

indications of the main constituent colorus of the hue (Ukr. коричнево-сірий, червонувато-коричневий, синьо-зелений; Eng.: brownish-grey, reddish-brown, blue-green).

Any shade may have a colour nomination in one language and not in another. In this case, the shades are not separated from the base colour and do not differ from each other [20, p. 4].

Being conceived in the human mind, colour names reflect the way of perceiving certain characteristics and relations of an object or a phenomenon with other realias, the level of people's experience in the perception of the world and thus acquire new specific features and properties, i.e. conceptualized [21, p. 216]. For example, in the Ukrainian proverb З білого легко чорного зробити, але з чорного білого - важко white and black explicitly denote not only colours, but also implicitly represent the universal antagonisms of good - evil, truth - lies. The interpretation of white colour as a symbol of truth is determined by the positive aspect based on its confrontation with black as a symbol of falsity.

Belyavska defines three levels in the cognitive model of colour that are formed when being conceptualized:

The level of gestalt representation, that is, how the concept of colour is perceived through conceptual schemes that reflect the mythical model of the world.

The level of the conceptual field. Based on the system of knowledge and ideas about the object of reality, which are fixed in the human mind, a conceptual field is created with the following parameters: colour as a spatial reference point (top-bottom); colour as a temporal parameter; colour as an object of feeling (good-bad) - black deed - чорне діло, dark days - чорні дні, white/black magic - біла/чорна магія; colour as an object of cognition and thought; colour as a social parameter.

The level of semantic generalizations inherent in a particular language [22, p. 22].

Thus, concept modeling helps to identify the semantic mechanisms that accompany the figurative and symbolic use of colours.

Therefore, in the cultural and semantic space of different languages, it is possible to distinguish universal and nationally specific concepts verbalized in them, which makes it possible to understand the thoughts and feelings of the language speakers.

References

1. Яворська Г.М. Мовні концепти кольору (до проблеми категоризації). Мовознавство. 1999. № 2-3. С. 43-50.

2. Шевченко Л.І., Дергач Д.В. Колористика в сучасному мовознавстві: традиційне і нове. Studia Linguistica. К.: Київський університет, 2011. Вип. 5 (2). С. 234-239.

3. Телеуця В.В. Символи фольклору як засіб вербалізації відчуттів. Літературознавчі студії. 2013. Вип.40(2). С. 253-260.

4. Соловйова О. Колороніми та особливості їхнього перекладу в процесі вивчення іноземних мов. Наукові записки Вінницького державноо педагогічного університету імені Михайла Коцюбинського. Серія: Філологія (мовознавство): збірник наукових праць. [гол. ред. Н.Л. Іваницька]. Вінниця: ТОВ «фірма «Планер», 2013. Вип. 17. С. 296-299.

5. Лакофф Дж. Женщины, огонь и опасные вещи: Что категории языка говорят нам о мышлении. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2004. 792 с.

6. Лисенко Л.О. Концепт «колір» в англомовній фразеологічній картині світу як прояв національної специфіки. Наукові записки Національного університету «Острозька академія». Серія «Філологічна». 2015. Вип.59. С. 125-128.

7. Жаркынбекова Ш.К. Моделирование концепта как метод выявления этнокультурной специфики. Материалы IX Конгресса МАПРЯЛ. Братислава, 1992. С. 107-112.

8. Мізін К. Ануріна І. Усталені порівняння англійської та німецької мов на позначення хроматичних кольорів: спільне й відмінне. Наукові записки. Серія: Філологічні науки (мовознавство). Кіровоград: РВВ КДПУ ім. В. Винниченка, 2013. Вип. 115. С. 72-75.

9. Голубовська І. Колірна семантика у когнітивно-культурологіч- ному висвітленні. Studia Slawistyczne. Etnolingwistyka I Komunikacja Miedzykulturowa. 3. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL, 2016. S. 25-42.

10. Крижанська О. Яким буває червоне (символічні кольороназви в українській мові). Українська мова і література в школі. 2001. № 2. С. 22-25.

11. Критенко А.П. Семантична структура назв кольорів в українській мові. Славістичний збірник. К: Вид-во АН УРСР, 1963. С. 97-111.

12. Іншаков А.Є. Теоретичні засади дослідження колірної лексики в мовознавстві. Філологічні студії. Науковий вісник Криворізького державного педагогічного університету. 2013. Вип. 9. С. 188-195.

13. Кучерук О. Образна природа семантики кольороназв в українських фразеологізмах. Дивослово. 2006. №12. С. 40-42.

14. Вежбицкая А. Язык. Культура. Познание. М.: Русские словари, 1996. 416 с.

15. Лук'янець Г. Семантика кольороназв крізь призму теорії прототипів. Наукові записки. Серія: Філологічні науки (мовознавство).

16. Кіровоград: РВВ КДПУ ім. В. Винниченка, 2012. Вип. 105 (1). С. 175-177.

17. Wierzbicka А., The Meaning of Colour Terms: Semantics, Culture and Cognition [Електронний ресурс] А. Wierzbicka Cognitive linguistics, ed. J. Newman, de Gruyter. 1990. № 1. Р 99-150. Режим доступу до журн.: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cogl.1990.1.issue-1/cogl.1990.1.1.99/cogl.1990.1.1.99.xml.

18. Jackendoff R. Semantics and Cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983. 283 p.

19. Євтушенко Н. Семантичні особливості фразеологізмів-кольоризмів у сучасній англійській мові [Електронний ресурс] Режим доступу: http://conferences.neasmo.org.ua/node/869.

20. Упорова Л.С. О методологии анализа цвета в художественном тексте. Гуманитарные науки в Сибири. Новосибирск, 1995. № 4. С. 51-54.

21. Аніщенко Ю., Єрмоленко С. Семантика і символіка кольору як лінгвокультурний феномен (на базі німецької та української мов). Соціально-гуманітарні аспекти розвитку сучасного суспільства: матеріали Всеукраїнської наукової конференції викладачів, аспірантів, співробітників та студентів фак-ту іноземної філології та соціальних комунікацій. Суми: СумДУ 2012. Ч. 1. С. 3-5.

22. Осецький Й. Етимологія кольорів «чорний» та «червоний» у дзеркалі санскриту. Рідне слово в етнокультурному вимірі: зб. наук. пр. / Дрогоб. держ. пед. ун-т ім. Івана Франка. Дрогобич: Посвіт, 2013. С. 214-222.

23. Белявская Е.Г. Семантическая структура слова в номинативном и коммуникативном аспектах (Когнитивные основания формирования и функционирования семантической структуры слова): автореф. дис. на соиск. науч. степ. д-ра филол. наук: спец. 10.02.19. «Общее языкознание, социолингвистика, психолингвистика». М., 1992. - 39 с.

Размещено на Allbest.ru

...

Подобные документы

  • The concept of "intercultural dialogue". The problem of preserving the integrity nations and their cultural identity. formation of such a form of life, as cultural pluralism, which is an adaptation to a foreign culture without abandoning their own.

    статья [108,6 K], добавлен 12.11.2012

  • The Brooklyn Bridge is a popular landmark in the New York City. The History and the Structure of the Brooklyn Bridge. The Bridge and American Culture. Ethnic and foreign responses to America, nationalism, memory, commemoration, popular culture.

    реферат [13,1 K], добавлен 09.07.2013

  • A long history of French culture. Learning about cultural traditions of each region of France is a richly rewarding endeavour and just pure fun. Customs and traditions in France. French wedding and christmas traditions. Eating and drinking in France.

    реферат [51,5 K], добавлен 11.02.2011

  • Introduction to business culture. Values and attitudes characteristic of the British. Values and attitudes characteristic of the French and of the German. Japanese business etiquette. Cultural traditions and business communication style of the USA.

    методичка [113,9 K], добавлен 24.05.2013

  • The main types of stereotypes, their functions, leading to illustrate the differences in cultures and national symbols. The use of stereotypes of the main ways in which we simplify our social mir.Funktsiya transfer relatively reliable information.

    презентация [1,1 M], добавлен 06.12.2014

  • Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. Тhe climate and landscape of the country. Formation of language and contemporary trends, religious trends. Household and national traditions. Gender Roles in Japan.

    курсовая работа [48,1 K], добавлен 08.04.2015

  • Painting, sculpture, architecture, graphics - the main kinds of arts. In painting use oil and water color paints, distemper, gouache. Easel, monumental, decorative painting. The book, poster, industrial drawing. Landscape architecture, town-planning.

    презентация [1,2 M], добавлен 27.04.2011

  • Singapore is a cosmopolitan society where people live harmoniously among different races are commonly seen. The pattern of Singapore stems from the inherent cultural diversity of the island. The elements of the cultures of Canada's Aboriginal peoples.

    презентация [4,7 M], добавлен 24.05.2012

  • Japanese role in the culture of the state. Place in the system of painting Japanese artbrush like a traditional instrument of writing. Technique of calligraphy. Traditional sculpture. Anime and Manga. Japanese tea ceremony, requirements for it. Religion.

    презентация [7,4 M], добавлен 11.03.2013

  • Pre-cinema inventions. Descriptions of some visual devices which anticipated the appearance of motion-picture camera. The development of cinematography. The problem of genesis of the language of cinema. The ways of organizing theatrical performances.

    реферат [17,5 K], добавлен 02.02.2015

  • The "dark" Middle Ages were followed by a time known in art and literature as the Renaissance. The word "renaissance" means "rebirth" in French and was used to denote a phase in the cultural development of Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries.

    реферат [13,3 K], добавлен 05.07.2007

  • The concept of the Golden Ring of Russia, its structure and components. Cities included in it: Sergiev Posad, Pereslavl-Zalesskiy, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Suzdal, Vladimir. Sights to these cities and assessment of their cultural values.

    презентация [7,0 M], добавлен 12.01.2016

  • A particular cultural grouping is a way for young people to express their individuality. Bikers movements in the USA, Europe and Russia. Symbolism and closes of bikers. Night Wolves - is Russia's first biker club. The most popular groups among bikers.

    презентация [1,5 M], добавлен 12.03.2013

  • Theatre in British history as an integral part of the cultural heritage. Stages of professional development of the theater from the first theater and the trivial to the most modern experimental projects. Famous people of British theater for centuries.

    курсовая работа [58,6 K], добавлен 06.12.2013

  • The value of art in one's life, his role in understanding the characteristics of culture. The skill and ability of the artist to combine shapes and colors in a harmonious whole. Create an artist of her unique style of painting, different from the others.

    презентация [2,3 M], добавлен 20.10.2013

  • The Hermitage is one of the greatest museums in the world. Put together throughout two centuries and a half, the Hermitage collections of works of art present the development of the world culture and art from the Stone Age to the 20th century.

    курсовая работа [16,9 K], добавлен 14.12.2004

  • Periods of art in Great Britain. Earliest art and medieval, 16th-19th Centuries. Vorticism, pop art, stuckism. Percy Wyndham Lewis, Paul Nash, Billy Childish as famous modern painters. A British comic as a periodical published in the United Kingdom.

    курсовая работа [3,3 M], добавлен 02.06.2013

  • Customs and traditions, national and religious holidays, the development of art and architecture in Turkey. Description of the relationship of Turks to the family, women, marriage, birth and burial. Characteristics of the custom of Sunnet - circumcision.

    реферат [28,1 K], добавлен 21.01.2012

  • Renaissance art and culture during the Renaissance. Biography of famous artist and painter Michelangelo. His architectural masterpieces: the sculpture of David, the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. Artistic value Songs 'Creating Adam'.

    эссе [925,5 K], добавлен 29.12.2010

  • Story about eight public holidays in United States of America: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King’s Day, President’s Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, St.Valentine’s Day, April Fool’s Day, Halloween. Culture of celebrating of holidays as not religious.

    реферат [24,5 K], добавлен 12.01.2012

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.