Role of customs of stepps in realization of products of cattle breeding

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Role of customs of stepps in realization of products of cattle breeding

К. Dzhumagaliyeva

'S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University

Abstract

The article reveals the role of customs in the transportation of livestock products from the Kazakh Steppe. The history of trade and economic relations between the Russian Empire and Kazakhstan is an object of study for both Russian and domestic historians. In the regulation of foreign economic activity in the 19th century, the role of customs was significant. They regulated not only trade and economic, but also political processes. It was the Asian direction that became dominant in the foreign policy of the Russian Empire. The article focuses on the main areas of trade. The most significant customs points through which trade operations were carried out have been identified. Statistical and archival data on the problem under study are given. Trade relations were of great importance not only for Kazakhstan, but also for Russia. The importance of individual customs is revealed. In the article, a special role is given to barter trade, fairs. The most significant centers of fair trade are singled out. In the development of trade relations a huge role was played by the transport industry. The transportation of goods was mainly carried out by the Kazakhs. This occupation became one of the main ones, which made it possible for the indigenous population to earn money.

Key words: trade, fair, customs, kazakh steppe, cattle, border.

Аннотация

В статье раскрывается роль таможен при перевозке продуктов скотоводства из казахской степи. Развитие торгово-экономических отношений Казахстана и России занимает одну из важнейших страниц в истории данных государств. Одну из главных ролей во внешнеэкономической деятельности в XIX веке играли таможни. В XIX веке они регулировали не только торгово-экономические, но и политические отношения России с Казахстаном. Именно азиатское направление стало доминирующим во внешней политике Российской империи в указанный период времени. В статье уделено внимание основным направлениям торговли. Выделены наиболее значимые таможенные пункты, через которые осуществлялись торговые операции. Приводятся статистические и архивные данные по исследуемой проблеме. Торговые отношения имели огромное значение не только для Казахстана, но и для России. Раскрывается значимость отдельных таможен. В статье особая роль отводится меновой торговле, ярмаркам. Выделяются наиболее значимые центры ярмарочной торговли. В развитии торговых отношений огромную роль сыграл также извозный промысел. Перевозкой товаров в основном занимались казахи. Это занятие стало одним из основных, что давало возможность коренному населению иметь определенный заработок.

Ключевые слова: торговля, ярмарка, таможня, казахская степь, скот, граница.

Introduction

The study of the history of customs relations with the Russian Empire Steppe edge in the XIX century is one of the main features of trade and economic ties. Trade relations between the two states were formed earlier. Condition of the region is closely related to the economic processes within the Russian Empire.

Development of the customs had their own specific, unique features. State Customs in the region helps to reveal the role of border regions in the formation of the internal market. Through them wheeling in a large volume of different goods. Most of the goods were products of cattle. For the Russian industry needed raw materials, this in large amounts can give the Kazakh steppe. The study of this important question in connection with the development of customs relations at the present stage. The above identify the main purpose of the study - to examine the development of customs relations in the XIX century Russia to the Kazakh steppe.

Material and methods of research. The methodological basis was formed by the principles of science, objectivity, and consistency. Within the framework of this work, the historical-genetic method was used to study the problem in the context of its historical development. The authors tried to trace the main factors and features of the development of the customs system in the region.

The main sources for writing the work were archival documents, published statistical data, as well as materials of the pre-revolutionary periodical press. To achieve this goal, the materials of the state archives of the Orenburg and Astrakhan regions, the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used. The laws of the Russian Empire were used. These materials allow us to reveal the problem under study, to determine the contribution of the Steppe Region to the development of trade and economic relations.

The source base of the research is also the works of Russian, Western and domestic scientists, materials of periodicals.

Results and their discussion

Huge role in the formation and development of trade and economic relations between the two countries bring customs of Orenburg province and Steppe Region.

The border location of the region and the rapid development of trade and economic relations between Russia and the countries of the East in the XVIII century led to the creation of the customs service in Orenburg, which lasted until 1868. The activities of customs authorities in the south-east of the country in the second half of XVIII - first half of XIX century largely contributed to the strengthening of Russia's position in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, and actively trade and economic expansion of England in that region.

Economic relations between the Russian and Kazakh people in XIX century, expressed mainly in barter. A. Levshin [1], V.M.Cheremshansky [2]. wrote about this. To a greater extent in the work of these authors described the economic ties between Kazakhstan and Russia for small periods of time.

Among the most meaningful work directly on the problems of Russian-east trade, it should be noted work of P.I. Nebolsin [3], Y. Hanykov [4] and other.

All the tasks of the pre-Soviet period can be divided into several groups. The first group consists of representatives of the authors of the academic direction [5].

The second group consists of research of economists, statisticians, historians, geographers [6, 7]. Opinions, suggestions, "notes" of diplomats, merchants, travelers, secret agents can be attributed to the third group. Until the mid-1950s, this problem affects only the individual work in popular scientific and journalistic nature [8].

In the second half of the XX century there were works that explored different aspects of trade relations of the Russian Empire with particular countries of the East, the linkages between the domestic market and foreign trade.

At the beginning of the XIX century European explorers and an analysis of trade and economic relations between Russia and the peoples of Asia. Among the European and other researchers of the twentieth century can be identified as the work of such scholars as [9]. They gave a description of the trade relations of the Russian Empire with Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

A huge role in the formation and development of trade and economic relations between the two countries have customs Orenburg province and Steppe region. The border location of the region, as well as the rapid development of trade and economic relations between Russia and the countries of the East in the XVIII century led to the creation of the Customs Service in Orenburg, Omsk, Tomsk, on the Irtysh line. The activities of customs authorities in the south-east of the country during the second half of the XVIII - XIX centuries greatly contributed to the strengthening of Russia's position in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

Young zhuz joined Russia and later Middle zhuz joined them too, two zhuzes boosted the development of economic relations between Kazakhstan and Russia. Released barter in Orenburg, Troitsk, Petropavlovsk, and then in the fortresses Irtysh line offers great opportunities for the marketing of livestock and pastoral resources.

During the nineteenth century Russia's trade with Kazakhstan was conducted on the entire boundary of the lower reaches of the steppe Yaik (Ural) to the upper Irtysh. Exchange of goods and livestock produced in the following paragraphs: Guriev, Uralsk, Orenburg, Orsk, Verkhneuralsk, Troitsk, Zverinogolovsk, in castles - Petropavl, Kalmykovsky, Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Ust- Kamenogorsk and others. In all of these areas in the exchange there was a process of mutual knowledge and bring the two peoples. Kazakhs migrated closer to the border line to exchange their goods at exchange yards. In the 1780's to the Orenburg exchange yard Kazakhs came to exchange up to 2,000 people a day [1].

The main commodities were exported from the Kazakh steppe, was cattle, sheep, horses, cattle, camels, goats and cattle products: goat down, wool, skins of domestic and wild animals, felt, fur coat, coats, horns. Russia also supplied the Kazakh nomadic pastoral people of handicraft products and industrial production, as well as bread, the export of which has been increasing in Kazakhstan.

At the beginning of XIX century define more clearly the importance and mutual benefits of this trade. Kazakhs had exchange with Russian and Central Asian merchants, Cossacks and peasants fortified line settlers of Orenburg region and Western Siberia. Development of exchange with Russia contributed degradable natural Kazakh economy, the development of commodity circulation and the foundations of agriculture in Kazakhstan. Barter led to a rapprochement of the Kazakh and Russian peoples.

Trade in Orenburg to the first quarter of the XIX century has mainly exchange character in nature and only in the second quarter - money. In Orenburg fortresses have occupational exchange-yards. In 1750, the government equated to a trade fair in Orenburg, which meant the removal of the ban to the retail trade. Local trade was of the nature of the caravan. Caravans from Central Asia, Iran, India, arrived in Orenburg region twice a year - in spring and autumn, as a rule, to the top of the Orenburg and Troicky fairs. In this connection, one of the most pressing problems was looting merchant caravans. The local authorities were tasked to create a convoy to accompany all commercial expeditions, following the Orenburg line in the Middle East. However, in practice it has not been implemented.

The main items of domestic exports in Steppe Region is the manufactory of cotton, linen, silk and wool, Russian leather and other leather, copper, brass, iron and steel. In this part of the re-exported Russian metals khanates of Central Asia to other countries of the East. From Asia to Russia brought gold, and silver in the Persian and Indian coins, sand gold, precious stones, raw cotton and spinning of cotton, Indian cotton prints and semi-matter, Bukhara lambskin, fur of wild animals (tigers, Pallas, and so on) dried fruits, livestock, catching golden eagles, nuts, etc. The development of domestic manufacturing industry in the early XIX century increased import of cotton, silk and dyes with increasing exports of finished products - different fabrics and metal products. Overall trading on Russia Orenburg direction had a negative balance because of the large demand of the domestic market of the country.

In the first half of the XIX century increases the value of Orenburg, Omsk as a transit center in the Siberian and Chinese trade. Items received here from Xinjiang and Kyakhta (tea, Chinese silk products, silver lyanah, etc.), which were usually on the Russian domestic market, a small part of their re-exported to Central Asia.

Thus, on the basis of number of cities in the middle of the XVIII century a new center for trade formulates between the Russian Empire and the neighboring countries of the East. Trade, bearing caravan character was initially mutually beneficial. Interested in expanding trade with neighboring countries in the East, Russia is making efforts to protect their economic interests by changing the customs policy and the rules of entry to the Asian merchant's secure merchant caravans. In general, the development of the eastern trade in the Orenburg line not only contributed to the consolidation of the geopolitical influence of the Russian Empire in the East, Kazakh zhuzes and Turkmen genuses, but also to create conditions for the expansion of foreign trade in the vector Siberian line, the development of mutually beneficial trade relations with China.

Despite the fact that Russia was interested in the countries of the East as a trading partner, the development of bilateral relations between them was largely hindered by the lack of reliable sources of information about them. In particular this applies to the khanates of Central Asia and Afghanistan, as in

Iran, Turkey, and China was somewhat different: being in these states of permanent missions possible to obtain reliable information from experienced Russian diplomats.

Very often the merchant caravans were robbed; in connection with the June 26, 1803 for № 20.821 adopted a decree "On the equalization of Semipalatinsk and Petropavl Customs with Bukhtarminsk, and permission to send out from Buhtarmy, Petropavlovsk and Semipalatinsk strongholds abroad merchant caravans with the convoy ". The decree states that "to safe and secure merchant caravans from Kyrgyz raids and distinction to for escort them to the steppes, to give the owners of the caravan servants linyam decent Cossacks no more than 20 people on the train, while armed. And the merchants on the other hand would give them double the content as for guarding their goods and in return for their own armed Cossacks and their horses" [10].

Occasional raids on merchant caravans, problems with protecting goods and their own lives, corruption by Asian officials, infiltration of counterfeit money, smuggling, and captivity of the Russian population caused concern for the Russian authorities. Another problem was the presence of English trading men in Asia. In view of these circumstances, the Russian Empire began to take steps to find a compromise. For this purpose, Russian diplomats were sent to the khanates of Central Asia at the beginning of the 19th century. They were tasked with solving economic issues. These were secret missions. The most important is sue under discussion was trade.

It was during this period that the idea of an Asian trading company emerged. It was initiated by P.E. Velichko, head of the customs, and G.S. Volkonsky, governor of Orenburg. As conceived by the authors of the monopoly of trade with the Eastern countries should have been concentrated in the hands of this company. An expedition to the Central Asian khanates was planned. However, the plan was not realised due to financial circumstances.

However, the government needed detailed information on the political and economic situation in Central Asia. In 1810, it was decided to organise an expedition led by a Bashkir, A. Subkhankulov. The pretext was to present the Emir of Bukhara with personal letters from the Russian Emperor. At the same time, he was given a secret assignment. He was to find out the opinion of the local merchants with regard to trade with Russia. He was to plan caravan routes, and carry out investigations into the production of counterfeit Russian rubles. In fact, A. Subkhankulov managed to fulfil his assigned tasks. The only thing he failed to do was to solve the problem of counterfeiters.

Subkhankulov was again sent to Asia in 1818. This time the visit was to Khiva. The main purpose was to jointly resolve the security of the caravan trade. In addition, Russia wished to obtain a monetary contribution for Russian merchants who had been robbed in the Khanate of Khiva. However, the expedition was met with hostility. Nevertheless, this trip did not pass without leaving a trace. The government received the necessary information and had some idea of the economic situation in the region. The government did not stop there and organised another expedition under the command of N. Muravyev and M. Ponomarev. However, the desired result did not materialise.

Subsequently, similar missions were undertaken under the leadership of P. Demeson, I. V. Vitkevich. P. Demeson's visit facilitated the start of the expansion of trade relations with Bukhara. He gave a detailed description of the state of the Khanate. Demeson P. was one of the first to provide an in-depth analysis of the low level of trade turnover between the two countries. He also expressed his vision on the future possibilities of customs and trade relations.

Vitkevich I.V., during his visit, placed the main emphasis on the problem of customs duties. In the markets of Bukhara the interests of Russian merchants were infringed. The object of his research was also the relations of the Kazakhs with the local population and the slave trade. Despite the difficulties and contradictions between Russia and the Central Asian states, considerable information material was accumulated, which subsequently made it possible to resolve trade problems [11].

The main role was now assigned to customs services and the customs offices themselves. Some of them grew in importance during this period. One such customs office was Troitskaya. It came into operation in 1749. Geopolitically and geographically this fortress occupied a very advantageous position. Troitsk was a transit point from Russia to the south of Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

The accession to Russia of the Younger, and then the Middle Zhuzes, forced the intensification of the trade exchange of products and livestock products. With the beginning of barter trade, Orenburg, Troitsk, Petropavlovsk, the fortifications of the Irtysh line were actively involved in the sale of livestock and cattle-breeding raw materials.

During this period, the main trade was concentrated along the border of the Urals and the Irtysh. Therefore, trade exchange took place in the cities and fortifications located on these rivers. There was not only a process of expanding trade, but also a gradual convergence of ethnic groups. For a quick exchange of goods, the Kazakhs preferred to trade closer to the border with the Russian Empire. During the period of trading operations, up to 2000 people were concentrated in Orenburg [12, p. 218].

Through customs, the Kazakh population transported, as a rule, a large number of livestock, as well as products and livestock raw materials. In exchange, the Kazakhs could buy the most necessary product in the markets - grain. In addition, the empire sold various items for everyday life to nomads.

By the beginning of the XIX century. trade exchange with the Kazakh Steppe became profitable for both Russian merchants and the local population. Merchants from Central Asia, Cossacks, Russian settlers were drawn into commercial relations, which brought the peoples even closer. All trading operations were originally carried out at the exchange level. And only in the 20-30s, the sale of goods and products for money begins. For carrying out monetary transactions at each fair there were special places where anyone could exchange banknotes. In 1750, Orenburg was recognized by the government as a fair trade point. The status of the city and its commercial importance changed. However, problems in the development of trade still persisted. The regional sale of goods still had a caravan character. Most of which were supplied by the Central Asian khanates, China, India, Iran. The path of advancement of these caravans was not only long, but also dangerous. Many of them were often attacked by nomads. To prevent robberies, many merchants were forced to hire specially people. Their task was to protect goods and repel raids by robbers. Ensuring force protection was the responsibility of the local leadership. But, very often this requirement was not met.

The first barter trade with the Kazakhs began on the Uilskaya line by order of the governor I.I. Neplyuev in 1745. The importance of this outlet was so high that in 1749 a decision was made to build a customs point on the Ui River. Up to 3-5 thousand heads of horses were passed through this customs every year, rams from 15 to 25 thousand heads [2, p. 175].

The development of interchange was facilitated by the permission to exchange goods for all classes without limitation. At the same time, all caravans following the Orenburg-Bukhara route were accompanied by armed detachments. Since the fairs in the Kazakh Steppe were held in the spring and summer, they had to cross customs twice a year. The most popular were two directions - to Petropavlovsk and Troitsk. However, the Trinity Way was often attacked by Kyrgyz nomads. In this regard, the merchants resorted to the help of the Kirghiz themselves. The goods were transported by the Kyrgyz themselves, who lived and roamed along this route. However, high duties on some goods hindered the more active development of commodity exchange.

In the middle of the XIX century. part of the duties was reduced or canceled, some bans were regulated. These measures led to an increase in turnover and profits. So, on the example of the Orenburg customs, one can judge the changes that have taken place. In 1859, goods worth 1,271,632 rubles were transported through this customs, in 1860 - 1,187,256 rubles, in 1861 - 1,546,967 rubles [13, p. 26]

The main objects of exchange and sale were manufactory, leather goods, raw leather, animal skins, metal products, grain and other goods. Among Asian goods, precious metals and stones, cotton, fabrics from China and India, furs of wild animals, etc. were in great demand. Cotton, silk fabrics, dyes were in special demand. One of the reasons was the rapid growth of the light textile industry. In connection with the activation of trade turnover, Orenburg and Omsk are becoming leading fair centers. Especially their importance has grown in the sale of goods coming from China.

The activation of Russian, local and Central Asian merchants led to the emergence of new shopping centers that connected the Russian Empire with Eastern countries. It was the caravan trade that turned out to be the most acceptable for the region. She brought a good income and became one of the sources of replenishment of the treasury. All goods must be subject to customs inspection. And not all goods passed through customs.

The Russian government, seeing the benefits of the eastern revolutions, took measures to strengthen its economic interests. Several statutes for European and Asian trade have been adopted. From 1822 to 1842 customs policy was aimed at restricting foreign trade. The initiator of such a tough policy was Count E.F. Kankrin. For this, high duties were introduced on goods imported from Europe and Asia. So, the rules for the transportation of goods were changed, the most reliable routes for merchants from Asia were chosen. These measures have strengthened the economic potential of the region. The importance of some cities of Kazakhstan has increased significantly (Orenburg, Verny, Semipalatinsk, Petropavlovsk and others). But there were also a number of difficulties that hindered mutually beneficial cooperation. Limited information about the economic potential of the Asian region has become one of the obstacles to more active cooperation with Central Asia.

From the beginning of the foundation of the customs, the Kazakhs began to transport a variety of cattle-breeding raw materials in large quantities. In 1839, only 15,507 whole leathers were sold for a total of 108,307 rubles, as well as 1,756 pieces in the form of pieces for the amount of 10,378 rubles, 50 kopecks [14].

But one of the first cities that linked the Russian Empire and Kazakhstan with trade ties was Orenburg. And if initially trade here had an exchange character, then from the 1920s it acquires a commodity-money character. Trading operations required the opening of money exchange offices. The opening of the fair in the city led to the development of retail trade. Caravans with goods arrived in Orenburg twice a year.

To strengthen domestic trade and increase profits from fairs, customs tariffs were developed in 1857 and 1868. The government has revised its policy of protectionism against trade with foreign countries. As a result, a list of goods prohibited for transportation to the Russian Empire was determined. These were goods that could undermine domestic trade. Buyers had to give preference to their manufacturers.

Any goods that entered or exited the country past customs were treated as contraband. If the imported goods were not declared by the merchant, accordingly, they were not subject to duty. It was a violation. In this case, he was detained. At the same time, the type of the goods itself was taken into account, there is a duty on it, it is included in the number of those prohibited for transportation. If they found items not indicated in the documents, the merchants paid a fine of 10% of the price of the goods. The item itself was returned. The same interest was paid to the customs officer who discovered the contraband. They were also punished if the documents did not mention goods that were not subject to duty. The perpetrator was also required to pay a fine. A price was set for the discovered goods. If this product was not in the price list, then the cost was determined by special officials.

For the Kazakh population, the markets made it possible to sell their livestock products. The main object of sale was livestock, which was exported in large quantities. In addition, the Kazakhs transported related products from animal raw materials through customs. Russian merchants supplied large volumes of grain, various types of fabrics, finished leather, everyday items and essentials to the border markets. In the second half of the 19th century, trade with the Kazakh Steppe became one of the leading sources of income for the empire. Orenburg begins to play one of the key roles in border and foreign trade.

However, there were also negative phenomena in the development of trade relations. The nomadic way of life of the Kazakh population, the contradictions between the three zhuzes, tribal and tribal associations, frequent clashes and cattle theft, growing competition among the Kazakh steppe elite were reflected in trade. The situation in the steppe became especially aggravated with the beginning of the resettlement policy, as a result of which the best lands were taken away from the people for grazing numerous livestock. This undermined the foundations of the main occupation of the Kazakh people - nomadic cattle breeding. And the sale of livestock was the main item of sale and income of the population.

It should be noted that economic relations were beneficial for both parties. The Russian side also turned out to be dependent on the nomadic economy. In fact, the commercial relationship was mutually beneficial. The Kazakh Steppe became the main supplier of raw materials for Russia's growing industry. The favorable geographical position of Kazakhstan between the empire and the states of Central Asia contributed to the expansion of new trade routes. The region begins to play one of the leading roles in transit trade.

The report of the regional government of the Orenburg Kirgiz for 1863 states that the main subject of Kyrgyz economy and the main source of their wealth is cattle. However, the number of cattle is very difficult to determine because of the nomadic lifestyle of the Kazakhs. That year the exchangeyards to Orenburg and Ural lines Kyrgyz drove camels - 10 horses - 9236, cattle - 28 861, sheep - 457 409 goats - 3904 head of cattle for a total of 1 733 246 rubles. 85 kop.

Of livestock products Kirghiz came true on the lines of: merlushki - 486,115 units. in the amount of 109 044 rubles. 45 kopecks., Raw hides - 477 547 pcs. to 201 084 rubles., 50 643 pounds of wool of different. to 80 984 rubles., 703 pounds of goat fluff, 622 pounds of bacon. by 657 rubles. Total the amount of 304,571 rubles. kosh is in the amount of 5482 rubles. 20 kopecks, armyachina - 9624 pcs. amount to 9701 rubles. 66 kop.

According to a report in 1863 Asian goods were brought to the amount - 1 246 392 rubles., Russian exported goods to the value - 287 117 rubles. As you can see, the import Asian goods in 1863 amounted to a considerable sum., Indicating that activation of trade between Russia and Central Asia [15].

According to the annual report for the 1867-1868 of Kalmykovsky customs, removed from the Kazakh steppe: leather raw 3983 pc in the amount of 6302, 17 123 units of raw sheepskins amounting to 4262 rubles; merlushka skin 1790 pcs in the amount of 358 rubles. After Urals customs were taken in the years: 909 pieces of raw leather amounting to 1498 rubles; sheepskins 2183 pcs amounting to 2135 rubles; merlushki 3530 pcs in the amount of 549 rubles. Orenburg through customs was missing 50 242 pieces of raw leather in the amount of 22 074 rubles; merlushka raw 15964 pc amounting to 3066 rubles., and tanned leather 13 pcs the sum of 13 rubles.

In 1862, the transportation of goods to the Orenburg line employed 37 778 camels, of which 2/3 of the all camels were Kazakh's. If the average fee for the carriage of goods by camel then was 16 rubles., The carting of goods to the merchant caravans Kazakhs had to help out in 1862, more than 400 000 rubles. In addition, the Kazakhs annually engaged in carting treasury provisions and other loads in the steppe and strengthen the forts. Orenburg Kazakhs according to their contracts put 5554 camels in the amount of 51 734 rubles [16].

The government attached great importance to the trade between the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, said in one of the documents. Russia's foreign minister in 1839 in a letter to the Governor of Orenburg V.A. Perovsky, said: "Trade is almost Asian basis of our policy". In some cases, the Russian government has taken various measures to restrict the trading activities of the Central Asian merchants on the border with Russia. All these measures have been taken to strengthen the Russian trade. Central Asian merchants wanted to trade in retail, if so, they had to take the certificate to a specific merchant payment. If the evidence was not, allowed to trade only in the customs line, on the exchange-yards and three major exhibitions: Irbitskaya, Nizhegorodskoi and Korennoi".

In the first half of the XIX century, there was an active removal of livestock from the Kazakh steppe to the domestic markets of the Russian Empire. In this regard, February 15 1871 a decree was passed for the number 49255 "On the establishment fee of cattle sold at fairs in Aktobe and Irgiz strengthening of Turgay region." According to this decree, each sold ram charged at 1 kop., cattle - 3 kop., Horses - 5 and camels - 10 kop. If a trader concealed the actual number of cattle sold, then he shall pay fine "at the double duty with the total number of cattle".

According to the annual report for the 1867-1868 of Kalmykovsky customs, removed from the Kazakh steppe: leather raw 3983 pc in the amount of 6302, 17,123 units of raw sheepskins amounting to 4262 rubles; merlushka 1790 pcs in the amount of 358 rubles. After Urals customs were taken in the years: 909 pieces of raw leather. amounting to 1498 rubles; sheepskins 2183 pcs amounting to 2135 rubles; merlushka 3530 pcs in the amount of 549 rubles. Orenburg through customs was missing 50 242 pieces of raw leather in the amount of 22 074 rubles; merlushka raw 15964 pc amounting to 3066 rubles, and tanned leather 13 pcs worth 13 rub. [17].

Large quantities of livestock products sold on the Orenburg line, where there was an active trade. In 1863, Kazakhs came to pass on the line: merlushka 486 115 units to 109 044 rubles, 477 547 pieces of raw leather to 201 084 rubles, 50 643 pounds of wool of different to 80 984 rubles., 703 pounds of goat fluff 3098 rubles, 622 pounds of bacon by 657 rubles. Total the amount of 304 571 rub.

Quite a large number of products exported by Alexander's ranching outpost in Russia from 1853 to 1862 through the customs post was removed large felt mats 13 188 units in the amount of 38 729 rubles.; sheepskin 4995 pc 5944 rubles; sheepskin and 274 351 units to 61 141 rubles., camel hides 10 152 pieces to 15 228 rubles., horse 19007 pcs to 16 916 rubles.; hides of cattle in 1568 pcs over 2 820 rubles. Wool sheep 6856 pounds amounting to 8297 rubles, wool camel 11 862 pounds to 37 129 rubles [18].

In 1862, the transportation of goods to the Orenburg line employed 37 778 camels, of which 2/3 of all camels were Kazakh's. If the average fee for the carriage of goods by camel then was 16 rubles., The carting of goods to the merchant caravans Kazakhs had to help out in 1862, more than 400 000 rubles. In addition, the Kazakhs annually engaged in carting treasury provisions and other loads in the steppe and strengthen the forts. Orenburg Kazakhs to their contracts put 5554 in the amount of camel 51 734 rubles [19].

Development of carried trade depended on the geographical location of the region, its specialization. Ethnic and age composition was determined by the economic orientation of the region. Ultimately, the development of rail transport and the increase of freight traffic on the Volga River and the Caspian Sea need carrying trade anymore. From archival documents that carting the Orenburg province occupies most of the Russian population, in particular, Orenburg Cossacks. Astrakhan region - Chumaks and Kazakhs. And if the Russian transportation mainly used horses, the main carrier of the goods of the Kazakhs had camels.

However, there were cases where cab drivers do not perform their duties in good faith at all. In this regard, in 1843, the government adopted a decree "On horse-drawn conveying goods." If cabbies offering better deals, leaving the goods at the inn, went to the other. Or taking from the owner of the inn money and fodder, threw their allotted to transport luggage. The owners of inns then demanded large sums from the merchants for the safety of the goods. The decision does not issue loans on the security of goods cabbies, they do not belong, and generally recommended deal with them not to conclude [20].

Thus, rapidly growing throughout all periods of the Russian-Kazakh trade and economic relations were mutually beneficial. By the middle of the XIX century administrative reform in zhuzes, strengthening and promotion of Russian inland steppe boundary line relocation for Russian, who became engaged in arable farming, conducting geological surveys and the discovery of rich mines and mining - all evidence of the progressive migration of the Kazakh steppe in the economy and an active involvement of the local population in all-Russian market.

Conclusion

Thus, in the 19th century, the Kazakh Steppe played a key role in the formation of commercial ties and relations between the empire and the countries of the East. One of the reasons was the increased outwardly political interest of the empire in the East. At the same time, there was a process of strengthening customs decrees and strengthening the customs system as a whole. There was a process of expanding mutually beneficial relations. The entire customs policy of the empire during this period was aimed at strengthening its internal market. The main task was to protect the interests of the Russian merchants, who received a number of privileges at that time. At the same time, Russian products have become attractive to the Central Asian region. On the one hand, reasonable prices, on the other hand, the quality was not inferior to Western European goods. The vast market of the steppe region provided ample opportunities for the Russian merchants. The turnover of trade grew year by year. All these factors contributed to the growth of trade. The activity of economic relations has led to the expansion of industrial potential for both sides.

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