National income

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National income



Introduction

market economy national income

In macroeconomics to analyze the situation on the market uses a slightly different method and aggregate value, ie the aggregate, generalized value. Macroeconomics - a global approach, so to calculate the economic development of each country apply the following totals: GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and GNP (gross national product).

GDP - is the total value of all goods produced in the country, with no difference citizens or non-citizens of the country was produced by this product. The difference between GDP and GNP is that GNP is taken into account in the calculation of national lines (ie podchityvaetsya products produced only by residents of the country).

It is also widely used, and other summary measure, for example, macroeconomics national income. This figure represents a monetary value created within 1 year of products and services. For the calculation of the national income is often used net national product - which also applies to macroeconomics. That is, of net national product should only deduct indirect taxes.

In other words, we can say that macroeconomics national income includes income that were received basic factors of production. These factors are the available capital, labor, or labor, land, and entrepreneurial skills. However, the national income can be represented as a sum of some other income, namely: wages of all employees, interest payments on invested capital, general industrial and commercial profits, as well as land rent. There is another way to calculate the macroeconomics of national income - of the gross national product, you can deduct indirect taxes and depreciation, which are worn equipment. Despite the fact that this figure has many options of his calculations, the end result should always get the same. In addition, on the basis of national income can be calculated and macroeconomics personal income, which is also an important indicator of the macroeconomic situation of the country. The sources of personal income is the actual salary of the public, any other work activity, various payments from the funds of consumption (typically scholarships, pensions, etc.), business and private sector. Thus, the national income is considered one of the most important indicators of development of any country.

Macroeconomics is a part of economic theory or political, designed to find out how the economic system as a whole. It examines the conditions, factors, and the results of the national economy as a whole. Among its facilities are: the wealth and income of the nation, and the pace of growth factors, the structure and proportions of the social production of the social product, its measurement, and more.

My work is dedicated to the national income, its formation, izmeniniyu and use.

The problem of this study is the actual character in the modern world. This is evidenced by the frequent study of the issues raised.

The theme of «National income» studied at the junction of several inter-related disciplines. For the present state of science is characterized by the transition to a global address concerns subjects «National income».

Questions of research has been widely discussed. Most of the material presented in textbooks is of a general nature, and in the many books on this subject addressed more specific issues the problem of «national income. Its production, distribution and redistribution.» However, it takes account of the current conditions in the study of problems of the designated theme.

The high importance and the lack of practical elaboration problems, «National income» is defined undeniable novelty of this study. Further attention to the issue of the problem of «National income» to develop a better and reasonable resolution of urgent problems of private subjects of this study.

The relevance of this work is due, on the one hand, a strong interest in the topic «National income» of modern science, on the other hand, its insufficient development. Consideration of issues related to this subject is both theoretical and practical significance. The results can be used to develop a methodology for the analysis of «National income». The theoretical value of the study of the problem of «National income» is that the chosen issues for consideration at the junction of several scientific disciplines.

The object of this study is to analyze the conditions of «National income».

In this case, the subject of the study is to examine the specific questions formulated as objectives of this study. The aim of this study is to examine the topic «National income» from the point of view of the latest domestic and foreign studies on similar issues. In pursuit of this goal the author has delivered solutions and the following tasks:

- To study the theoretical aspects and to identify the nature of the national income.

- To say about the relevance of the problem of national income.

- Outline possible solutions subjects national income.

- Mark trends in subjects national income.

The work has a traditional structure and includes an introduction, main part, consisting of three chapters, conclusion and bibliography. In the introduction the urgency of selecting a theme, set the goal and objectives of the study, described research methods and information sources.

Chapter One reveals the general questions revealed the historical aspects of the problem of «national income. Its production, distribution and redistribution.» The basic concepts, driven by the relevance of the sound issues, «National income»

In the second chapter in more detail the content and the modern problem of «National income»

The third chapter is practical and based on individual data the analysis of the current status, as well as the analysis is done prospects and trends of «national income. Its production, distribution and redistribution.»

According to the results of research have been opened a number of problems related to the topic, and the findings of the further study / improve the problem.

Thus, the relevance of the problem determined the selection of the theme of «national income. Its production, distribution and redistribution of the» scope and logic of its construction.

The current political situation in the world shows what influence relations with other states.

Economic well-being of society in a country made up of different elements, the management of which reflects a variety of indicators.

In macroeconomics widely used interconnected national accounts, which are calculated using the GDP (GDP). These include: national income, net national product, disposable income, personal income.

One of the most important achievements in the economy of the XX century is the development of theoretical concepts and statistical data related to national income. The concept of «national income» has a different meaning, there are five versions of the semantic concepts.

The development of the theoretical concepts and related statistics excited to political economy of public interest. We, as a nation, have an idea about the importance of values ??and the role of the main components of the national income, and we study their changes and reciprocal relationship to determine whether the current state of the economy is balanced and healthy, or it tends to lead to difficulties and complications of inflationary or deflationary character.

Managers of large and small businesses, workers and farmer leaders, members of Congress, the administrators in charge of the various agencies of the federal government, officials from the local government and knowledgeable people at all - they all work with theoretical concepts and statistics that relate to the national income. Commentators and columnists that appear in print or on the radio, think for themselves difficult to discuss the current economic phenomena without referring to the main barometer - the national income. The concept of «national income» has become an important tool for thinking and acting in the economic affairs of the modern world. This is a complex and difficult concept, which in many cases abused and is often interpreted incorrectly. In this chapter we will try to reject the technical details and complexity, and provide a simple explanation of the subject, which can be useful for a wide range of readers. The process of education is gradually accustom us to a more qualified treatment of these useful, but complex tools of rational thought and action.

Thus, all of the above confirms the relevance of the chosen theme of the course work.



1. The national income of the society. The concept of national income

The national income of the society. The concept of national income.

National income - the total income earned by resource suppliers for their contribution to the production, the sum of all individual income: wages, commissions, bonuses and other forms of income wage earners, (before deduction of taxes and social security contributions), net rental income, interest rate, corporate profits, etc., equal to net national product minus indirect business taxes.

As an economic category of the national income expresses the production relations between people, classes on the production, distribution, consumption and use of necessary and surplus product. In order to better examine the national income necessary to begin to clearly define what actually is it a source. It would seem that the basic answer to this question appears human labor, aimed at the production of wealth. However, it should be noted that with the development of mankind there was a large number of jobs, the result of work which appears not a tangible product, and improving the welfare of citizens by raising their cultural level, or to protect themselves or their interests, etc. This profession also aim to improve human existence and the more increases the security of citizens, the further advances in the science of studying the world around us and the people in general, the more the need to expand the structures providing non-material benefits people, improving the quality and increasing the range of services provided. The discussion about the sources of national income has been going on for centuries. If you look deeper into the story, we note that:

- Mercantilists (from Italian. Mercante - trade), representatives of the first school of political economy, believed that national income is created only in the field of trade.

- The Physiocrats believed that source agriculture.

In the later period, based on the classical political economy of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, significant insight into the sources of national income, the basis of ND was a material aspect of production, including both agriculture and industry. However, ignoring the distinction between productive and nonproductive consumption, they believed that the value of the gross national product confined only to income and does not include the cost of the product transferred to the means of production used.

National income is equal to gross national product minus depreciation (depreciation) and indirect taxes. On the other hand, the national income is defined as the sum of all income for the year in the form of wages, industrial and commercial profit, interest on capital and land rent.

It is based on the vision, the subjectivist methodological approach.

Other views are held by Marx in his «Capital» and other works, he repeatedly refers to the problem of national income, which he expressed as follows:»… The annual production should include all those things… at the expense of which may be substituted with real components of capital expended during year. If you subtract this part, the product will remain clean…» and in support of his concept, he proposed a general formula of the total social product, which in the modern interpretation is as follows:

W = c + v + m

where c - part of the social product which is worn on the update of means of production and in its natural content is a means and objects of labor (replacement fund);

v - required amount of product;

m - surplus products.

It follows that the national income is the sum of (v + m) the cost of required and optional products. In addition, despite the fact that at that period of time characterized by a low level of development of the service industry, expressing the views of progressive economists, it is fully added this field to the main sources of national income, while the subjectivist included only the part of the services that are directly related to the material production.

National income - calculated in monetary terms, the value of the newly created country within a year of the total product, which represents income generated by all factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship). National income is equal to gross national product minus depreciation (depreciation) and indirect taxes. On the other hand, the national income can be defined as the sum of all income for the year in the form of wages, industrial and commercial profit, interest on capital and land rent. National income is one of the most important general indicators of economic development.

National income (NI) shows how many costs to society in terms of resource consumption of the production of the final product.

The only component of net national product (NNP), which does not reflect the current contribution of economic resources are indirect business taxes because taxes in exchange for the government does not invest directly in production. In this case, the State can not be regarded as a provider of economic resources (factors of production). Thus, to determine the amount of total wages, rent payments, interest and profits generated during the production of the gross national product (GNP) of a given year must be subtracted from NNP indirect business taxes:

NA = NNP - Indirect taxes on business.

National income is equal to gross national product minus depreciation (depreciation) and indirect taxes. On the other hand, the national income is defined as the sum of all income for the year in the form of wages, industrial and commercial profit, interest on capital and land rent.

National income is one of the most important general indicators of economic development strany. National income workers created the sphere of material production and is the product of the national income.

Use national income is defined as the sum of consumption and accumulation funds, it is less of national income in the amount of losses in the economy, as well as the balance of foreign trade.

Divided by kind of consumer goods and the means of production, which are derived from the expansion of production. At a cost of national income is divided into the cost of the product and the required value of the surplus product. Its growth depends on two main factors: increasing the amount of labor in production, ie, the growth of the number of production workers and labor productivity growth. National income is calculated at current prices each year, and to study its dynamics using comparable prices.

The principles of calculation and included in national accounts national income are different in different countries. In addition, the statistical agencies of the United Nations to develop a standard system of national accounts and the method of their construction, in principle, provides comparable data on national income of countries using this system.

In economic theory and statistics of foreign countries (in our country, such a system is only beginning to be applied) to characterize the outcome of the annual production figures are used, calculated on the basis of a system of national accounts. Standard System of National Accounts, developed by the UN Statistical Commission, applies in the world with the 1953 System of National Accounts (SNA) is a set of economic balance tables on the one hand, the cost of business entities for the purchase of goods, on the other - their incomes the results of economic activities. The system is based consolidated accounts of the gross domestic product, investment,

household income and expenditure, and government agencies, foreign trade operations. In addition, the SNA includes the balance sheet, or decipher the aggregates of independent significance. National accounts help you organize information on business operations, performing the role of the national economy, a similar system of accounts in the enterprise. In calculating the macroeconomic indicators based on the SNA does not differentiate between material and non-material production. Therefore, they take into account all paid for goods and services. The only types of production are not counted in the SNA are: production of goods and services by households for domestic consumption and the production of intermediate consumption within the sphere of business.

SNA is calculated on the basis of the following macroeconomic indicators:

1. Gross national product, which is the market value of all final goods produced in the country during the year.

2. The gross domestic product. This figure is a kind of modification of the GNP, but unlike the latter covers the results of activities in the territory of the country of all economic entities, regardless of their nationality.

3. Net domestic product is the sum of final products and services, the remainder for consumption after replacing the equipment described. It is less than the sum of GNP depreciation.

4. National income characterizes the income of all the suppliers of inputs, which is created by chip.

5. Personal income measures how much money goes to the purpose of personal consumption of the population, and as such reflects the redistributive processes in movement of national income.

6. To characterize the income that people can spend on your own, using indicators such as disposable income. For its calculation of personal income deducted total taxes paid by the public.

7. To measure the final results of the country's development in the history of its existence, using indicators such as national wealth. National wealth - this is a collection of material wealth, which is saved in the country at a given time.

National income characterizes the income of all the suppliers of inputs to help create NNP (Net National Product). The only component of the NNP, which does not reflect the contribution of the current economic resources are indirect business taxes. Therefore the value of the latter in national income is deducted from the amount of money NNP.

National income is the net 'wages and income «of society (wages, income, profits).

A distinction is produced and used national income.

The national income is the entire amount of value added goods and services.

Used national income - is the national income, net of losses (losses from the disaster, damage, etc.), and the trade balance.

Consumption fund - is part of the national income to provide for the material and cultural needs of the people and the needs of society as a whole (on education, defense, etc.).

Accumulation Fund - is part of the national income, to ensure the development of production.

In developed countries, the consumption fund - 90% of the national income accumulation fund - 10%.

2. National income as a macroeconomic indicator

National income - macroeconomic measure of the re-created in the material production cost. Economic well-being of society in a country made up of different elements, the management of which reflects a variety of indicators.

The economic activity of the country is the material basis of all other spheres of life - political, social, cultural, etc. This determines the importance of its continuous improvement to create national wealth.

Thus, the national wealth is composed of a set of wealth created by the labor of the current and preceding generations involved in the reproduction of natural resources available in the community.

The volume of national wealth is defined as a rule, in terms of value. To study the dynamics of the physical volume of the national wealth and its individual elements necessary to use a comparable price.

The elements are the foundations of the national economy. Among them are the fixed and current assets. In Greater economic dictionary gives the following definitions of these elements.

The main fund is part of the national property, created by social labor, which is in various forms of ownership, which for a long time repeatedly or continuously in an unchanged form of natural-material is used in the economy is gradually shifting its value to the products and services produced. The main defined as objects with a lifetime of at least a year and a value not less than established by statute. The set of assets that directly affect the subject of labor (machines, equipment, tools, etc.) is called an active part of fixed assets. For the passive part of the fixed assets include operations which provide conditions for the normal course of the manufacturing process (buildings, etc.). Fixed assets should be grouped by ownership, areas, sectors of the economy. Data on the presence of fixed assets used in assessing the intensity of labor, capital productivity, capital intensity, fondoosnaschennosti production.

Funds negotiable - it is part of the production assets of associations, enterprises, organizations, entirely consumed in one production cycle and transports the fully their value to the manufactured product. These include inventories (raw materials, fuel, spare parts, tools, household goods, seeds, planting materials, animal feed and fodder, animal fattening, young animals, etc.), work in progress and semi-finished products of own production. Consumption of working capital in production is an important part of the production costs and the basis of intermediate consumption. The peculiarity of this part of the productive assets that they are involved in one production cycle, alter its natural-material form, and their cost is fully transferred to the cost of manufactured products and services.

Thus, based on the division of national collections fixed and circulating on two criteria: the technical and economic criteria of transformation, ie part in production terms cycles transformation or maintain its technical structure and the method of compensation value.

The level of economic development of a society and its well-being may reflect different rates. Of particular importance among them, of course, belongs to an annual rate of output, ie, goods and services. For this purpose, the gross domestic product (GDP), which is defined as the total or aggregate, the total market value of final goods and services produced within a country in one year, regardless of the factors of production are owned by residents of a country or owned by foreigners (non-residents).

The terms «gross» and «domestic» product means that we are talking about the overall, aggregate products produced across the economy.

In the definition of the expression of GDP than cash market price of goods and services, and other acceptable means of measuring the volume of production, such as physical quantities (tonnes meters, pieces, etc.). But only a monetary value to make different in nature and purpose of the goods and services are comparable. Only by measuring the value of goods and services in the money we are able to judge on the performance of economic activities and enterprises, and society as a whole in a given period, in particular, for the year.

By the end of production of the goods in the definition of GDP is to be understood that in the calculation of GDP includes only final goods, intended for direct consumption, ie excludes all intermediate goods used to produce final goods. So, for example, GDP does not include the cost of grain, flour, yeast, which are necessary to produce finished goods bakery production. Otherwise the cost of intermediate goods would be taken into account twice, since it is included in the final product, in this case, there would be double counting. Intermediate products differ from end that are used to produce other products. Final goods and services purchased for immediate consumption.

The following macroeconomic indicator is the gross national product (GNP), it is defined as - the total market value of final goods and services produced in an economy over a certain period of time (usually a year). GDP measures the value of output produced by factors of production owned by the citizens of this country (residents), including those in other countries.

Three ways of measuring GNP (GDP):

a) Expenditure (a method of end use);

b) Value added (production method);

c) income (distribution method).

In the calculation of GNP expenditure added costs of all economic agents using GNP, households, firms, government and foreigners (the cost of our exports). Actually it is the total demand for manufactured GNP. The total costs can be broken down into several components:

GNP = C + I + G + Xn

where C - personal consumption expenditures, including expenditures of households on durable goods and the current consumption of services, but does not include the cost of buying a home;

I - gross investment, including business investment, or investment in fixed assets (cost companies for the purchase of new production facilities and equipment).

Among the components of GNP are usually the biggest consumer spending (C), and the most volatile - investment spending (I).

For the economy as a whole the sum of all value added is equal to the value of final goods and services. The manufacturing method of calculating GNP (GDP) in Kazakhstan is a major as the production of products and services are the most accessible and operational information that is collected by the State Committee on Statistics on the basis of statistical reporting companies.

In calculating GNP income summarizes all kinds of factor incomes (wages, rent, interest, etc.) as well as two components that are not income: depreciation and net indirect business taxes, ie taxes less subsidies. As with other methods of calculation, in this case there is a relationship between measures of GDP and GNP;

GNP = GDP + net factor income from abroad

Net factor income from abroad are equal to the difference between the proceeds of nationals abroad and foreign income received in that country.

The largest source of income in the GNP is the remuneration of employees Z. This type of income includes: wages of employees of public and private companies, as well as various supplements to wages and salaries (contributions employers to social insurance, health care, private foundations, social welfare, etc.). Income derived by the owners of the land, buildings and equipment - rental payments R.

Income owners of financial capital - the percentage of P.

Profit corporations P and income on the property.

In the system of national accounts in profit corporations stand out: corporate taxes (levied by the state); dividends - of the profits received by the shareholders in the form of income on shares, retained earnings of corporations (earmarked for investment in capital goods, securities, etc.). The income on the property is a non-corporate profit business sector.

The structure consists of costs companies money, Non-interest income - is depreciation of A and indirect business taxes N.

Calculation of GNP by income can be represented as follows:

GNP = Z + R + P + P + A + N

GNP, calculated at current market prices, estimates the nominal value of the total annual production. To account for the effects of inflation on the value of the nominal GDP figure is used, which gives a quantitative assessment of changes in the level of average prices of goods and services. It is a measure of GNP deflator. It takes into account changes in prices on a wide range of consumer goods and services and investment naznacheniya. The definition of real GNP is necessary to assess the rate of growth of output current with respect to the base year, ie to determine the economic dynamics of the national production.

In addition to GDP and GNP there are a number of other important measures of income and product. The GNP does not give an accurate idea of ??the volume of products produced during the year, as it includes depreciation and amortization expenses necessary for reimbursement of capital consumption (worn-out machinery and equipment). Therefore, the indicator of the economy in the net national product (NNP), which is determined by subtracting from GNP deductions for capital consumption (depreciation).

NNP = GNP - depreciation.

To understand the essence of the national income (NI) recall that the income is paid by manufacturers to suppliers of inputs or resources. Among them, the main role played by human resources, for which the population receives income in the form of wages. Other components of the LP is the income received in the form of interest on capital, rent and profit. Thus, from the standpoint of public, National Income represents total revenue obtained from the resource providers participate in the current production. Since the indirect business taxes are not involved in the sphere of production, their amount should be subtracted from the GNP.

Thus, the national income is an important indicator of economic activity of the nation, and so now the statistical reports about him on the recommendation of the United Nations was introduced in all countries.

National income is the basis of personal income. Personal income (income earned) and National Income (earned income) are different from each other for the reason that part of the hard-earned income - social security contributions (social security taxes), taxes on corporate income and undistributed corporate profits - in fact do not fall within household. On the contrary, much of the income that falls within the household, for example, transfer payments - is not the result of labor.

It is useful to recall that the transfer payments made up of these types of payments, as:

1. payment of old-age insurance and accident insurance, as well as unemployment benefits based on social programs;

2. welfare payments;

3. various payments to veterans, such as education grants and disability benefits;

4. interest payments made to governments and consumers;

5. private payments.

Turning from the national income as a measure of earned income to personal income as a measure of income actually received, we must subtract from the LP are three types of income that are earned but not received, as well as the added income received, but are not the result of current employment. This is done as follows:

National income (earned income)

- Social security contributions

- Taxes on corporate profits

- Undistributed corporate profits

- Transfer payments, we

Personal income (income earned)

Disposable income is in the personal possession of members of society. Its value can be obtained by subtracting individual taxes (income, on private property, inheritance) of personal income. Disposable personal income is used for household consumption and savings.

Functional distribution of the national income distribution National Income means the way of the country between those who carry out different functions in the economy (economy provides different types of resources), National Income division on wages and salaries, self-employment income, corporate profits, interest and rent.

National expenditures include expenditures of the state budget, spending all kinds of enterprises and household spending.

The composition and structure of the state budget are determined on the basis of the specific socio-economic conditions and policy goals. State expenditures include allocations for innovation and investment activities related to capital investments in manufacturing and non-manufacturing, and other costs of expanded reproduction, and restoration and protection of the environment. The purpose of these expenditures is the socio-economic development of the country or its separate territorial entities.

It is necessary to distinguish between the development budget and the operational budget. In Kazakhstan, this distinction is mandatory. The expediency of such budget allocation occurs when the required special consideration to the differences in the approaches to the formation and evaluation of the expenditure side of the budget, depending on the direction of funds for these purposes. This is based not only from the need to finance current spending priority, but also recognition of the importance of social and economic development of the country and some of its territorial units, as well as select regional destinations such development.

Element of national expenditures are investment costs of enterprises on production, consumption of raw materials, fuel, energy, labor remuneration of workers, office workers, collective farmers, depreciation and so on.

Evaluation of the national wealth have also reported a new dimension to economic analysis and provide better develop economic forecasts and to better define economic policies.

Thus: National resources - a collection of all used in the economic activity of the country natural, labor, capital and financial resources, as well as monetary capital.

GNP is one of the most important indicators of social well-being, it is defined as the market value of final goods and services produced in the economy during the year.

National income is a measure of economic activity of the nation and the basis of personal income.



3. Production of national income and the facts of its growth. Productive and unproductive labor in a market economy

In the terminology of the «production of national income» is used to compare the efficiency of production in different countries. This is a very important factor as it characterizes the level of economic development in relation to the population and the most accurately determine the level of productivity of social labor in a country, the degree of development of its productive forces, the effectiveness of forms of ownership and economic mechanism. Calculate the production per capita in terms of gross national product, national income, industrial production, agriculture, services provided, etc. The calculation is performed by dividing the amount of the gross national product or national income and other macroeconomic variables in the midyear population. For the individual states generally determine the effectiveness of social production - the most important general characteristic efficiency of social production, which reflects the ratio of the created goods and services to the total costs of social labor. On the scale of one farm efficiency is measured by the ratio of the size established for a certain period of national income to the cost of social labor.

Since the production of the national income and social production are inextricably connected to each other, then they are characterized by the same performance indicators that demonstrate the following facts increase or decrease productivity, depending on various parameters affecting the efficiency of production.

At the heart of distinguished social and economic efficiency:

Social efficiency - this line of basic social and economic needs and goals of society and the interests of the individual. Integrating social performance is the production of consumer goods in total production for a given period (usually a year). In developed countries, the share of consumer goods (including services) in the gross domestic product of almost 70%, while the production of the means of production - about 30%. In social performance embedded value of such social costs (pollution, the incidence of the nation, poverty, etc.) and social benefits (education, health, living standards, etc.) If we consider Ukraine as adopted in the USSR indicators (there was an inversely proportional relationship to the ratio of production of consumer goods and capital goods) for from 1990 to 1998. the share of consumer goods declined by almost half, indicating a further deterioration of social performance. One of the main reasons is the fact that our state was one of the main centers of concentration of the military-industrial enterprises of the former Soviet Union, which at that time were quite unprofitable without government orders for weapons and reduce the state budget for the maintenance of the armed forces of Kazakhstan. In addition, most companies in other industries in the presence of mostly obsolete equipment manufactured products with high production costs due to high material intensity of production.

Economic efficiency - is to achieve the best results at the lowest cost of labor and materials. This particular form of manifestation of the law of economy of time. For Western companies generally considered acceptable to maximize the net profit per employee, that does not preclude the use of the level of profit. It was introduced the concept of «Pareto efficiency» (named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto), according to which the economic efficiency of the national economy - is a condition in which it is impossible to increase the degree of satisfaction of the needs of at least one person, if it does not deteriorate the position of other members of the society. When the need concrete measures of economic performance that make performance calculations, materialootdachi and materials consumption, capital efficiency, energy production (this aspect in our country attaches special importance, as our energy costs per unit of production is several times greater than the costs of similar products on the west) etc.

Returning to the existence of two methodological approaches to the analysis of national income can be said that the difference in them is rooted in the solution to the problem of production and non-production labor. Adam Smith believed that productive labor is linked to the production of material goods: «One kind of labor increases the value of the object to which it is attached, the other type of work does not have such an effect. First, because it produces a value, may be called productive labor, the second - non-productive «1. This definition, he expressed in the study of the capitalist economic system, and it is important to study the production of national income in any economic system.

According to the works of Karl Marx in the role of productive labor act all the action that results in a new product that includes both services, but its concept of industrial labor has not received universal acceptance for the same reason - because of the poor development of the service. Representatives of the subjectivist school vice versa does not make distinctions between productive and non-productive labor, since in their view the entire economy - is the production of the utilities of both goods and services. In theory it is possible for the State in which the control system is trying to remake the national economy as a unified public sector, where all the work appears as productive. But time proves that there are always services provided, according to Marx, «third-class personages» who are paid by the direct producers or owners, that is, by pure product made in the workplace.

At a time when most countries in the world have achieved in the development of the information age, significantly increased the scope and role of the service sector (science, education, health care, utilities, device state management, services, law enforcement, etc.) to the degree of international economic policy development of the service, today is an important indicator of economic and social development of the country, affecting the prospects of economic and political development.

«Services» in the broadest sense acts as a set of activities that are not directly related to the physical, aimed at the production of things, hardly. Includes all kinds of mental work, including in the government administration, and has a high rate of growth. In addition to such professions as scientists, teachers, health workers, etc., which influence the production of doubt, this includes such as priests, intermediaries, professionals in the field of culture, military, etc.

Given the fact that in today's world, non-production work has the same value as the production, the economic policy of the state is necessary to maintain a balance in the financing of the two sectors of the economy. In the event that the balance is not maintained, the result could be a disruption of the normal functioning of the economy.

Thus seen direct proportionality between the effective operation of the production and accumulation of national income with its further distribution. Produced over time national income - is essentially the economic benefits that social production is achieved. With the increase national income increases, both economic and social opportunities of society.

4. Distribution and use of the redistribution of national income

It is recognized that national income generated in industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade and catering (in part) in the field of communication (the last few years, revenues have increased significantly due to the active implementation of mobile, digital and satellite communication systems). Created in society national income is also called the «national cake», to be split between different soybeans society, social groups and individuals.

It is important to note that the distribution of national income covers all spheres of social production: direct production and distribution of commodities, their exchange and consumption. It is the distribution of national income in the direct impact on the production of obtaining the necessary and surplus products. It is this division of the best shows of use and characterizes the rate of surplus value.

In microeconomics, in connection with the distribution of national income are specific forms of income such as wages, profits, interest, dividends, rent, rent. All of these types of income are the main or as they are called - the primary, since they characterize economic entities that receive such income, but they are not completely at the disposal of the production entities, as a result of redistribution of partially transformed into secondary and derivative gains. Primary income, in turn, divided into a mainly non-labor and labor. It includes labor income generated by workers in businesses and industries and incoming orders in the form of wages and income urban and rural workers from self-employment and part-time farms.

For unearned income, which is the source of the surplus product, are part of the profits of entrepreneurs, interest, rents, profits of owners of commercial capital, etc. The part of the profit that create a productive work entrepreneur, is the source of value, refers to the earned income of the entrepreneur. For unearned income entrepreneur can be attributed only a fraction of them appropriated profit that exceeds the quantity and quality of their administrative work, the costs associated with organizational activities. As for the rent, the unearned income can be attributed only to absolute rent. Other forms of rent to a large extent related to labor tenants. In this case, the source of the differential rent is the work of hired farm workers.

It should be noted that the Western economic system is also used in addition functional and vertical distribution of income. In the first case, the distribution is carried out in the markets of the various factors of production - labor market, industrial equipment, natural resources, etc., that is, everything that directly affects the cost of production, and thus affect the supply and demand ratio. The vertical distribution shows the distribution of income between the home and the different individuals. An example of how important it is to consider the distribution may be that the increasing interest in the workers a certain profession, causes an increase in wages of this category of workers, and of course increases the material well-being of their families, can also be a reverse process.

The next step is to get the redistribution of national income. It is made through the pricing mechanism in the field of goods, payment of various taxes to the state budget, state social programs, the various contributions of citizens in the religious, social and charitable foundations and organizations. It was formed during the redistribution of secondary or derivative income. The main types of income payments are various scholarships, pensions, wages of military, law enforcement, and control of, assistance to large families, etc.

The redistribution of the national income is the official (visible) and informal (or hidden) channels. In the first case, it happens through the mechanism of taxation, voluntary contributions to the various funds, as well as through the pricing mechanism, where the state or the company officially reported that the price of a certain group of goods and services will be increased by such and such a percentage. In the second case, the policy of price changes are not made available to the public, and the price increase takes place in several stages. Such a policy is detrimental to the welfare of the population, gradually reducing its standard of living.

Underground or as it is now more likely to say «shadow» economy - a collection of unrecorded and illegal activities: tax evasion, illicit manufacture of products and services. The same can be most relevant to our country's actions, such as the export of goods abroad for profit, illegal export of currency, reduction of prices for exported products and drive on imported, fraudulent activity, corruption and so on. Although Kazakhstan has been removed from the list of countries with a high level of the shadow economy, but its presence still affects the development of the state. Huge wine in this situation in the first place is on the administrative apparatus, as most of the underground plant for the production of illegal products are covered with high-ranking officials. An example would be a scandal erupted in 2002 when the international financial organizations appealed to the government of Kazakhstan to the claim relating grown flow of «pirate» CD-disk products in the markets of Europe, the main sources of which they believe are in the territory of our state. The answer was accused of trying to reduce the export drive of Kazakhstan, but although a number of measures to combat the production and the sale of illegal products on the territory of the state and prevent its export abroad, the number of «pirate» CDs on the shelves has not decreased.

By shady activities can also be considered and the activities of commercial banks, which carried out the pumping bank money in cash, creating artificial demand for cash. To a certain extent this was due to imperfect legislation. At the same time, one aspect of the national income is precisely the fact that proper use of the revenue helps to avoid the influence of artificially created crises in a particular area on the economy as a whole and at the same time protecting the interests of citizens.

In 2002, Kazakhstan received a huge profit from the sale of crops abroad. Severe drought in most parts of Europe and Russia, has led to low yields, which caused a strong boom and a sharp rise in prices. However, to the fact that to get the maximum profit on the sale were displayed, even those stocks of grain, which the state is obliged to keep to the cases of bad harvest (by the standards of Soviet state had to have a supply of grain for 5 years, in Kazakhstan such a reserve is usually 1 - 1.5 years), the result was that in 2003, due to a bad harvest the state was forced to buy grain abroad. The result was a rise in prices of grain products and the loss of part of the budget that are needed for the purchase of grain, that is, short-sightedness has led to a decrease in funding for other sectors of the state. This case shows how often it's important to use the resulting national income does not matter, that what is expressed in this income, whether it is a manufactured goods or agricultural products.

5. Consumption and accumulation of national income

As a result, the distribution and redistribution of national income are trailing earnings, which are used for consumption and accumulation. Accumulation is a necessary condition of expanded reproduction of all elements of the economic system: the technological process (in the unity of the productive forces and the relations of feasibility), property relations, organizational and economic relations and the economic mechanism. The material basis of the reproduction is the production of the growing volume of goods and services.

It is important to note the fact that the sum of consumption and accumulation of national income is not equal to the value of national income. This is due to the fact that all sectors are losses associated with natural disasters, improper storage conditions of the produced goods, reduction in the cost of production, human factors.

Naturally such losses primarily reflected on the part of the national income, which is to build up a reserve.

In addition, used national income may differ from the value created by the national trade balance. If the country in terms of money importing more goods and services than it exports, the national income will be used more than created, and vice versa. But it does not say in favor of that country more profitable to import more goods and services than to export or produce. After all, purchasing goods abroad, we provide the employment of citizens of the exporting country, thereby financing their production, as well as increasing their national income (after taxes from enterprises producing and selling products, taxes on the employed population engaged in the production of exported goods) and m. etc.

Of great importance for increasing the national income, accelerate economic and social progress and the expanded reproduction of the economic system is a balance between consumption and accumulation of national income. There is a contradiction between these two variables has a significant impact on the development of the economy and its specificity as a whole. On the one hand, an excessive consumption fund does not allow the expanded reproduction, ie build new factories, power plants, introduce new equipment and technology, to develop science, education, etc. On the other hand, excessive accumulation of national income created by constraining the consumption of the population, the growth of his personal income, which in turn undermines the incentives to work, forming a type of economy is not based on the needs and interests of the population, ie wasteful economy.

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