Theoretical and methodological aspects of the territorial organization of agriculture in the conditions of strengthening of economic integration processes

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THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CONDITIONS OF STRENGTHENING OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION PROCESSES

Tarshilova Lyudmila Sergeevna,

Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan

Agrarian-Technical University,

Head of Management Quality System

And Innovations Department,

Candidate of Economic Sciences,

Professor of Russian Academy

of Natural Sciences

Summary

The article systemizes theoretical and methodological aspects of the territorial organization of agriculture in the conditions of strengthening of integration processes. Selected six concepts of spatial organization of production. The task of the territorial organization of agricultural production - the adaptation of the territory and the production, the creation of a favorable spatial conditions for effective management through proper allocation of elements of production and use of factors of production.

Key words: territorial organization, agriculture, factors of production, integration processes, spatial organization.

Territorial organization of economy - is an objective regularity of productive forces development peculiar to the certain stage of division and integration of social activities. The necessary prerequisite of formation of agriculture territorial organization and its further development in conditions of territorial division of labor (TDL) is a concentration of production of certain types of agricultural raw materials in territorial borders of administrative area for which development there are favorable conditions in this district. Territorial division of labor is most often considered as a process of production specialization of economic region and strengthening of interdistrict cooperation, an exchange of specialized production and services, as a spatial manifestation of social activities differentiation. In market conditions, processes of labor territorial division are characterized by the contradictory tendencies. On the one hand, they become on a natural economic basis where specialization of territories extends objectively under the influence of differentiation of production costs and realization of goods. On the other hand, economic and social distinctions amplify between areas. Besides, there is a danger of territorial monopolism when production of some goods is concentrated in the limited number of the country's regions. These tendencies demand adequate reflection in measures of regional policy of the state, especially during the strengthening of interstate integration (creation of EEU, etc.).

The complexity of territorial organization of agriculture naturally demands coherence, proportionality, balance in the development of difficult complex of branches and productions not only on a national basis, but also in regional aspect. It is especially important for the formation of local and regional agricultural systems which in interaction with each other can provide rational use of various natural and social-economic conditions of Kazakhstan, increase efficiency of its participation in labor territorial division.

The problems of production and territory interaction were the research object of many branches of scientific knowledge, including regional economy, economic geography, economic theory, etc.

The foundation of the theory of agriculture territorial organization is laid by the German scientist J. von Tuenen in his work "The isolated state". He developed the model of territorial placement of agriculture branches in an abstract isolated state with one city which was an agricultural products sales market. J. von Tuenen tried to reveal regularities of agriculture territorial development, influence of agricultural sites location concerning the city (sales market) on profitability and specialization of agriculture. The model of J. von Tuenen represents the rings around the city. The farther site is - the lower intensity of agricultural products production. The first ring is a zone of dairy and garden farming. The second is forestry with continuous reforestation. The third, fourth and fifth are zones of different forms of field husbandry and animal husbandry. The sixth is pasturable cattle breeding. The seventh is hunting and other nonagricultural crafts. He took a factor of costs size for transportation of production to the city [14] as a basis of territorial differentiation. The simple model of J. von Tuenen found rather broad application in the XX century at an assessment of agriculture placement. In particular, in the works of G. Ioffe and T. Nefedova [4] it is proved that the development of agriculture is influenced by the cities development and that this influence is comparable to the influence of natural factors. Under favorable climatic conditions, agriculture cannot be developed if there is no either close located market, or good development of infrastructure ensuring safety and delivery of production to other territories. agricultural production spatial territory

The theory of spatial development of agricultural production gained further development in the works of German economist A. Weber "About industry placement: blank theory of standard" (1909). When determining questions of industries placement he used joint costs minimization indicator. A. Weber developed classification of production placement factors, having focused attention on economic benefit (smaller costs for production and sale) and on possibility of production optimum area choice including three groups: transport, labor and "other conditions" [5]. The third group of factors is agroclimatic conditions and availability of the first two groups of factors is undoubtedly important for agriculture.

In the work of German scientist A. Lцsch "Spatial organization of economy" (1940) [11], questions of placement on regions were considered. A. Lцsch considers economic region as a market with borders caused by the interregional competition. The ideal form of the region is a correct hexagon. He analyzes some types (levels) of regions, including market zones determined by radiuses of competitive sale of corresponding types of production and economic landscape -- the highest type of a region uniting market zones [11]. Since the middle of the XX century, the system analysis of territorial development of national economy and its separate branches has been widely distributed and finds reflection in a number of scientific theories and concepts. All concepts are united by an integrated approach to the research object, analysis of its territorial systems. Known theories and concepts of territorial (spatial) development can be grouped conditionally in the following:- concept "Territorial organization of agriculture" (TOA) (A.N. Rakitnikov, K.I. Ivanov, V.A. Pulyarkin, V.G. Kryuchkov, L.I. Rakovetskaya, A.M. Nosonov, V.N. Presnyakov);

- concept "Agricultural ecosystems" (E. Odum, D. Pimentel, G.R. Conwey, G. House);

- concept "Steady agriculture" (M.A.Altieri, T.E.Crews, A.G. Power, C.A. Francis, S.R. Gliessman);

- concept of agriculture adaptive intensification (A.A. Zhuchenko);

- model "Growth poles" (F. Perroux, J. Budvil, Lasuйn J. R.);

- theory "Center Periphery" (J. Friedman, P. Krugman).

The important place in the listed concepts is taken by the concept "Territorial Organization of Agriculture" [1,7,8,9,10,13]. The analysis of publications on TOA problems shows that this term is most often used by authors in several meanings (table 1).

Table 1 Main characteristics of the concept "Territorial Organization of Agriculture"

Thus, the main task of territorial organization of agricultural production which defines its contents is mutually adaptation of the territory and production, creation of favorable spatial conditions of effective managing by rational placement of elements of production organization and use of production factors.

There is a bit different definitions in "Agricultural ecosystems" concept: "Supersystem including ecological, economic and sociological components" (J. Raykil), "Natural complexes involved in agricultural production and affected from economic systems" (G.A. Bulatkin, A.S. Larionov), "Cultivated ecosystems which are intermediate between natural and artificial ecosystems" (E. Odum, D. Pimentel) [12,18].

Numerous discussions are caused by the term "sustainable development". In the report of the International organization for environment and development "Our general future" (1987), sustainable development is treated as "development satisfying requirements of the real development, but doesn't threaten the ability of future generations to satisfy own requirements" [5]. The developed "Steady agriculture" concept includes some elements - preservation of environment and reproduction of agriculture resource base, optimization of application of agriculture chemicalixation means, improvement of land use structure on the basis of objective characteristic of agroecological situation, economic profitability, social and economic stability [5]. This concept assumes consideration of such factors which began to influence significantly on agriculture territorial organization - globalization and integration. These factors influence in the EU especially noticeably.

LISA (Low-Input/Sustainable Agriculture) Federal research program - low-cost, supported agriculture which allows optimizing territorial organization of agriculture was developed in the USA within this concept. The influence of integration processes on TOA in the USA is considered to a lesser extent since joint comprehensive programs on the development of effective TOA aren't developed within the NAFTA (integration association of Canada, the USA, Mexico).

The concept of adaptive intensification of agriculture characterizes complex impact of natural, social-economic and technogenic factors on agriculture [3] territorial systems. This theory assumes the differentiated approach to the spatial placement of agricultural production depending on a combination of natural and social-economic conditions.

F. Perroux has used "growth pole" concept for the first time, having defined them as agglomerations of enterprises concentrated territorially and differing in intensive processes [6]. Three components were allocated in "growth pole": leading branch, group of local value branches and spatial agglomeration of production. J. Budvil considered certain territories carrying out the role of innovations source in the regional economy as poles of growth. Production development in economy happens unevenly, dynamic advanced branches which are "development poles" [15] are allocated. The effect of increase in production is transferred to the whole region or the country through the system of interrelations like "expense release". Concentration of production promotes concentration of advanced branches in the growth center.

Economic regional complex connected with the region export (H.R. Lasuyen) [15] can be the growth pole as well. Impulses of national demand are transferred through the region export sector, thereby promoting poles system growth.

"Center Periphery" theory developed by J. Friedman, is applicable both for regional and international levels that is much important for the development of intercountry integration in Latin America (LAFTA). Classification of regions includes four groups: regions-nucleus - territories where productions with high innovative potential are concentrated; "development corridors" - regions developing due to industrialization, development of infrastructure and strong communications with the first group of regions; regions of new development where agriculture, mining industry are being generally developed; depressive areas with "old" structure of economy [6].

The greatest development of "Center periphery" theory was received in the works of P. Krugman which gained relevance in conditions of dynamic development of administrative and functional regions in Europe that promoted formation of new spatial structure of this high-integrated global economic system. Researches of possible effects of integration development and expansion of the EU consider metropolization option which is followed by the deepening of regional specialization and distinctions of regions within the countries. At such scenario, European Union tries to compensate these divergences, redistributing negative effects of direct cumulative effects [19]. It was important to find out how high extent of integration will affect market situation of the European countries and to compare them to the interregional economies of the USA. The results of P. Krugman's researches give the chance to reveal the directions of development, perspective for a certain territory quickly and effectively, to form corresponding regional networks, to allocate directions of intra national and international specialization. In his book "Spatial economy: cities, regions and international trade" P. Krugman claims that concentration of any kinds of activity exists as such form of spatial organization creates favorable economic conditions promoting development that in turn increases concentration [20] even more.

Stability of uniform distribution is defined by three effects:

- effect of local market: tendency of monopolistic firms to place production closer to large markets and to export goods to small markets;

- life cost effect: it is lower in those areas with more industrial firms because there are less transport expenses in the cost of goods made by them;

- competition effect: firms competing imperfectly seek to place production in those areas with less number of competitors [21].

In the work of P. Krugman, it was shown how interaction of these three parameters defines dynamics of production placement in economy: whether regions will approach in economic development or, on the contrary, will withdraw from each other and economy development in the principle "center - periphery" becomes inevitable.

The efficiency of listed models found confirmation in the practice of regional development of various countries.

The following regularities are characteristic for the territorial organization of agriculture in conditions of integration processes strengthening:

- territorial organization locates taking into account environment, developed systems of settlement, social and economic development of the region;

- territorial organization is connected with specialization and concentration of branch, existing level of development;

- territorial organization is improved in еру process of branch development, changes in social-economic and institutional environment;

- territorial organization is carried out in a complex in interrelation and interaction of all elements of production and space;

- improvement of territorial organization is followed by specialization specification, increase of concentration and production efficiency.

Summarizing world experience, it is possible to note that the idea of spatial (territorial) organization is applicable both to national economy in general and its separate branches, including agrarian sector.

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