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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

«ВЫСШАЯ ШКОЛА ЭКОНОМИКИ»

Факультет мировой экономики и мировой политики

МАГИСТЕРСКАЯ ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ

по направлению 41.04.03 «Востоковедение и африканистика»

студента образовательной программы

«Социально-экономическое и политическое развитие современной Азии»

Социально-правовой статус и роль китайской диаспоры в культурной и экономической жизни Иркутской области (2000-2018)

Студент(ка) группы

МСЭПР 171

А.С. Олянина

Москва 2019

Government of the Russian Federation

National Research University Higher School of Economics

Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs

Educational Programme

“Socio-Economic and Political Development of Modern Asia"

MASTER'S THESIS

Social and Legal Status and Role of the Chinese Diaspora in the Cultural and Economic Life of the Irkutsk Region (2000-2018)

Student

Anastasiya Oyanina

Moscow, 2019



CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 The History of the Formation of the Chinese Diaspora and the Socio-Legal Status of Chinese Migrants in the Irkutsk Region

1.1 The Formation of the Chinese Diaspora in Eastern Siberia (20th c.)

1.2 General Characteristics of the Social and Legal Status of Migrants in the Russian Federation at the Present Time

1.2.1 The National Level

1.2.2 The Regional Level

CHAPTER 2 The Influence of the Chinese Diaspora on the Business and Cultural Areas of the Irkutsk Region

2.1 Economic Activities of the Diaspora in the Region

2.1.1 Chinese Entrepreneurship in the Forest Sector

2.1.2 "Shanghai" Market in the Center of Irkutsk

2.1.3 Agriculture

2.1.4 Tourism

2.2 Influence of Chinese on Culture and Education

CHAPTER 3. The Image of Chinese Migrants through the Irkutsk Mass Media

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

chinese diaspora irkutsk region



INTRODUCTION

Recently the intensive immigration of a foreign population into the territory of the Russian Federation is observed. The main reason of this phenomenon are globalization processes. As a result, we can see the growth of multicultural diversity in the country and its regions. In Eastern Siberia, in particular in the Irkutsk region, there is a significant influx of Chinese migrants. Thus, the problem of harmonization of relations between citizens of China and Russia becomes relevant. It is equally important to study the perception of the local population of Chinese migrants, as well as the integration of Chinese citizens into the host society and their attempts to preserve ethnic and cultural characteristics.

Currently in the region, there is a trend of annual population decline. Despite the fact that since 2008 there has been a natural increase in the population, the population of the region is decreasing annually due to migration outflow. Every year about 5-7 thousand people leave the Irkutsk region. There is a negative migration balance. One of the options for replenishing labor resources may be external labor migration. However, along with the increase in the number of visiting foreigners, especially Chinese, migrantophobia among local residents is increasing. Speaking of the Chinese, the term "yellow danger" is often used Dyatlov V. (2000) Migration of Chinese and discussion about the "Yellow Danger" in pre-revolutionary Russia [Migratsiya kitaytsev i disskusiya o «Zheltoy opasnosti» v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii]. Vestnik Yevrazii. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/migratsiya-kitaytsev-i-disskusiya-o-zheltoy-opasnosti-v-dorevolyutsionnoy-rossi (accessed 12 May 2019).. This, in turn, is the cause of the emergence of ethnic extremism, problems in the socio-cultural sphere and the aggravation of nationalist sentiments in society (Datsyshen, V. 2014).

Since the beginning of the 1990s, residents of the Irkutsk Region have been closely cooperating with citizens of the PRC: they buy clothes from China in ethnic markets, eat vegetables grown by Chinese farmers, and face the Chinese tourists on the streets. Changes can be seen in the administrative center of the region - the city of Irkutsk. Every year more and more signs in Chinese appear on the streets (sometimes without any translation), ethnic markets are being built and moved, land is being redeemed, Chinese hotels are appearing on the shores of Lake Baikal, etc.

All this causes concern among the local population. For this reason, it is very important to study the role played by representatives of the Chinese diaspora in the Irkutsk region. For the host society, this question is very relevant. This work will help to contribute to the study of the life of the diaspora, to describe the changes that have occurred in recent years.

The study of the Chinese diaspora in the Irkutsk region is theoretically relevant because it contributes to the understanding of the dynamic formation of social structures. In addition, it is practically significant because it allows us to explain the nature of the interactions of migrants and the host society.

Studies on Chinese migration began to appear relatively recently. In the Soviet period, the topic was closed for political reasons. The first publications on this issue began to appear in the early 90s, after the normalization of relations between China and Russia.

Literature review

A great contribution to the study and systematization of data on migrants was made by Larin A Larin A. (2009) Kitayskiye migranty v Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost' [Chinese migrants history and modernity]. Moscow: Vost. Kn (in Russian).. He studied the history of the emergence of the Chinese diaspora and its state at the present stage, as well as classified and described the illegal activities of migrants. V. Datsyshen also studied the political repressions of the Chinese in the USSR and the Chinese diaspora in the Trans-Baikal Territory Datsyshen V. (2009) Politicheskiye repressii i kitaytsy v SSSR [political repression and the Chinese in the USSR]. Sbornik nauchnykh statey, pp. 480-504.. Many works on Chinese migrants in Eastern Siberia can be found in the works of V. Dyatlov, professor of the Irkutsk State University. He pays great attention to the study of the formation of the Chinese market in the center of Irkutsk, the business culture of Chinese entrepreneurs and “trade minorities”. His research concerns the late 90s and the early 2000s. A. Zabiyako, G. Zabiyako A., Kobyzov R., Ponkratova L. (2009) Russkiye i kitaytsy: etnomigratsionnyye protsessy na Dal'nem Vostoke [Russians and Chinese: Ethno-Migration Processes in the Far East]. Blagoveshchensk (in Russian)., Vitkovskaya, Z. Vitkovskaya G., Zayonchkovskaya ZH. “Kitayskoye vtorzheniye” v Sibir' i na Dal'niy Vostok: mif o “zheltoy ugroze” i real'nost' ["Chinese invasion" in Siberia and the Far East: the myth of the "yellow threat" and reality]. Natsiya i kul'tura /Novyye issledovaniya: Sotsial'naya geografiya, pp. 552-572., Zayonchkovskaya, T. Zhuravskaya Zhuravskaya T. (2015) Sotsial'nyy status predprinimateley-migrantov: vliyaniye otnosheniy sobstvennosti (na primere «kitayskogo» rynka» [The social status of migrant entrepreneurs: the impact of property relations (on the example of the" Chinese "market)]. Available at: http://pnu.edu.ru/media/disser/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_06.07.pdf also wrote about migrant entrepreneurs from China, who were traders of ethnically marked open markets in post-Soviet Russia.

Yang Jinlan investigated the influence of Chinese labor migration on the development of the construction industry of the Irkutsk Region Jinlan Jan (2016) Vliyaniye trudovoy migratsii grazhdan KNR na razvitiye stroitel'noy otrasli Irkutskoy oblasti [

Influence of labor migration of citizens of the people's republic of China on development of construction branch of the Irkutsk region]. Irkutsk: Baykal'skiy gosudarstvennyy universitet..

In addition, the monograph by V. Wonok on the intercultural communication of the Russian population of Siberia and the Chinese diaspora was very informative Vonog V. (2011) Mezhkul'turnaya kommunikatsiya russkogo naseleniya Sibiri i kitayskoy diaspory [Intercultural communication of the Russian population of Siberia and the Chinese diaspora]. Krasnoyarsk: SFU (in Russian).

The problem of Chinese perception in Russia, in particular migrant-phobia, was studied by G. B. Dudchenko (Dudchenko, G. 2006). In addition, the problem of migrant-phobia also interested many PRC researchers. So, for example, in his publication, Wang Xiaoju defines the principal directions with which “Chinese expansion” is associated in Russia Wang Xiaoju. (2004) How to treat the existing in Russia “Theories of Chinese Expansion” [НхПюѕХЈєИзєОїґґэЅьДкАґ¶нВЮЛ№µД“ЦР№ъА©ХЕВЫ”] Study and Achievement, pp. 39-42..

Deng Zhitao believes that the “yellow alarm” is explained by the weakening of the Russian economy and the huge demographic imbalance of adjacent territories. Also, one of the reasons is illegal activity, and the inappropriate behavior of some of the Chinese migrants themselves in Russia Deng Zhitao (2005) Reflections and countermeasures on the so-called Chinese “migration issue” in the Russian border area [¶нѕіДЪЛщОЅЦР№ъ“ТЖГсОКМв”µД¶ФІЯРФЛјїј] World Economy and Politics, pp. 77-80. .

Investigation Li Min explains anxiety towards Chinese migrants with the fears of “threatening territorial integrity” and economic expansion. ” She considers Chinese migration the main obstacle to the development of Russian-Chinese relations Li Min (2010) Development and current situation of Chinese migration in the Russian Far East [¶нВЮЛ№Ф¶¶«µШЗшЦР№ъТЖГсµД·ўХ№ј°ПЦЧґ] Bulletin of Tsitsikarsky University..

We can also highlight the work of Lun Changhai. He studied the current growth trends in the number of Chinese migrants in the Far Eastern regions Lun Changhai (2011) Chinese Migrants in Russia: Past and Present [¶нВЮЛ№ µД ЦР№ъ ТЖГс Јє АъК· Ул ПЦЧґ] Bulletin of the Institute of Suihua..

The work of the following researchers helped to understand the meaning of social and legal status: L.Voyevodin Voevodin L. (1973) Constitutional problems of the legal status of Soviet citizens [Konstitutsionnyye problemy pravovogo polozheniya sovetskikh grazhdan]. (PhD thesis), Moscow; P. Kobets Kobets P. (2004) Features of the constitutional legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation at the present stage of development of society [Osobennosti konstitutsionno-pravovogo statusa inostrannykh grazhdan i lits bez grazhdanstva v Rossiyskoy Federatsii na sovremennom etape razvitiya obshchestva]. Konstitutsionnoye i munitsipal'noye pravo. No. 1. pp. 11-15.; I. Lupenko Lupenko I. (2013) The concept and elements of the special legal status of migrants [Ponyatiye i elementy spetsial'nogo pravovogo statusa migrantov]. Migratsionnoye pravo, No. 4, pp. 2-5.; R. Bitiyev Bitiyev R. (2001) Features of the legal status of foreigners in the Russian Federation [Osobennosti pravovogo statusa inostrantsev v Rossiyskoy Federatsii. M.: Moskovskaya gumanitarno-sotsial'naya akademiya]. Moscow: Moskovskaya gumanitarno-sotsial'naya akademiya, p. 194. .

Despite the abundance of research papers on Chinese migrants in Eastern Siberia, most of them affect the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st centuries. There is not enough information about how the influence of Chinese citizens has changed over the past decades. This topic is poorly understood, since it is limited to a specific region and a specific time interval. Many studies have been written about the Chinese diaspora in the Far East, and only a small part concerns East Siberia. Nevertheless, the study of this region is very important, as residents of the Irkutsk region are still seriously concerned about the presence of Chinese in the region. There are many pressing issues, such as: illegal deforestation, selling Baikal water to the Chinese, Chinese fertilizers that adversely affect the soil, as well as an increase in Chinese tourists in the region.

The main goal of the study is to examine the social and legal status, as well as the role of Chinese migrants in the region for the studied period of time. To analyze their impact on the life of the region and the attitude of the local population towards them.

This will help to identify the contradictions and conflicts between the local population and migrants from China, study the process of sociocultural adaptation of the Chinese and identify the main problems they face in the region. Over the past two decades, there have been significant changes in the influence that Chinese migrants have on the business and cultural life of the region.

It is known that Chinese citizens are good entrepreneurs and easily find profitable opportunities for business development. Therefore, it is important to follow the changes in the types of activities that were preferred by representatives of this diaspora.

In addition, one of the goals of this work is to study the social and legal status of the Chinese diaspora in the Irkutsk region.

Before starting the study, the following tasks were set:

a) to consider the historical process of forming the Chinese diaspora;

b) to study the main official documents regulating the rights and obligations of migrants in the territory of the Russian Federation;

c) to identify what changes appeared in the migration legislation for the studied period, and what impact these changes had on the migration flow;

d) to study the main activities and the role of the Chinese migrants in the economic and cultural spheres. Determine what changes occurred during the analyzed period (2000-2018);

e) to examine the main problems faced by Chinese migrants, arriving on the territory of the Irkutsk region;

f) to assess how local newspapers describe Chinese immigrants using content analysis.

The object of study: the status and activities of Chinese migrants in the region.

The subject of study: specific features of Chinese migrants living in the Irkutsk region.

Hypothesis: despite the outward signs of improved relations between China and Russia, there are still concerns about Chinese migrants in the Irkutsk region. An analysis of the role that the Chinese play in the life of the region will help to understand this situation.

Research question: What role did the representatives of the Chinese diaspora play in the Irkutsk region in 2000-2018?

Primary sources can be divided into several groups: regulations, statistics, newspapers and Internet resources.

- By the normative legal acts in the first place concerns the Russian Constitution. This official document describes the basic rights of a person and a citizen, including those that apply to migrants. The Constitution of the Russian Federation Constitution of the Russian Federation. Available at: http://www.constitution.ru/ (in Russian), (accessed 12 May 2019). establishes only the original provisions that relate to the status of foreigners. Most of the rights and obligations of foreign citizens can be found in federal laws and by-laws of executive bodies. The main documents in the regulation of their legal status is the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 Federal law of July 25, 2002 No. 115-FL "On the legal status of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation" [Federal'nyy zakon ot 25 iyulya 2002 g. N 115-FZ "O pravovom polozhenii inostrannykh grazhdan v Rossiyskoy Federatsii"]. Available at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_37868/ (in Russian), (accessed 12 May 2019).. In addition, a separate part of the rights, freedoms and duties of foreigners is enshrined in the current legislation. Regional legal acts were also used.

- Statistics include materials of state bodies of the Russian Federation, such as published materials of the State Statistics Committee, the Federal Migration Service, and the Federal Agency for Tourism, etc. In addition, data from the censuses of 2002 and 2010 and regional services were used. For example, the Office of the Federal Migration Service in the Irkutsk region and Irkstat Federal State Statistics Service of the Irkutsk Regionhttp. Available at: http://irkutskstat.gks.ru/ (accessed 12 May 2019)..

- An important source for our research was the media materials, in particular, two regional newspapers “SM Nomer Odin” “SM Nomer Odin” newspaper. Available at: http://baikal-info.ru/tags/sm-nomer-odin-0 (accessed 12 May 2019). and “Pyatnisa”. On their basis, a content analysis was conducted. It was used to gather basic information about the activities of Chinese migrants in the region and about the events associated with them. This source is hardly reliable. However, because there is little work on the activities of migrants in the region, and this topic has not been sufficiently studied, newspapers are the only source of information where the main events are recorded. For example, it is rather difficult to track down the illegal activities of migrants, because it is not recorded anywhere. For example, it is impossible to find out the exact number of Chinese enterprises, since most of them are registered for Russian citizens. Some of the Chinese hotels are disguised as private property, while the migrants themselves come and work illegally. In the newspapers we can find articles about the results of mass inspections of the places of residence and economic activity of migrants. In addition, they provide information on major changes occurring in the Irkutsk region.

- As an additional source, we used the results of research conducted by the Inner Asia Research Center The Inner Asia Research Center. Available at: www innerasia ru (accessed 12 May 2019)., the Carnegie Moscow Center The Carnegie Moscow Center. Available at: www Carnegie.ru (accessed 12 May 2019).and the materials published by them on the Internet sites.

- Another primary source is Internet data. In developing this problem, its importance cannot be underestimated. Local Irkutsk information portals were used, such as “Irk.ru” Irk.ru. Informational portal. Available at: https://www.irk.ru/ (accessed 12 May 2019)., “Baikal-info” Baikal-info. Informational portal. Available at: http://baikal-info.ru (accessed 12 May 2019)., the official portal of the city of Irkutsk The official portal of the city of Irkutsk. Available at: https://admirk.ru/ (accessed 12 May 2019)..

The materials of online publications, which published information related to the Irkutsk region and migrants on such sites as “RIA news” RIA news. Available at: https://ria.ru/ (accessed 12 May 2019)., “Kommersant” Kommersant. Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru. (accessed 12 May 2019)..

Among the secondary sources that influenced the study, we can highlighted the articles by V. Dyatlov, a professor at Irkutsk State University. He devoted many works to the study of the Chinese diaspora in the Irkutsk region. In particular, the study of ethnic markets: “Chinese markets” of Russian cities - “Leaving nature”? Dyatlov V. (2008) «Kitayskiye rynki» rossiyskikh gorodov -«Ukhodyashchaya natura»? [“Chinese markets” of Russian cities - “Leaving nature”?]. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Politologiya. Religiovedeniye, No. 1. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kitayskie-rynki-rossiyskih-gorodov-uhodyaschaya-natura, “Post-Soviet open-air markets: a new phenomenon or continuation of the tradition?” Dyatlov V. (2017) Postsovetskiye rynki pod otkrytym nebom: novyy fenomen ili prodolzheniye traditsii? [Post-Soviet open-air markets: a new phenomenon or continuation of the tradition?]. Sibirskiye istoricheskiye issledovaniya, No. 1. pp. 99-118.

The monograph edited by V. Dyatlov “East of Russia: Migration and Diasporas in the Migration Society. The frontiers of the XIX-XX and XX-XXI centuries”. Dyatlov V. (2011) Vostok Rossii: migratsiya i diaspora v migratsionnom obshchestve. Granitsy XIX-XX i XX-XXI vekov [East of Russia: Migration and Diasporas in the Migration Society. The frontiers of the XIX-XX and XX-XXI centuries]. Irkutsk: Ottisk.It examines patterns of behavior and adaptation practices of migrants, as well as the formation of phobias, stereotypes, etc. In addition, it is worth mentioning such articles as “Migrations, migrants, "new diasporas": a factor of stability and conflict in the region” Dyatlov V. (2005) Migratsii, migranty, "novyye diaspory": faktor stabil'nosti i konflikta v regione [Migrations, migrants, "new diasporas": a factor of stability and conflict in the region]. Etnologicheskaya situatsiya v Baykal'skom regione: monitoring i analiz. Moscow - Irkutsk: Natalis, “Chinese in modern Siberia: migration and the formation of a new diaspora”. Dyatlov V. (2002) Kitaytsy v sovremennoy Sibiri: migratsiya i protsess formirovaniya novoy diaspory [Chinese in modern Siberia: migration and the formation of a new diaspora]. Pamyati professora Sergeya Vladimirovicha Shostakovicha. Irkutsk: Ottisk, 2002.

It is also worth highlighting the articles that helped to study and systematize the main methodological traditions of diaspora research, such as “The Diaspora Phenomenon: Methodological Foundations of Scientific Research” by Avdashkin A. Avdashkin A. (2015) Fenomen diaspory: metodologicheskiye osnovy nauchnogo issledovaniya [Diaspora Phenomenon: Methodological Foundations of Scientific Research]. Vestnik ChelGU, No. 2 (357). Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/fenomen-diaspory-metodologicheskie-osnovy-nauchnogo-issledovaniya (accessed 12 May 2019). and “The `diaspora' dispora” by Rogers Brubaker Brubaker R. (2005) The `diaspora' diaspora Vol. 28 No. 1 January 2005 pp. 1-19.

In her work “Discourses on “Diasporas” in the Modern Russian Federal Press” by Peshkova V. Peshkova V. (2017) Diskursy o «Diasporakh» v sovremennoy rossiyskoy federal'noy presse [Discourses on “Diasporas” in the modern Russian federal press] Monitoring, No. 1 (137) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/diskursy-o-diasporah-v-sovremennoy-rossiyskoy-federalnoy-presse (accessed 12 May 2019).uses discourse analysis to identify the main themes and contexts of the articles, where the main actors are representatives of various diasporas. Since the analysis of the press is also carried out in our study, this work was very informative.

For a more complete understanding of the social and legal status of migrants in Russia, the following articles were used: "Features of the formation and realization of the social rights of migrants in Russia and China" by Klyuev A. Klyuyev A., Mou Xiaobo (2015) Osobennosti formirovaniya i realizatsii sotsial'nykh prav migrantov v Rossii i Kitaye [Features of the formation and implementation of the social rights of migrants in Russia and China]. Upravlencheskoye konsul'tirovaniye, No. 3 (75). Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-formirovaniya-i-realizatsii-sotsialnyh-prav-migrantov-v-rossii-i-kitae (accessed 12 May 2019).; "The social and legal status of the diaspora in modern Russian society: regional status" by Bedrik A. Bedrik A., Stukalova D., Tereshchenko A. (2016) Sotsial'no-pravovoy status diaspory v sovremennom rossiyskom obshchestve: regional'nyy rakurs [Social and legal status of the diaspora in modern Russian society: regional perspective]. Gumanitariy Yuga Rossii, No. 4. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsialno-pravovoy-status-diaspory-v-sovremennom-rossiyskom-obschestve-regionalnyy-rakurs (accessed 12 May 2019).; “On the issue of the migration legal status of foreigners in the Russian Federation” by Stepanov A. Stepanov A. (2016) K voprosu o migratsionnom pravovom statuse inostrantsev v Rossiyskoy Federatsii [On the Question of the Migration Legal Status of Foreigners in the Russian Federation]. Vestn. Tom. gos. un-ta. Pravo, No. 4 (22) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-migratsionnom-pravovom-statuse-inostrantsev-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii (accessed 12 May 2019).; “The rights of migrants as the basis of their legal status”, Poltev A. Poltev A. (2017) Prava migrantov kak osnova ikh pravovogo statusa [The rights of migrants as the basis of their legal status]. Vestnik BelYUI MVD Rossii, No. 2. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prava-migrantov-kak-osnova-ih-pravovogo-statusa (accessed 12 May 2019).

The measures applied by Irkutsk law enforcement and local authorities in the Irkutsk region were partly described in the article by Shalamova A. “On the state of migration processes in the Irkutsk region and the activities of state bodies for their regulation”. Shalamova A. (2011) O sostoyanii migratsionnykh protsessov v Irkutskoy oblasti i deyatel'nosti gosudarstvennykh organov po ikh regulirovaniyu [On the state of migration processes in the Irkutsk region and the activities of state bodies for their regulation]. Vestnik Vostochno-Sibirskogo instituta MVD Rossii, No. 4. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-sostoyanii-migratsionnyh-protsessov-v-irkutskoy-oblasti-i-deyatelnosti-gosudarstvennyh-organov-po-ih-regulirovaniyu (accessed 12 May 2019).

During the study, various methods were used: historical, genetic, descriptive, typology and classification methods, as well as a comparative method and content analysis.

In the course of using historical and genetic methods, the emergence, formation, development of the Chinese diaspora in Russia in the 20th century was investigated. The study of the influence of diaspora on the life of a region at the present stage involves the study of its history.

The descriptive method was used to study the activities of Chinese migrants. It was necessary to collect the necessary information and analyze it. In addition, in this work the method of typologies was applied.

The main method applied in the research is content analysis. For this purpose, all articles about China and citizens of the PRC were sorted from two regional newspapers for the entire analyzed period from 2004 to 2018.

Then general categories or keywords were developed. They were assigned to articles depending on their content.

Using filtering by keywords, quantitative indicators were obtained, which allowed to determine in how many articles this or that topic was affected.

For a more complete picture, it was necessary to consider the semantic coloring of words in context. To this end, it was decided to introduce such an indicator as “emotional coloring”. Thus, each article was assigned one of three emotional values: positive, negative, or neutral.

This analysis allowed us to track the main events that occurred in the Irkutsk region with the participation of representatives of the Chinese diaspora. As well as their impact on the life of the region.

In addition, a comparative analysis was applied in order to identify the main changes for the studied period of time.

At the initial stage of the study all available data was collected and analyzed.

Chronological and spatial frameworks of the research. The timeframe for the research is limited from 2000 to 201, because during this period the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation between the People's Re-public of China and the Russian Federation was signed (2001), and the Year of Russia in China (2006) and China in Russia (2007) were held. One of the main tasks is to learn how the relationship with the Chinese has changed under the influence of the above events. The study is limited to the Irkutsk region, since this subject of the Russian Federation is located in close proximity to China; moreover, the personal interest of the author in the region under investigation is of no small importance.

Year after year, the area is changing, more and more Chinese signs appear on the streets of cities, more and more Chinese tourists, so it is important to follow the changes taking place in the region.

Work structure

Before proceeding to the direct study of the Chinese diaspora at the present stage, it was necessary to consider the process of its formation on the territory of Russia, in particular Eastern Siberia. The first chapter is devoted to the study of the prerequisites for the formation of the diaspora, as well as the analysis of the part of the Russian legislation concerning the social and legal status of the migrant in the territory of the Russian Federation.

The first chapter of the work contains mainly theoretical information. It is written on the basis of works of famous historians Sinologists. The purpose of this chapter is to give a description of both the diaspora itself and the legal framework governing its social and legal status.

At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, in the process of normalization of relations between the two countries, a visa-free regime was proclaimed for some time. This led to the uncontrolled entry of the flow of foreigners and required the creation of certain measures on migration regulation, the description of which is also given in this part of the work.

Further, in the second part of the first chapter, definitions are given to the basic concepts of the status of a person and a citizen. It describes the classification of fundamental rights, freedoms and obligations.

One of the main problems is illegal migration. In this regard, the main changes in legislation, as well as methods of dealing with this problem, applied both at the state and regional level, were studied. It also describes the main features of the demographic situation in the region, in particular, the acute shortage of labor resources.

The second chapter of the work is aimed at studying the main activities of representatives of the Chinese diaspora in the region. It was necessary to consider the role of the Chinese, and their influence on certain areas of economic activity, as well as on the cultural life of the Irkutsk region. The following key areas were identified: forestry, agriculture, tourism and entrepreneurship.

The third chapter provides a content analysis of two regional newspapers "CM Number One" and "Friday." This analysis had several goals. First, he helped determine how the image of Chinese migrants and the attitude of local people towards them changed. Secondly, with the help of articles, the main events that took place in the region with the participation of representatives of the diaspora were studied. Moreover, thirdly, the most acute problems that concern both visitors and the host society are revealed.

CHAPTER 1 The History of the Formation of the Chinese Diaspora and the Socio-Legal Status of Chinese Migrants in the Irkutsk Region

1.1 The Formation of the Chinese Diaspora in Eastern Siberia (20th c.)

The history of Chinese migration to Russia could be traced back more than a century and a half. Therefore, before proceeding to the analysis of the Chinese diaspora at the current stage, it is advisable to review the process of its formation in the territory of Russia, paying special attention to Eastern Siberia.

The first immigrants from China appeared in the territory of the modern Far East at the end of the 17th century, after the signing of The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) The complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. First collection, vol. III, pp. 31--32. Available at: https://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01003821638#?page=33 (accessed 12 May 2019).. Basically, these were landless peasants, runaway subjects and exiles. Their presence at that time was insignificant. In the second half of the 19th century, after signing, the Treaty of Aigun (1858) Collection of treaties of Russia with other states. 1856-1917. (1952), Moscow: Gos.izd-vo polit.literatury. and the Convention of Peking (1860) Convention of Peking (1860). Available at: http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/1800dok/1860pekin.php (accessed 12 May 2019)., the number of migrants began to increase sharply. At the same time, rules for land trade between Russia and China were established. As well as the duty-free trade regime at a certain distance from the Russian-Chinese border. This made easier for some Chinese traders in Maimahan-Kyakhta to transfer their activities to Russia Koval M. (2013) Border Russian-Chinese trade in the 19^th century [Pogranichnaya russko-kitayskaya torgovlya v XIX v.] Vestnik RUDN. Istoriya Rossii, no. 3, p.2 Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pogranichnaya-russko-kitayskaya-torgovlya-v-xix-v (accessed 12 May 2019).

. Most of the Chinese population settled in Transbaical region at the border territories at that time, and only a few went to the west, to Siberia.

The acute shortage of labor was the main reason of increasing the flow of Chinese migration in the late 19th century and before the beginning of the First World War. The number of local residents and immigrants from the European part of Russia were not sufficient for the development of the region, and foreign citizens were often involved for these purposes. For example, the Chinese participated in such major projects as the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1891-1916) and the Vladivostok Fortress. In addition, the workers were also involved in the mining industry of Transbaical region, hired in private enterprises, and conducted commercial activities. Massive became the work of the Chinese as a servant (Larin, A. 2009a) As Trans-Siberian and Trans-Baikal railways were built, poor Chinese workers gained access to remote areas of Siberia, where they later began to settle in gold-mining enterprises (Datsyshen, V. 2014).

With the beginning of the World War I, tens of thousands of Chinese replaced Russian workers at enterprises in different regions of Russia. In connection with the call to the front of a large part of the Russian workers, the Council of Ministers found it possible to allow foreigners from China to work government agencies in the future until the end of hostilities. According to statistics of the 1914th year, at that time, there were 1077 Chinese in Irkutsk (Voronov, I. 2011, p.183). The acute shortage of workers in factories and railways led to an increase in the number of Chinese migrants. Since they all urgently needed to protect their rights, in 1915, it was decided to open the first Chinese consulate in Irkutsk.

The life of Chinese migrants in Siberia changed dramatically during revolution of 1917 and the ensuing civil war and foreign intervention. The Chinese, traditionally referred to as the Bolshevik allies, were for the most part against the radical reforms that were being carried out at that time in Soviet Russia. For this reason, Chinese migrants were among the victims of political repression in the 1920s-1950s.

Political repression and bureaucratic arbitrariness were so cruel, especially in the Far East and Siberia, that by the end of the 1930s, they led to the almost complete disappearance of this group in the Soviet population (Datsyshen, V. 2009).

In connection with the persecution, almost all Chinese at that time shared a common desire to return home. Mass repatriation began, but hundreds of interned Chinese did not manage to return to their homeland. They became victims of political repression during their activation in the late 1930s. (Datsyshen, V. 2009).

During the Second World War, the USSR and the Republic of China were allies in the anti-Hitler coalition. At this time, the remnants of the Chinese community in Russia, together with the Soviet people, experienced all the hardships of the war.

After the end of World War II, for some time, the forced eviction of the Chinese people to their homeland was stopped. The flow of Chinese migrants that constantly illegally crossed the border from Manchuria was constantly replenished. The process of freeing the Chinese from Soviet prisons and camps began.

Regarding statistical data, according to the 1926 census, there were 71.6 thousand Chinese (by language) in the Far East.

Comparing the data of the All-Union population census, one can see a significant decrease in the number of Chinese population. So in January 1937 in the USSR lived 38 527 people, in 1939 - 32 023 people, in 1959 - 26 thou-sand people, and finally, according to the 1989 census - 11,335 people, of which 3,378 considered their native language Chinese, and 7303 - Russian (Larin, A. 2009a).

Since 1950, the period of friendly cooperation between the PRC and the USSR began. On February 14, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance was signed for a period of 30 years.

On September 20, 1954, during the First Session of the National People's Congress, the Constitution of the People's Republic of China secured an alliance with the USSR. In the period from 1951 to 1962, over 11,000 students and post-graduate students received training in Soviet universities. The Soviet government, in accordance with the intergovernmental agreement, took on 50% of the costs of their training (Lukin, A. 2013, p.224).

In 1954, the Soviet government invited the leaders of the PRC to send a significant number of Chinese workers to Siberia, mainly for logging. This had to help China reduce the unemployment rate. After signing the relevant agreements and signing the first contracts, the first parties of Chinese workers, mainly loggers and miners, began to arrive in the Far East.

Meanwhile, Soviet leaders came to the conclusion that there were even surplus labor in the USSR, they were simply misused. Therefore, the need for so many workers, which was requested from China, was no longer needed. It also turned out that for receiving large lots of foreign labor there was no necessary infrastructure: housing, food and medical services, and it took a lot of time and effort to create all this. The implementation of the plan had to be abandoned, and at the end of the contracts, the Chinese workers returned to their homeland. The last group left the town of Usolye-Sibirskoe in the Irkutsk Region in 1962.

In 1964, during the period of aggravation of friction between the leaders of the USSR and the PRC, at the bilateral consultations on clarifying the state border line. Chinese representatives once again raised the question of "the right of the Chinese side to manage and to the eternal settlement of the Chinese with-in 64 settlements" (Lukin, A. 2013).

Subsequently, Soviet-Chinese relations acquired a tense, confrontational character, and the movement of the Chinese to the Soviet Union for a long time ceased.

Russia and China were able to normalize their relations only at the turn of the 1980s-1990s. In an effort to eliminate the previously erected barriers, the parties agreed on a visa-free exchange. In this regard, the flow of migrants from the PRC, along with various goods, has poured into Russia. For the Russian population, which was undergoing an economic crisis and a shortage of essential goods at that time, the arrival of traders was a salvation. At that time, minor remains of the old diaspora were preserved in Irkutsk. According to the 1989 census, there were 489 Chinese living in the region, and 185 in Irkutsk itself (Dyatlov, V. 2002). Already in 1993, the number of Chinese migrants who visited Russia reached 751 thousand (Larin, A. 2009a).

During the short period of time, the law enforcement and administrative authorities were not able to monitor and keep track of the flow of foreigners. Among the migrants coming to the territory of Russia were also people from the criminal world. The residence of the Chinese without registration, as well as their illegal commerce, have become a daily occurrence. It was urgent to give the spontaneous influx of migrants a manageable character.

According to V. Dyatlov, since the introduction of the visa-free regime and a sharp increase in the number of Chinese on the territory of Russia, we can talk about a new process of forming the Chinese diaspora, because the old pre-revolutionary diaspora almost completely disappeared after the Soviet power. After years of absence the stream of Chinese "shuttle traders", guest workers, students and students, poured into the Far East, Siberia, and then in-to the western regions of the country. They managed to create a ramified and efficient the infrastructure of retail markets, mixed enterprises, travel agencies, hotels, hostels, a network of intermediaries and consultants (Dyatlov, V. 2002).

It was necessary to introduce a number of measures to regulate and normalize the flow of migrants. Thus, on December 6, 1993, the visa regime for crossing the border was introduced for the citizens of the PRC, having common foreign passports; the migration control became tougher; new customs duties, excises, documents regulating the use of foreign forces were introduced. In 1994, immigration control posts were established. The immigration authorities were obliged to monitor the entry into the territory of the Russian Federation, prevent uncontrolled migration, deport aliens, and consider applications for asylum (Larin, A. 2009a).

The operations "Foreigner"- mass checks of the places of residence and economic activities of migrants, - are constantly being carried out.

In the second half of the 1990's the number of Chinese migrants decreased significantly. The flow gradually stabilized and was taken under the control of the authorities.

Among visitors, there has always been a percentage of those who enter Russia illegally or by transit. For these reasons, it was very difficult to determine the exact number of Chinese migrants in the late 1990s at the beginning of the 2000s (Larin, A. 2009b).

1.2 General Characteristics of the Social and Legal Status of Migrants in the Russian Federation at the Present Time

1.2.1 The National Level

Modern Russian migration legislation appeared in a relatively short period of time. In the early 1990s, its development was associated with tracking the flow of forced migrants (refugees and internally displaced persons), currently more attention is paid to issues of labor migration and optimizing the status of migrants working in the Russian Federation, as well as countering illegal migration and ensuring state security (Plyugina, I. 2008).

Now there is no consensus on the content of personal status. Opinions were divided and while some scientists include only rights, freedoms and duties in the status of an individual, another part adds to the above a number of other elements, for example: citizenship, legal capacity, guarantees, legal interests, etc. (Bitiyev, R. 2001, p.194; Voyevodin, L. 1973, p.40; Kobets, P. 2004, pp. 11-15; Lupenko, I. 2013, pp. 2-5).

Despite the differences in the approaches, the “legal status” of a person and a citizen can be defined as a combination of “legal principles, rights, freedoms, duties and other elements determining the relationship between an individual and the state, the place of an individual in society and in relations with the state.” (Lupenko, I. 2013, pp. 2-5).

While the legal connection of a citizen with the state is permanent, the legal connection between the foreigner and the state is very different. It is limited by such factors as the period of stay of a foreign citizen in the country, the territory of a given country and the duration of the legal relations. This connection may be interrupted at any time at the request of one of the parties (Stepanov, A. 2016)

The Constitution of the Russian Federation Constitution of the Russian Federation. Available at: http://www.constitution.ru/ (in Russian), (accessed 12 May 2019). enshrines the fundamental rights of a person and a citizen, including those that apply to migrants. However, most of the rights and obligations of foreign citizens can be found in federal laws and by-laws of executive bodies. The Constitution of Russia enshrines only the initial provisions that relate to the status of foreigners. The main documents in the regulation of their legal status is the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 Federal law of July 25, 2002 No. 115-FL "On the legal status of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation" [Federal'nyy zakon ot 25 iyulya 2002 g. N 115-FZ "O pravovom polozhenii inostrannykh grazhdan v Rossiyskoy Federatsii"]. Available at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_37868/ (in Russian), (accessed 12 May 2019).. This Law regulates the main rights, freedoms and duties.

In addition, a separate part of the rights, freedoms and duties of foreigners is enshrined in current legislation. For example, the presence of foreign citizens' rights of personal ownership of a particular property arises from the norms of civil legislation of the Russian Federation, etc. On the legal status of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of July 25, 2002 (as amended on December 30, 2015) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. № 30. Art. 3032; 2016. № 1 (Part I). Art. 86.

There are several classifications of fundamental rights, freedoms and duties, for example:

1. From the point of view of the implementation mechanism, they distinguish: absolute and relative.

2. Depending on the circle of persons to whom rights are granted and the grounds for their occurrence, they are distinguished: a) common rights and freedoms (on the inviolability of the home, on freedom of conscience and religion, etc.); b) special.

General rights and freedoms reflect the particular situation of all migrants. Based on the general constitutional status of a citizen, migrants may have additional rights, duties, benefits provided by the legislation of a particular country. Special rights and obligations will depend on certain categories of migrants: refugees, internally displaced persons, foreign workers, etc.

3. According to the social purpose (content) there are: a) personal; b) political; c) socio-economic.

Personal rights reflected in the Constitution of the Russian Federation include: the right to life, the right to state protection of the dignity of the person, the right to liberty and personal integrity, etc. Among the rights granted to foreign citizens in Russia is the right to free movement, the choice of a place of stay and residence Article 27 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Available at: http://www.constitution.ru/10003000/10003000-4.htm (accessed 12 May 2019)..

In accordance with Art. 11 of the Federal Law of July 25, 2002, a visit to the territories of organizations and objects that require a special permit for entry is an exception On approval of the List of territories, organizations and objects for which foreign citizens need special permission to enter: Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 11, 2002 (as amended on July 14, 2006) // Collection of the legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. № 41. Art. 3995; 2006. № 30. Art. 3391 .; 14..

This is followed by a group, which includes political rights and freedoms. They, as a rule, are provided only to their citizens. The political rights and freedoms include: the right to participate in the management of state affairs, the right to organize and hold meetings and rallies, processions and demonstrations, the right to form political parties, etc.

Socio-economic rights and freedoms relate to such important areas as property, labor relations Skachkova G. (2013) Labor activity of foreigners in Russia in the context of the migration policy of the Russian state [Trudovaya deyatel'nost' inostrantsev v Rossii v kontekste migratsionnoy politiki Rossiyskogo gosudarstva]. Migratsionnoye pravo, No. 2. pp. 9-11.

, leisure, health and education. The main task of these rights is to ensure the physical, material, spiritual and other socially significant needs of the individual.

In addition to rights and freedoms, foreign citizens, at the same time, have the obligations imposed on them by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and legislation. The most important duty for both citizens of the Russian Federation and foreign citizens living in the territory of the Russian Federation is compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the laws Article 15 of the Constitution. Available at: http://www.constitution.ru/10003000/10003000-3.htm (accessed 12 May 2019)..

As subjects of migration legal relations, foreign citizens are obliged to comply with legal norms and the legal requirements of state and local government bodies and their officials based on them. An example is the obligation of foreign citizens temporarily or permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation to annually confirm their residence in the Russian Federation Federal Law No. 115-FZ of July 25, 2002, Article 8. Available at: https://rg.ru/2002/07/31/inostr-dok.html (accessed 12 May 2019)..

The state assumes legal and moral obligations to guarantee the proclaimed rights and obligations. The guarantee is carried out by various means: legal, economic, political, etc. [1.2.7]. Therefore, there are a number of organizational, home-based, socio-cultural, political, and other measures aimed at ensuring the legislatively enshrined human rights and freedoms.

1.2.2 The Regional Level

At the regional level, the migration policy is formed in accordance with federal laws. The subjects of the Russian Federation are limited in their abilities, however, the local Federal Migration Service can control and influence the flow of migrants through incentives or restrictions Korneva, O. (2016) Chinese Migration to Eastern Siberia: Directions, Challenges and Prospects [Migratsiya kitaytsev v Vostochnuyu Sibir': napravleniya, vyzovy i perspektivy]. VI Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya «Spetsifika etnicheskikh migratsionnykh protsessov na territorii Tsentral'noy Sibiri v XX-XXI vekakh: opyt i perspektivy». Krasnoyarsk: Sibirskiy federal'nyy un-t. Available at: http://conf.sfu-kras.ru/ethnic-migration2016/participant/15518 (accessed 12 May 2019).

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