Features of internationalization of the modern world economy

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FEATURES OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE MODERN WORLD ECONOMY

global economy business relation

Tkachenko M.F.

Doctor of Economics, Professor, head of the Department of international economic relations, Russian Customs Academy

Shafiev R.M.

Doctor of Economics, Professor, State Counselor civil service of the Russian Federation of 1 class, Russian Customs Academy

Keywords: international division of labor, industrial production, export of developing countries, geospace, Russia.

Ключевые слова: международное разделение труда, промышленное производство, экспорт развивающихся стран, геопространство, Россия.

Initially, the internationalization of economic life was presented in history as a process of exchange, then barter grew into international markets. At the stage of initial accumulation of capital, the centers of intersectoral trade of local importance reached the level of the world market of a single for all. As a result of the interstate struggle for the market, a system of international division of labor (IDL) emerged, which is the planned production of goods and services by countries for the international market over and above national domestic needs. International specialization is fundamental to IDL. Its characteristic feature is the spatial gap between phased production stages or between finding direct production and actual consumption on a transnational scale.

Industrial production is undergoing a process of increasing specialization and consolidation, which changes the types of IDL and their ratio. The inter-industry division of labor has been transformed into an intra-industry division, which implies an increase in the specialization of companies, and not only of the producing countries.

Modern practice shows that any country successfully develops only if it is integrated into the world economy.

According to statistics, currently 60-70% of the cost of production of industrial countries - is domestic and international cooperative supply. At the same time, more than 30% of trade turnover between these countries falls on the terms of cooperation on mutual supplies. Cooperation dominates and gains momentum in the exports of developing countries, including such as Mexico, Brazil, India [2].

Russia now faces the task of finding its niche in the world economy and asserting its role in it. The goal can be achieved by strengthening foreign trade relations, creating the necessary investment conditions in the country, establishing joint production of competitive goods with foreign partners using high technologies to stimulate the integration processes taking place in the world.

The world economy is a coordinated development of national economies in the presence of increasing international relations and mutual influence, existing under the influence of objective laws operating in the market economy, the result of which is a relatively systemic world economic sphere with a large number of contradictions. The world economy and internationalization that we know today have several periods of development.

The first period (20-30 years of the XX century) was the most critical in the history of the world economy. A critical consequence of the first world war and the great depression of the late 20-30-s in the economic development of the leading world powers were undermined economic relations, which caused widespread socio-economic crisis of the world economy.

The second period (the end of the 40s-80s of the XX century) is characterized by a growing intensification of exports of business capital. This period is characterized by a strong influence of production growth on the organizational and economic indicators of the world economy.

During this period, TNCs (transnational corporations) assumed the role of a determining force in production linkages. They became a Union of international production complexes that created and sold the product, made loans and payments. In the mid-1960s, the colonial system was abolished, and new developing countries, which today play a special role in the world economy, appeared on the international market.

The third period (the last decade of the XX century) - the beginning of the third stage of internationalization of the world economy. During this period, there is an intensification of the development of geospatial organization of international productive forces that determine economic cooperation and the inevitable interdependence. Political and economic systems of Eastern European countries are beginning to be formed on the models of Western States. In Russia, for example, the 90s were marked by fundamentally new economic reforms, the purpose of which was to reorient the existing economy on the path of market economy with its further integration into the world economy.

The internationalization of the world economy in the XXI century in comparison with the last century has fundamentally new characteristics, and they can be expressed as follows:

1. When the world socialist system failed, many countries were forced into world economic relations.

2. A single global system of standards for production processes, environmental safety, financial activities, accounting, government statistics and much more was introduced. Culture and education also fall under the accepted standards.

3. Freedom of foreign economic contacts and international settlements attracts a much larger number of States.

4. It introduced a system of equal requirements for macroeconomic policy, standardized rules of tax policy, employment activities, etc. this is aimed at the activities of international organizations such as the world trade organization (WTO), the international monetary Fund (IMF), etc. [3].

The world economy is currently very heterogeneous. It revolves countries with different political orientation, different social structure, dissimilar in terms of production ties and forces, different trends, methods and existing international economic relations.

The most industrially developed and currently leaders in the global economy: USA, Canada, Great Britain, Italy, France, Germany, Japan. In total, they are the holders of 80% of the industrial production of the group of industrialized countries, approximately 60% of the total industrial production in the world, respectively 70 and 60% of electricity production, more than 60 and about 50% of the export of goods and services [3].The basis of the world economy as a union of national economies is MRI (international division of labor). MRI is nothing but the specialization of countries in the production of certain types of goods that are used for interchange with other countries [4]/ The international division of labor is the structural basis for the exchange of products, services and knowledge between countries; prerequisite for establishing between countries of the world with different social systems and the level of economic development of all kinds of partnerships: industrial, commercial, scientific and technical. MRI is the immediate material basis for building productive economic cooperation of countries on a global scale; the foundation of the global economy of our time, which makes it possible to successfully evolve, to create all the conditions for the functioning of general economic laws to the fullest extent possible. The coefficients of the dynamics of the international division of labor at the beginning of the XXI century for the world as a whole amounted to 1.08, industrialized countries 1.15, developing countries 0.8. When analyzing these statistics, it can be argued that in the future the international division of labor will only increase, creating conditions for productive growth in the exchange of goods and services at the international level [2].The development of the world economy in modern conditions is characterized by the universal internationalization of production, labor and finance. Having started its movement in Europe (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance - CMEA, European Economic Community - EEC), it has attracted new regions and states and is developing in many directions [1]

- internationalization of the international division of labor;

- an increase in volumes and a fundamental change in the generally accepted interethnic trade in material goods;

- the global movement of production and financial resources, which guarantees close cooperation and the interdependence of economic activity in countries;

- internationalization of productive forces;

- intensification of the service sector;

- international exchange of scientific and technological achievements;

- international movement of labor resources;

- international joint activities to resolve pressing global problems (environmental protection, space exploration and the oceans, assistance to the population of developing countries, etc.).

The characteristic features of modern world-class business relations are:

- differentiation of labor and exchange, taking as a basis that production and (or) consumption of different countries are interconnected to varying degrees;

- commodity-money form of relations of economically isolated members of the international economic relations;

- the functioning of the laws of supply and demand and free pricing, which underlie any market system;

- competition between consumers and producers of goods and services, increasing with the migration of labor and capital between countries;

- the organization of international markets for goods for carrying out a systematic, sustainable nature of the operations of sale of products.

Currently, the internationalization of economic life is an objective result of the laws governing the formation of production and the international division of labor, the involvement of new participants in the complex process of reproduction, the transformation of interethnic trade into one of the most important conditions for economic growth, and the satisfaction of the needs of national economies and their people in goods and services of a wide range.

List of references

1. Глобальное экономическое регулирование / Под ред. проф. В.Н. Зуева. - М.: Магистр, 2014.

2. Качуровский Е.П. Современная мировая экономика. - Минск: Белпринт, 2012.

3. Дюмулен И.И. Всемирная торговая организация. - М.: Экономика, 2003.

4. МВФ. Перспективы развития мировой экономики, 2012 г. - Вашингтон: МВФ, 2012.

5. IMF. Balance of Payment Statistics 2014. - Washington, 2014.

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