Assessment of the structural changes under transition of Ukraine towards postindustrial economy

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

ASSESSMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES UNDER TRANSITION OF UKRAINE TOWARDS POSTINDUSTRIAL ECONOMY

DANYLCHUK Hanna

PhD (in Economic Sciences), Associate Professor of Economics and Business Modeling Department, Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University in Cherkasy, Cherkasy, Ukraine

KOVTUN Oksana

PhD (in Public Administration), associate professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Public Management and Project Management,

State Higher Education Institution «University of Educational Management» of the National Academyof Educational Sciences of Ukraine,

Kyiv, Ukraine

OPALENKO Alla

PhD (in Economic Sciences),

Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Cybernetics and Marketing,

Cherkasy State Technological University,

Cherkasy, Ukraine

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ СТРУКТУРНИХ ЗРУШЕНЬ В УМОВАХ ПЕРЕХОДУ УКРАЇНИ ДО ПОСТІНДУСТРІАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

ДАНИЛЬЧУК Г анна Борисівна

к.е.н., доцент кафедри моделювання економіки та бізнесу,

Черкаський національний університет імені Богдана Хмельницького, м. Черкаси, Україна

КОВТУН Оксана Анатоліївна

ОПАЛЕНКО Алла Миколаївна

Проблема. В процесі переходу економіки України до постіндустріальної економіки відбуваються структурні зрушення, тобто такі якісні трансформації, що супроводжуються зміною галузевої структури, технологічного укладу та основних факторів виробництва. Тому необхідною є розробка інтегрального показника оцінювання структурних зрушень в секторальній моделі ВВП з метою подальшого нівелювання структурних дисбалансів в національній економіці та розробки сценаріїв її розвитку.

Метою дослідження є виявлення структурних зрушень в національній економіці України та порівняння тенденцій розвитку її секторів із країнами Євросоюзу, США та Республіки Білорусь.

Методи дослідження. Теоретичним підґрунтям дослідження є вчення про особливості постіндустріальної стадії розвитку економіки щодо її секторального поділу, а також правила математики гармонії, а саме золотого перерізу.

Результати. Основними факторами, що привели до структурних зрушень в агропромисловому комплексі України, є застосування застарілих технологій обробки землі, низький рівень продуктивності праці внаслідок деіндустріалізації аграрного виробництва, низька врожайність сільгоспкультур, надлишкова зайнятість, нераціональна організація виробництва. Структурні зрушення по промисловому сектору є незначними, внаслідок, по перше, неефективного функціонування низькоукладних виробництв; по друге - використання застарілих технологій та обладнання в системі централізованого водопостачання та водовідведення; по третє - проблем кадрового забезпечення високоукладних галузей. Сфера послуг під впливом цифровізації переходить до класичної моделі ведення електронного бізнесу, що призводить до трансформаційних змін у забезпеченні її фахівцями та диверсифікації способів надання послуг. Загальною тенденцією в країнах ЄС та США є значні відхилення по сектору сільського господарства, що пояснюється трансформацією первинного сектору у вторинний, а більшою мірою і в третинний. По США сталим трендом є переважання сектору послуг в структурі ВВП (75-79%), що свідчить про перехід промисловості до У-УІ укладів. Зміна вартісних та відповідно й цінових еквівалентів на ринку й визначило феномен «нової» цифрової економіки, ключовою характеристикою якої є дематеріалізація (віртуалізація, діджиталізація) економічної системи й суспільства. Найбільш наближеною до гармонійної є структура ВВП Республіки Білорусь, що пояснюється «ручним» управлінням економікою, державним протекціонізмом щодо індустріалізації економіки та розвитку агропромислового комплексу. Країна є привабливою для аутсорсингу - віддаленого розроблення програмного забезпечення, тому сектор послуг має максимально наближену структуру до ідеальної.

Отже, кожна з досліджуваних країн та їх об 'єднань демонструє позитивну динаміку щодо досягнення ідеальної структури ВВП, але при цьому механізми трансформації секторів відрізняються окремо для кожної з економік.

Наукова новизна. Наукова новизна полягає в обґрунтуванні будови інтегрального показника оцінювання структурних зрушень в економіці, виходячи із засад теорії гармонійності. Такий підхід, на відміну від існуючих, дозволяє порівнювати тренди розвитку постіндустріальних економік країн світу та розробляти прогнозні сценарії розвитку як окремих галузей, так і загалом всієї економічної системи.

Висновки. За результатами проведених розрахунків інтегрального показника структурних зрушень для досліджуваних країн, слід зауважити, що їх структура ВВП не відповідає гармонійній, спостерігаються відхилення за всіма секторами, що обумовлено особливостями державної економічної політики, векторним розвитком певних галузей та впливом різних політичних, соціальних, ментальних факторів.

Ключові слова: трисекторна модель; структурні зрушення; інтегральний показник; гармонійність; золотий переріз; постіндустріальна економіка; ідеальна структура; структура ВВП.

The purpose of this study is to assess the structural changes in the national economy of Ukraine, the countries of the European Union, the USA and the Republic of Bilorus, which is supposed to be implemented through the use of an integrated indicator of the assessment of structural changes in the sectoral structure of GDP; in determining the weighting factors and making up the latter the principle of «golden ratio» is used. The choice of components of the integral indicator for structural changes is due to the sectoral division of GDP into industry, agriculture and services. The proposed integral indicator reflects the harmonious (ideal) GDP structure peculiar to the post-industrial economy, while deviations in the real structure indicate structural changes in the national economy of Ukraine, the European Union, the USA and the Republic of Bilorus. The article presents the results of the calculation of the integral indicator of structural changes in the sectoral structure of GDP and its structural elements. Besides, the article provides analysis of the reasons for the deviations of real indicators from the harmonious ones. The calculations show the crisis phenomena both in the Ukrainian economy and in the EU, the USA and the Republic of Belarus.

The domestic economy demonstrates significant deviations in virtually all sectors, indicating a low level of economy, a mismatch between supply and demand in the labor market, a low level of innovation, and the inertia of transformational processes within the transition to the post-industrial stage of production. The application of the proposed methodology will allow us to identify strategic directions for the development of national economy sectors and develop forecast scenarios.

Keywords: three-sector model; structural changes; integral indicator; harmony; golden ratio; postindustrial economy; ideal structure; GDP structure.

Introduction. Under current conditions of transition of the Ukrainian economy from the industrial to the post-industrial stage of development, structural shifts are taking place, which scientists-economists considerto be as follows: changes that cause qualitative transformation of the economic system, expressed in quantitative terms [1], as well as changes in the product-sectoral structure of the economy within production and consumed resources: investments and basic fund (industrial, technological, developmental and other structures), labor, material and energy resources [2].

That is, under structural changes qualitative transformation in the economy are considered, accompanied by changes in its industrial structure, the structure of the fund, labor, technological structure. The study offers to consider structural transformation based on the classic sector model basing on technological criterion as determined by the specific correlation of sectors and highlights the superior ones on a particular stage of socio-economic development and economic system [3]. The study of structural transformations in the sectoral structure of the economy will reveal the priorities and directions of public policy for investing in certain sectors of the economy in order to ensure the sustainable development of the country as a whole.

Literature review. Based on the achievements of such researchers as V. Heiets and L. Shynkaruk [2], A. Chukhno [3], L. Serhieieva [4], V. Inozemtsev [5], it should be noted that in the post-industrial society the dominant role is played by the services sector, and the production sector (primary sector is agriculture and secondary sector is industry) has a small share.

In the works of foreign researchers various aspects of structural change are studied, so E. Bah [6] proposed a model of structural transformation, using it to construct the industry time series of the indicator of general productivity factors in accordance with the redistribution of labor between the three sectors (agriculture, industry and services) and GDP growth per capita. In the work [7], the authors, based on the theory of three sectors and the work of A. Lefevre, «The Urban Revolution», propose a four-sector model in which the service sector is replaced by sectors focused on urbanization and control.

W. Zang [8] offers a model for the growth of a small open economy and distinguishes three sectors - industry, services and housing. The offered model synthesizes four models of neoclassical growth theory and the urban economy - the low growth model, the two-sector model by Uzavi, the urban model by Alonso and the housing model by Mood. The author analyses the dynamics of the influence of such parameters as interest rate and internal advantages of the country's economy on the economic structure, labor markets, fund, land and housing, the price of goods and services.

A team of researchers [9] analyzed the three-sector model of the economy with a focus on the labor market, a feature of which is the use of the endogenous subsidy on full employment. They point out that adjusting the endogenous subsidy for the difference in wages equals wages in a market economy. Full employment can be achieved provided that the marginal products of the two sectors are equal to the subsistence level. So, a significant reduction in the subsistence level is a necessary and sufficient prerequisite for obtaining full employment in a three-sector economy.

Muro Kazunobu [10], based on the theory of the three sectors of economic model, examines the basic factors of production (land, fund, labor power) within the trajectory of continuous development (CGP), where rent rate remains constant, is used to coordinate Kaldora and Kuznets factors, plays a certain role in linking the wage rate and the rent rate in the three-sector model. But the author proves that the dynamic system along the CGP in the three-branch three-factor model corresponds to the standard two-sector optimal growth model.

L. Serhieieva justifies the approach to estimating structural changes in national economies on the basis of harmony, when the services sector is given a share of 62%, industry - 24%, and agriculture - 14% [4]. The team of authors [11] offers a methodology for assessing structural shifts in the national economy, based on the principles of mathematics of harmony and taking into account the sectoral model of GDP structure.

Based on the above approaches, in order to estimate structural changes we will use the GDP indicator by type of economic activity, based on the sectoral structure and affiliation of a particular industry to a particular sector of the economy - agriculture, industry and services, also we will use the rules of harmonization in constructing an integral indicator of structural changes.

The purpose of the article is to identify structural changes in the economy of Ukraine and to compare the tendencies of development in its sectors with the countries of the European Union, the USA and the Republic of Belarus.

Results and discussion. Authors offer the following structure of an indicator of evaluation of structural changes according to the three-sector model, where the main coefficients are determined in accordance with the rules of harmony, mainly the golden ratio:

where s_gdp is the value of the integral index (0< s_GDjD <1); s_5erv - share of the services sector in GDP; S_M - share of industry in GDP; S_Agr - share of agriculture in GDP.

Having analyzed the structure of GDP according to the three-sector model, it can be stated that it is not harmonious across the countries under study (Table 1).

Table 1

Source: calculated by the authors according to table 1.

While investigating the Sa», sector in EU countries (Fig. 2a), it should be noted that the maximum deviation from the ideal structure is 0.1252 (12.52%) in 2016, the minimum - 0.1237 (12.37%) in 2013, the average deviation in structure is 0.1245 (12.45%).

In the industrial sector and S_M (Fig. 2b), the maximum deviation from the ideal structure is 0.0854 (8.54%) in 2018, the minimum - 0.0725 (7.25%) in 2010, the average deviation in structure, - 0.0790 (7.9%).

Exploring SServ sector in EU countries (Fig. 2c), it should be noted that the maximum deviation from the ideal structure is 0.0524 (5.24%) in 2010, the minimum - 0.0392 (3.92%) 2018, the average deviation in structure - 0.0455 (4.55%).

Thus, as shown in Figure 2, the first two sectors show a straight-line trend in the development of agriculture and industry, and the services sector is gradually approaching its ideal value. This situation shows the transformational changes in the economies of the EU countries, when the EU's policy is gradually being implemented towards overcoming the debt crisis, eliminating the imbalances in the budget, in trade and in the movement of the fund, towards mobilizing the loans. Most EU countries have labour shortage, for example, the German labor market requires up to 1 million people with vocational education and specialization, and Poland overlooks its shortage of professionals through an open policy of attracting migrant workers from Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia and some Asian countries.

Fig. 2. Comparative dynamics of the ideal and estimated indicators of GDP structure by sectors of economy in EU countries during 2010-2018: a) Agr, b) Ind, c) Serv

Source: calculated by the authors according to table 1.

Having carried out the research of the agricultural sector Sa», in the USA (Fig. 3a), it should be noted that the maximum deviation from the ideal structure is 0.1303 (13.03%) in 2017, the minimum - 0.1262 (12.62%) in 2013, the average deviation in structure is 0.1294 (12.84%).

Regarding Sind sector (Fig. 3b), it should be noted that the maximum deviation from the ideal structure is 0.0512 (5.12%) in 2016, the minimum - 0.0330 (3.30%) in 2018, the average deviation in structure is 0.0404 (4.04%).

Exploring Sserv sector in the USA (Fig. 3), it should be noted that the maximum deviation from the ideal structure is 0.1502 (15.02%) in 2016, the minimum - 0.1290 (12.9%) in 2018, the average deviation in structure is 0.1371 (13.71%).

The services sector is dominant in the structure of GDP in the USA, as there is a decline in traditional industrial industries such as automotive, aviation, while the areas of circulation, maintenance, IT technologies are gaining pace. The production of computers, software, processors, multimedia tools, development, maintenance and improvement of internet communications, digitalization of the economy and society has led to the growth of the three key areas of postindustrial economy of the United States - wholesale, retail trade and banking sector.

Thus it may be pointed out that computerization (digitalization) of the socio-economic life is the tool for distribution, circulation, service maintenance of material production. Industry, agriculture and transport traditionally depend on energy, human resources, political and geopolitical factors, while the service sector is virtualized, thus accelerating the trade and calculation operations.

Fig. 3. Comparative dynamics of the ideal and estimated indicators of GDP structure by sectors of economy in the USA during 2010-2018: a) Agr, b) Ind, c) Serv

Source: calculated by the authors according to table 1.

In the agro-industrial sector S of the Republic of Belarus (Fig. 4a) the maximum deviation from the ideal structure is observed as 0.0558 (5.58%) in 2010, the minimum - 0.0018 (0.18%) in 2016, the average deviation in structure - 0.0286 (2.86%).

Industry Sector S_bd (Fig. 4b) shows the maximum deviation from the ideal structure to be 0652 (6.52%) in 2018, the minimum - 0.0387 (3.87%) in 2010, the average deviation of structure - 0.0530 (5.3%).

As for SServ sector (Fig. 4c), the maximum deviation from the ideal structure is 0.0962 (9.62%) in 2015, the minimum - 0.0001 (0.01%) in 2018, the average deviation in structure , - 0.0271 (2.71%).

Analyzing the above GDP structure, it should be noted that the state policy of the Republic of Belarus is aimed at industrialization, since the industrial sector accounts for 30% up to 85% of Belarusian export in the structure of GDP. The main industrial giants are «Minsk Tractor Works», «Minsk Automobile Plant», «Mogilev Automobile Plant», «Gomel Plant of Agricultural Engineering», «Minsk plant of wheel tractors», «Belarus car plant», oil refining plants in Novopolotsk («Naftan») and in Mozyr («Mozyrskyi oil refining plant»), «Belarusian metallurgical plant» in Zhodino, «Belaruskaliy», «Grodno Azot», «Bilenerho», «Beltransgaz» («Gazprom Transgaz Belarus»), «Atlant». There are a number of state programs in the republic to support the development of the industry, thanks to which enterprises have state subsidies, benefits and priorities in investing.

The agro-industrial complex provides domestic needs for foodstuffs by more than 80%, and only about 17% of the total food consumption is imported (mainly fish and tropical products). Such a balance of food resources is sufficient to strengthen the country's food security. The government has implemented a program for rural regeneration and development, helping to form new types of rural settlements - agro-towns the number of which is more then a thousand and a half.

Fig. 4. Comparative dynamics of ideal and estimated values of GDP structure by sectors of economy in the Republic of Belarus during 2010-2018: a) Agr, b) Ind, a) Serv

Source: calculated by the authors according to table 1.

Alexander Lukashenko's decree number 8 «On the development of the digital economy» came into force on March, 18 2018; it legalized cryptocurrency in the country, Bitcoin in particular, ICO and smart contracts. The country is attractive for outsourcing - remote software development, for example, Viaden Media is a software developer for All-in Fitness, Smart Alarm Clock and Yoga.com for iPhone and iPad. All-in Fitness has been a front runner for a long time in more than 40 countries in Healthcare & Fitness section in AppStore. The total number of application usage exceeded 200 million, by 2011 the company itself has become the largest mobile app developer in the post-Soviet space. In 2016, Facebook bought Masquerade (MSQRD), an application of Belarussian developers, Masquerade Technologies for photo and video overlays of masks and filters; in 2017 Google bought Belarussian company AIMatter, which specializes in computer vision [17]. Therefore, the country's services sector has the closest possible structure to the ideal one.

Applying formula (1) the authors made calculations of integral indicators of structural changes during 2010-2018 in Ukraine, EU countries, the USA and Respublic of Belarus (Table 2).

Each of the studied country and their alliances show a positive trend towards achieving an ideal GDP structure, but the mechanisms of transformation of the sectors are different for each of the economies.

Table 2

References (in language original)

1. Кобзистий М.О. Інституціональні умови реалізації структурних зрушень в інформаційній економіці. Науково-технічна інформація. 2005. №2. С. 34-38.

2. Структурні зміни та економічний розвиток України: монографія / В.М. Геєць та ін. / ред. Л.В. Шинкарук. Київ: Ін-т економ. та прогноз. НАН України, 2011. 696 с.

3. Чухно А.А. Твори: у 3 т. / НАН України, Київ. нац. ун -т ім. Т. Шевченка, Наук.-дослідний фінансовий ін-т при Міністерстві фінансів України. Київ. 2006. Т. 2: Інформаційна постіндустріальна економіка: теорія і практика. 512 с.

4. Сергеева Л.Н. Структурные сдвиги в постиндустриальной экономике. Модели управления в рыночной экономике. Сб. научн. трудов. Донецк: ДонНУ, 2011. С. 60-67.

5. Иноземцев В.Л. Современное постиндустриальное общество: природа, противоречия, перспективы. Москва: Логос, 2000. 304 с.

6. Bah E.M. A Three-Sector Model of Structural Transformation and Economic Development.

Working paper. University of Auckland. 2009. URL: https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-

bin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=ESAM09&paper_id=124 (дата звернення 12.11.2019).

7. Schafran A., McDonald C., Morales E.L., Akyelken N., Acuto M. Replacing the services sector and three-sector theory: urbanization and control as economic sectors. Regional Studies. Volume 52, 2018. URL: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/SSRN-id2614969.pdf (дата звернення 10.11.2019).

8. Zhang W.B. A Three-Sector Spatial Growth Model of a Small Open Economy with Capital Accumulation. Journal of Economic Integration. Vol. 24. №2. June 2009. p. 248-274. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23000880?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents (дата звернення 11.11.2019).

9. Khandker A.W., Rashid S., Suliman O. Optimal Policies in a Three-Sector Economy with Open

Unemployment and Surplus Labor. The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 39. №1. Autumn. 2005. p. 99107. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4192991?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents (дата звернення

11.11.2019) .

10. Kazunobu M. Structural Change And A Constant Growth Path In A Three-Sector Growth Model With Three Factors. Macroeconomic Dynamics. Volume 21. Issue 2. March 2017. p. 406-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100515000565 (дата звернення 07.11.2019).

11. Kovtun O., Opalenko A., Ivanylova O. Assessment of the structural changes of the national economy of Ukraine based on the consistency. SHS Web Conf. 65 (2019) 04002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196504002 (дата звернення 01.11.2019).

12. Валовий внутрішній продукт виробничим методом та валова додана вартість за видами

економічної діяльності (за даними Державної служби статистики України). URL:

http://ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/vvp/vvp_ric/vtr_u.htm (дата звернення 20.11.2019).

13. National accounts aggregates by industry (Eurostat). URL: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_10_a64&lang=en (дата звернення

14. Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors in the United States from 2000 to 2018 (The Statistics Portal). URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/270001/distribution-of-gross- domestic-product-gdp-across-economic-sectors-in-the-us (дата звернення 20.11.2019).

15. Основные социально-экономические показатели по Республике Беларусь (по данным

Национального статистического комитета Республики Беларусь). URL:

http://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/osnovnye-pokazateli-po-respublike-belarus/ (дата

звернення 20.11.2019).

16. Експерт назвав основні проблеми, які гальмують розвиток сільського господарства в Україні. URL: https://agropolit.com/news/12029-ekspert-nazvav-osnovni-problemi-yaki-galmuyut-rozvitok- silskogo-gospodarstva-v-ukrayini (дата звернення 02.09.2019).

17. Білорусь: ІТ-країна чи ІТ-офшор? URL: https://tyzhden.ua/Economics/220304

national economy ukraine

References

1. Kobzystyi, M.O. (2005). Instytutsionalni umovy realizatsii struktumykh zrushen v informatsiinii ekonomitsi. [Institutional conditions for implementing structural changes in the information economy]. Naukovo-tekhnichna infotmatsiia (Scientific and technical information), 2, 34-38 (in Ukr).

2. Heiets, V.M., Shynkaruk, L.V. and other (2011). Strukturni zminy ta ekonomichnyii rozvytok Ukrainy. [Structural Changes and Economic Development of Ukraine]. Kyiv: In-t ekonom. ta prohnoz. NAN Ukrainy. 696 (in Ukr).

3. Chukhno, A.A. (2006). Informaciina postindustrialna ekonomika: teoriia i praktyka [Information Post-Industrial Economics: Theory and Practice]. In: Chukhno, A.A. Writings. Kyiv: NAN Ukrainy, Kyiv. nats. un-t im. T. Shevchenka, Nauk.-doslidnyi finansovyi in-t pry Ministerstvi finansiv Ukrainy. 2, 512 (in Ukr).

4. Serhieieva, L.N. (2011). Strukturnye sdvihi v postindustrialnoi ekonomike [Structural Changes in the Post-Industrial Economy]. Modeli upravleniia v rynochnoi ekonomike (Models Management in a Market Economy), 34, 60-67 (in Rus).

5. Inozemtsev, V.L. (2000). Sovremennoe postindustrialnoe obshchestvo: priroda, protivorechiia, perspektivy [Modern Post-Industrial Society: Nature, Contradictions, Perspectives]. Moskow: Logos (in Rus).

6. Bah, E.M. (2009). A Three-Sector Model of Structural Transformation and Economic Development.

Working paper. University of Auckland. URL: https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-

bin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=ESAM09&paper_id=124.

7. Schafran, A., McDonald, C., Morales, E.L., Akyelken, N., Acuto, M. (2018). Replacing the services sector and three-sector theory: urbanization and control as economic sectors. Regional Studies. 52. URL: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/SSRN-id2614969.pdf.

8. Zhang, W.B. (2009). A Three-Sector Spatial Growth Model of a Small Open Economy with Capital

Accumulation. Journal of Economic Integration, 24, 2, 248-274. URL:

https: //www j stor.org/stable/23000880?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

9. Khandker, A.W., Rashid, S., Suliman, O. (2005). Optimal Policies in a Three-Sector Economy with Open Unemployment and Surplus Labor. The Journal of Developing Areas, 39, 1, 99-107. URL: https: //www .j stor.org/stable/4192991?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

10. Kazunobu, M. (2017). Structural Change And A Constant Growth Path In A Three-Sector Growth

Model With Three Factors. Macroeconomic Dynamics. 21, Issue 2, 406-438.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100515000565.

11. Kovtun, O., Opalenko, A., Ivanylova, O. (2019). Assessment of the structural changes of the national economy of Ukraine based on the consistency. SHS Web Conf. 65 04002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196504002.

12. Valovyi vnutrishnii produkt vyrobnychym metodom ta valova dodana vartist za vydamy ekonomichnoi diialnosti (za danymy Derzhavnoi sluzhby statystyky Ukrainy) [Gross domestic product by production method and gross value added by type of economic activity]. (According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine). URL: http://ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2008/vvp/vvp_ric/vtr_u.htm. (in Ukr).

13. National accounts aggregates by industry (Eurostat). URL: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_10_a64&lang=en.

14. Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors in the United States from 2000 to 2018 (The Statistics Portal). URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/270001/distribution-of-gross- domestic-product-gdp-across-economic-sectors-in-the-us.

15. Osnovnyie sotsialno-ekonomichnyie pokazateli po Respublike Belarus (po danym Natsionalnoho ststisticheskoho komiteta Respubliky Belarus). [The main socio-economic indicators in the Republic of Belarus]. (According to the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus). URL: http://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/osnovnye-pokazateli-po-respublike-belarus/ (in Ros).

16. Ekspert nazvav osnovni problemy, yaki galmuiut rozvytok silskoho hospodarstva v Ukraini. [The expert called the main problems hindering the development of agriculture in Ukraine]. URL: https://agropolit.com/news/12029-ekspert-nazvav-osnovni-problemi-yaki-galmuyut-rozvitok-silskogo- gospodarstva-v-ukrayini. (in Ukr).

17. Bilorus: IT-kraina chy IT-ofshor? [Belarus: IT-country or IT-offshore?]. URL: https://tyzhden.ua/Economics/220304. (in Ukr).

Размещено на Allbest.ru