Assessment and spatial diversity of the competitiveness of communes of the Swictokrzyskie province

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Assessment and spatial diversity of the competitiveness of communes of the Swiзtokrzyskie province

Pawel Dziekanski, PhD, Institute of Law, Economics and Administration, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce; Adrian Lipa, Scientific and Educational Consortium; Urszula Karpinska, Cooperative Bank in Kielce, Poland

The commune is the basic local government unit. It has a certain range of freedom in deciding on the path of development and property. The commune 's process of activity takes place in a space that is entirely filled by the natural and economic environment, and its specific, individual features of the economy, society and resources. The aim of the article is to analyze the spatial disproportions in the competitiveness of poviats of the Swiзtokrzyskie Voivodship using a synthetic measure. As the source material, data from the Regional Accounting Chamber (Kielce branch) and Local Database of the Central Statistical Office for 2009, 2011 and 2017 were used. The competitiveness of the local economy is largely dependent on the processes taking place in the so-called development centers and the availability of endogenous resources.

Key words: competitiveness, synthetic measure, commune, Swiзtokrzyskie Province.

Оцінка та просторове різноманіття конкурентоспроможності комун у свєнтокшиському воєводстві

Джєканьський Павел, Доктор філософії, Факультет права, управління і менеджменту, Університет ім. Я. Кохановського; Ліпа Адріан, Науковий та освітній консорціум; Карпіньська Уршула, Кооперативний банк у Кєльце

Центр може розбагатіти за рахунок периферійних районів (наприклад, за рахунок залучення людського капіталу). Висошевські, Кілецькі та Буські пов'язки були високими в рейтингу. На іншому кінці рейтингу опинилися Піньчовський, Скаржиський, Казімірський. Синтетичний захід 2017року становив від 0,52 (Wloszczowski) до 0,73 (Kazimierksi), 2009 року - від 0,53 (Staszowski) до 0,79 (Kazimierki) відповідно. Стабільності позицій у рейтингу не спостерігалось, на рівень показника впливають економічний характер одиниці та функція району (промисловий, туристичний, житловий), економічний потенціал, фінансове становище, природне середовище та інфраструктура. Тому оцінка повинна враховувати місцеві особливості в різних структурних та функційних умовах.

Ключові слова: Конкурентоспроможність, синтетичний захід, комуна, Свєнтокшиське воєводство.

Оценка и пространственное многообразие конкурентоспособности коммун в свентокшиском воєводстве

Джеканьский Павел, Доктор философии, Факультет права, управления и менеджмента, Университет им. Я. Кохановського; Липа Адриан, Науковий и образовательный консорцуум; Карпиньска Уршула, Кооперативный банк в Кельце

Центр может разбогатеть за счет периферийных районов (например, путем привлечения человеческого капитала). Wloszczowski, Кельце и Буски повяты были высокими в рейтинге. На другом конце рейтинга были Пиньчув, Скаржиски, Казимеж. Синтетический показатель в 2017 году варьировался от 0,52 (Влоцлавек) до 0,73 (Казимеж), в 2009 году - 0,53 (Сташовский) до 0,79 (Казимеж) соответственно. Стабильности позиции в рейтинге не наблюдалось, на уровень индикатора влияют: экономический характер объекта и функции района (промышленный, туристический, жилой), экономический потенциал, финансовое положение, природная среда и инфраструктура. Поэтому при оценке следует учитывать местные особенности в различных структурных и функциональных условиях.

Ключевые слова: Конкурентоспособность, синтетическая мера, коммуна, Свентокшишское воеводство

commune poviat voivodship competitiveness

Introduction

The commune is the basic local government unit. Has a certain range of freedom in deciding on the path of development, property. It implements the scope of public tasks, in particular in the aspect of technical infrastructure, social infrastructure, protection and public security as well as spatial and ecological order Ustawa z dnia 8 marca 1990 r. o samorzqdzie gminnym (Dz. U. z 2001 r. Nr 142, poz. 1591 z pфzn. zm.); K. Podgфrski, 1991, Ustawowa regulacja zadan gminy jako jednostki samorzqdu terytorialnego, ST, nr 11-12, p. 21.. The environment and the economy form a network of interconnections in which tasks are carried out. Endogenous resources, acting for the benefit of the community, are interdependent and should be considered together J. Zaucha, 2012, Synteza aktualnego stanu wiedzy dotyczqcej rozwoju sustensywnego i spфjnosci terytorialnej w planowaniu przestrzennym (analiza dokumentфw UE, BSR i PL), [In:] Planowanie przestrzenne w rozwoju zrфwnowazonym, Inspiracje Projektu EcoRegion, czзsc I, UG, Gdansk; A. Zakrzewska-Pфltorak, 2011, Zasoby endogeniczne jako czynnik rozwoju lokalnego i regionalnego. Studium przypadkфw wybranych gmin wojewфdztwa dolnoslqskiego, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu, nr 152, p. 579-588.. Today, communes have become the subjects of economic processes. They pursue the interests of given communities, taking into account local resources. Their actions depend on both endogenous and exogenous factors. The commune's process of activity takes place in a space that is fully filled by the natural and economic environment, and its specific, individual features of the economy, society and resources D. Rynio, 2013, Ksztaltowanie nowej polityki regionalnej Polski w warunkach globalizacji i integracji, Monografie i Opracowania Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu, nr 240, p. 357..

Building the region's competitiveness requires stimulating its various determinants (environmental, social and economic). The activity of these units is focused on the use of available endogenous resources J.J. Parysek, 2001, Podstawy gospodarki lokalnej, Wyd. Nauk. Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza, Poznan., e.g. raw materials, economic, social and natural capital, finances and human resources W. Kisiala, B. Stзpinski (ed.), 2013, Rola obszarфw metropolitalnych w polityce regionalnej i rozwoju regionalnym, Wydawnictwo UE w Poznaniu, Poznan.. The competitive advantage of municipalities is not determined by the region's ability to configure various tangible and intangible resources, as a result of which new values are created T. Markowski, D. Stawasz (ed.), 2001, Ekonomiczne i srodowiskowe aspekty zarzqdzania rozwojem miast i regionфw, Lфdz, p. 91.. Competitiveness (development) of communes is a complex phenomenon, difficult to clearly and objectively assess from the point of view of the examined aspect of the structure, which cannot be measured and expressed by means of one feature F. Wysocki, 2010, Metody taksonomiczne w rozpoznawaniu typфw ekonomicznych rolnictwa i obszarфw wiejskich, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu, Poznan.. The problem with assessing the operation of municipalities is the relatively large amount of information that creates information noise. It impedes the analyzes carried out, increases the research effort, and also makes it more difficult to make clear decisions. Support in the decisionmaking process can be the creation of synthetic measures with high information capacity or leaving those measures that have the greatest information value A. Adamczyk, D. Dawidowicz, 2016, Wartosc informacyjna wskaznikфw oceny kondycji finansowej jednostek samorzqdu terytorialnego, Ekonomiczne Problemy Uslug nr 125, p. 25-36..

Aim and research method

The aim of the article is to analyze the spatial disproportions in the competitiveness of poviats of the Swiзtokrzyskie Voivodship using a synthetic measure (a synthetic measure based on distance in real space with Euclidean metrics). As the source material, data from the Regional Accounting Chamber (Kielce branch) and Local Database of the Central Statistical Office for 2009, 2011 and 2017 were used.

In order to determine the measure of synthetic competitiveness, the following procedure was used P. Dziekanski, Spatial changes and assessment of the financial condition of local government units in the context of the income structure [In:] Formankova S., International Conference on Management (ICoM), Trends of Management in the Contemporary Society (Peer-Reviewed Conference Proceedings), Brno 2016, Publisher: Mendelova univerzita v Brnй.:

1. The variables describing competitiveness were selected. The ones with low spatial variability and high correlation of variables were removed from the set of variables (according to the inverted matrix method) A. Malina, 2004, Wielowymiarowa analiza przestrzennego zrфznicowania struktury gospodarki Polski wedlug wojewфdztw, Wyd. Akademii Ekonomicznej w Krakowie, Krakфw, p. 96-97..

2. The variables were subjected to the zero unitarisation procedure using the following formulas:

where: S-stimulant, D-destimulant; i=1, 2...n; j=1, 2...n, xij - means the value of the j-t feature for the tested unit, max - the maximum value of the j-t feature, min - the minimum value of the j-t featureP. Dziekanski, 2016, Spatial Differentiation of the Financial Condition of the Swiзtokrzyskie Voivodship Counties, Barometr Regionalny, Tom 14 nr 3; E. Mioduchowska-Jaroszewicz, 2013, Metody i kierunki oceny kondycji finansowej jednostek samorzqdфw terytorialnych, ZN US, nr 786, Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia, nr 64/2. p. 127-140; K. Kukula, 2000, Metoda unitaryzacji zerowanej, PWN, Warszawa; A. Mlodak, 2006, Analiza taksonomiczna w statystyce regionalnej, Difin, Warszawa..

3. A synthetic measure based on distance in real space was calculated with Euclidean metric according to the formula:

(3)

where: i=1, 2.N; j=1, 2., p (N is the number of objects (poviats), and p - number of features), zij - is the value of the j-th feature for the unit being tested F. Wysocki, 1996, Metody statystycznej analizy wielowymiarowej w rozpoznawaniu typфw struktury przestrzennej rolnictwa, Roczniki AR w Poznaniu, seria: Rozprawy Naukowe, z. 266, Poznan.. The synthetic measure allows measuring measured to the interval [0; 1]. A measure value of 0 means the maximum positive value of each stimulant tested M. Trojak, T. Tokarski (ed.), 2013, Statystyczna analiza przestrzennego zrфznicowania rozwoju ekonomicznego i spolecznego Polski, Wyd. UJ, Krakфw..

4. The studied area of rural communes in the Swiзtokrzyskie voivodship was divided into 4 quartile groups. The size of the indicator in the first group means a better unit, in the last one the weakest P. Dziekanski, A. Wyszkowski, 2018, Ocena przestrzennego zrфznicowania sytuacji finansowej gmin wojewфdztwa swiзtokrzyskiego z wykorzystaniem miary syntetycznej, Optimum. Economic Studies, nr 1 (91), p. 219-238; F. Wysocki, J. Lira, 2005, Statystyka opisowa, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu, Poznan..

The essence of the region's competitiveness

K. Kucinski defines the competitiveness of the region as a resultant of possessed resources and their distribution, development to date, conscious activities of public authorities aiming at shaping the face of the region K. Kucinski, 1997, Konkurencyjnosc jako zagadnienie regionalne, IFGN, SGH, Warszawa, s. 1.. T. Markowski defines the competitiveness of regions in the objective sense, indicating that it is the ability of regions to meet the needs and demand for services and goods from local and global markets. This should provide regions with a sustainable income opportunity T. Markowski, Przedmiotowa i podmiotowa konkurencyjnosc regionфw [In:] T. Czyz, H. Rogacki (red.), Wspфlczesne problemy i koncepcje teoretyczne badan przestrzenno-ekonomicznych, z. 219, PAN KPZK, Warszawa 2005, p. 28-30.. In turn, A. Klasik treats the region's competitiveness as a result of the attractiveness of the service offer, the region's strengths, export strength, and productivity A. Klasik, 2002, Strategie regionalne. Formulowanie i wprowadzanie w zycie, AE, Katowice, p. 22-23..

The competitiveness of regions is their ability to produce sustainable growth in value added. It is based on the efficient and effective use of resources and management of economic processes in the regional economy. The element shaping competitiveness is the use of an appropriate combination of internal and external growth factors, directed among others to shape the region's attractiveness for foreign investors and to stimulate the creativity and aggressiveness of local investors J. Chqdzynski, A. Nowakowska, Z. Przygodzki, 2007, Region i jego rozwфj w warunkach globalizacji, Wyd. CeDeWu, Warszawa, p. 106..

The competitiveness of regions is determined by factors that can be classified as spatial, social and organizational. All competitiveness factors of the region fall into the category of development factors of the region W. Kosiedowski, 2008, Zarzqdzanie rozwojem regionalnym i lokalnym [In:] Gospodarka regionalna i lokalna, red. Z. Strzelecki, PWN, Warszawa, p. 232 i n.. It is shaped to the greatest extent by endogenous factors, otherwise known as local opportunities and development needs (demographic resources, infrastructure and economy). The features related to access and quality of individual factors from this group are important. Exogenous (external) factors refer to changes in macro-environment, which result, among others, from changing macroeconomic conditions, system changes in the state. An important factor is also the financial resources that are essential for the optimal functioning of local governments Z. Oplotnik, B. Brezovnik, 2004, Financing local government in Slovenia, Post-Communist Economies, Volume 16, Issue 4..

The basis of the regions' competitiveness is the high efficiency of the local economy. It ensures that the public enjoys a high and growing standard of living and a high employment rate. Regions often do not form a compact whole, and their elements develop at different rates and with different intensities. The consequence of this is the process of flow of resources from local to central centers. On the one hand, the captain is looking for areas with a higher rate of return, lower investment risk, an efficient institutional environment and highly qualified employees. On the other hand, a qualified workforce migrates in search of employment, ensuring better conditions for development T. Kudlacz, 2001, Rozwoj regionalny Polski lat 90. - ocena dominujqcych procesфw oraz spodziewanych tendencji [In:] Polityka regionalna panstwa posrфd uwiklan instytucjonalno-regulacyjnych, red. Szomburg J., IBnGR, Gdansk, p. 30; T. Markowski, 2001, Stymulowanie i regulowanie konkurencyjnosci w swietle procesфw globalizacji gospodarki, Samorzqd Terytorialny, nr 3, p. 30..

The multidimensionality of the functioning of local government units is demonstrated by the directions of action and the benefits achieved in the spatial, social, economic aspects, etc. The scope and effectiveness of the influence of local authorities on local and regional development are determined by income and expenditure instruments. They can be used by local authorities depending on the division of competences and powers between government and local institutions L. Patrzalek, 2010, Finanse samorzqdu terytorialnego a koncepcje rozwoju lokalnego i regionalnego, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu 112, Finanse publiczne, p. 549-556. These activities are usually focused around goals, among which should be distinguished long-term development, increase in income of residents and the budget, development of entrepreneurship P. Dziekanski, 2018, Ocena efektywnosci funkcjonowania gmin wojewфdztwa swiзtokrzyskiego w swietle ekonomii instytucjonalnej (analiza wielowymiarowa), Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, Kielce.

Intra-regional diversification of the competitiveness of poviats of the Swiзtokrzyskie Voivodship

The Swiзtokrzyskie Voivodship belongs to the ecologically cleanest areas of Poland. The region has an industrial and agricultural character with a high concentration of industry sectors related to the production and processing of metals, mining and processing of mineral resources and the production of foodstuffs.

The main industries of the Swiзtokrzyskie region are: metallurgical (Ostrowiec Swiзtokrzyski), metal (Skarzysko-Kamienna), machine (Starachowice), building materials (Kielce), ceramic, foundry (Konskie), food (Pinczфw, Kielce). The economy of the Swiзtokrzyskie region is based on the mining industry in the field of building materials (limestone, dolomite, marl, gypsum, sandstone), thanks to which the voivodship became the capital of Polish construction. The agricultural south is the base for the production of organic food (table 1). M.A. Jфzwiak, M. Jфzwiak, M. Strzyz, 2010, Predyspozycje naturalne regionu swiзtokrzyskiego do rozwoju turystyki, Krajobraz a Turystyka, Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego Nr 14, Komisja Krajobrazu Kulturowego PTG, Sosnowiec.

Table 1. Characteristics of selected areas (poviats) of the Swiзtokrzyskie Voivodeship

Zrфdlo: Bury P., Dziekanski P., 2013, Ocena kondycji finansowej powiatфw wojewфdztwa swiзtokrzyskiego w latach 20072011 za pomocq wskaznika syntetycznego, s. 220-248 [w:] Czynniki zmian zjawisk regionalnych, V Jurcak, P. Dziekanski (red.), Czynniki zmian zjawisk regionalnych, Wyd. WSBiP Ostrowiec Sw., Ostrowiec Sw.

The value of the synthetic measure allowed dividing the communes of the Swiзtokrzyskie Province into 4 groups. Small groups in time and space can be observed between the groups. Wloszczowski, Kielcki and Buski poviats were high in the ranking. At the other end of the ranking were Pinczowski, Skarzyski, Kazimierski. The synthetic measure in 2017 ranged from 0.52 (Wloszczowski poviat, best unit) to 0.73 (Kazimierski, the weakest unit), in 2009 0.53 (Staszowski) to 0.79 (Kazimierski) respectively.

Table 2. Quartile groups measures of synthetic competitiveness (OE) of poviats of the Swiзtokrzyskie voivodship in 2009, 2011, 2017