Economic security strategy of Ukraine in the context of global transformations

Despite the annual place improvement in Ukraine on the Global Innovation Index [45] since 2016, the situation in the field of investment and innovative security is also a matter of concern. The decrease in foreign direct investment, the fall in the share of gross fixed capital accumulation in GDP, the decrease in public spending on research and development and other indicators of innovative development indicate the impossibility of sustain- nable economic growth in the deficits face and inefficient use of investment and technological backwardness.

These structural imbalances and negative dynamics of indicators in the financial, industrial, foreign economic and investment-innovative spheres, which have been formed over the past ten years, constrain the economic development of the country (both quantitative and qualitative), which also affected the state of macroeconomic security. Accordingly, its level can also be considered dangerous, since Ukraine lacks stable economic growth, destabilized labor market, poverty among the population is growing (according to the UN methodology, it is established that more than 60 % of the population is poor, and according to the IMF report Ukraine is considered the poorest country in Europe as a gross product per capita, and in the lowest wage rating [46]). A significant external risk in further destabilization of the macro-environment can be considered a slowdown in the development of the world economy in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated decrease in world prices for the main commodity groups of domestic exports [27], but the main threat to macroeconomic security is the internal crisis situation in both the economy and social sphere, in particular, a decrease in national economic activity, inflationary and exchange rate fluctuations; low incomes of the population; intensification of labor migration processes; imbalances between labor supply and demand in the labor market.

Thus, the results of the analysis and identification of threats to Ukrainian economic security show that now it is internal threats that have a decisive impact on the state of the ES. However, as scientists note [47], the presence of internal threats to the national economic security determines the growth of external threats; for example, the ineffectiveness of state regulation in the context of globalization generates the emergence and implementation of external threats to the state's ES. In the context of new challenges and threats, there is a need to improve and implement effective measures to counter the negative impact of the main threats of the national ES. In this regard, the issue of improving the national regulation system in the field of economic security is being updated.

As a result of threat analysis in key areas of the ES, countermeasures have been proposed, in particular:

• the establishment of new economic development goals - modernization of the economy and stability of economic growth;

• the effective financial regulation accommodating changes in external and internal development factors;

• the creation of conditions for the priority direction of banks' credit funds for the development of the economy real sector, small and mediumsized businesses;

• the elimination of imbalances in economic development in order to ensure the sustainability of economic growth;

• the reduction of corruption phenomena in the country by introducing effective measures in the context of the existing anti-corruption policy and the presence of a significant number of anti-corruption bodies;

• the increase of tax discipline, accounting for budgetary security when amending tax legislation;

• improvement of the population level and quality of life;

• the reinforcement of national efficiency and regional governments, optimizing the system of state regulation in order to overcome the threats of ES;

• the scientific growth stimulation of technical, industrial, educational and technological potential of the country.

These measures do not cover all aspects and areas of economic security. They are rather priority, as solving this problem is a long-term process. However, with the increasing influence of globalization on the national EB, their implementation is urgently needed and requires decisive action by the state.

Conclusion

The study of theoretical concepts made it possible to form conceptual foundations of economic security, the main provisions of which are, on the one hand, economic development of ensuring investment, industrial, scientific, technical foreign economic, financial and energy security of the state, maintaining appropriate living standards, on the other hand - monitoring, anticipation, prevention and counteraction both internal (critical job losses, scale of national production, structural and technological backwardness of the economy, criminalization of the economy, crisis of the banking and financial system, instability of the national currency, reduction of reserves of the national bank) and external threats (economic pressure, blockades or other hostile economic actions, industrial, energy dependence, investment for political purposes, destabilization of the state system.

Global transformations determine the logic of a new development stage of the world economy, a new quality of relations between countries and their economies, consisting in a sharp expansion and complexity of interrelations and interdependencies of different states. Increasingly, the most important globalization contradiction that this process expands relative freedom for states and their economic entities and compresses it, bringing economic entities actions not so much to economic benefits as to compliance with certain rules. In this regard, the modern understanding of ES is transformed into the ability of the state to build the relationship of its country as a subsystem of the global economy with the system itself in such a way as to ensure the fullest possible satisfaction of the economic entities needs.

The effectiveness of the national economic security in the context of globalization is determined by: the ability of the national economy to ensure the national economic sovereignty and a leading position in the global world, as well as to adapt to changing external conditions; the ability to have a system of assessments that not only reliably determines the level of the EC of the national economy, but it is an indicator that determine the directions in which its further improvement should be ensured, and the ability the ability of state institutions to deal with emerging global economic threats through effectively improved governance.

The impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic spreading has deepened the country's internal threats to economic security, among which the deterioration of public finances, the accumulation of government agencies debt, the growth of defaults and the worsening of infrastructure.

Trends in the Ukrainian economy development of over the past ten years give grounds to assert that Ukraine has almost no basis for ensuring national economic interests, the implementation of which is associated with the sustainable development of the national economy, equal mutually beneficial economic cooperation with other states, and Ukrainian integration into the European economic space.

As a result of the analysis of the main economic security indicators by its components (financial, production, foreign economic, investment, innovation and macroeconomic) had been established that most of them were approaching the critical level, and some were even exaggerated. Especially it was noted a deterioration of economic security indicators in 2019-2020. As a result, it has been established that internal threats have a decisive influence on the state's economic security.

Modern conditions for the national security development in the context of globalization, caused by new challenges and threats, require the improvement of state regulation system in the field of economic security, in connection with which the main directions of counteracting challenges and threats to national security are outlined.

References

1. Grinenko, A. Ju. (2020). Udoskonalennja mehanizmiv realizacii' ekonomich- noi' bezpeky derzhavy: problemy, tendencii' ta perspektyvy rozvytku v umovah social 'nyh transformacij [Improvement of mechanisms of the national economic security realization: problems, tendencies and prospects of development in the conditions of social transformations]. Korsun'-Shevchenkivs'kyj: FOP Majdachenko I. S. [in Ukrainian].

2. Novikova, O. F. (2006). Ekonomichna bezpeka: konceptual'ne vyznachennja ta mehanizmy zabezpechennja [Economic security: conceptual determination and facilitating mechanisms]. Donec'k: KIND IEPNANU [in Ukrainian].

3. Denysov, O. Je. (2019). Zabezpechennja ekonomichnoi' bezpeky galuzi v umovah globalizacii' [Economic security enforcement in the conditions of globalization]. Kyiv: DKS centr [in Ukrainian].

4. Grybinenko, O. M. (Gapjejeva, O. M.) (2020). Mizhnarodna ekonomichna bez- peka v konteksti stalogo rozvytku [International economic security in the context of sustainable development]. D.: Serednjak T.K. [in Ukrainian].

5. Tokars'kyj, T. B. (2018). Social'na polityka Ukrai'ny v konteksti jevro integra- cii' [Ukrainian social policy in the context of European integration]. Kyiv: ArtEks [in Ukrainian].

6. Kremer-Matyskevic, I., & Cernius, G. Country's economic security concept: theoretical insights. repository.mruni.eu. Retrieved from https://repository.mruni.eu/ handle/007/16031 [in English].

7. Popescu, M. F. (2015). The Economics and Finance of Energy Security. 22nd International Economic Conference - Economic Prospects in the Context of Growing Global and Regional [in English].

8. Parthasarathy, P., Dailey, D., Young, M.-E., Lam, C., & Pies, C. (2014). Building Economic Security Today: making the health-wealth connection in Contra Costa country's maternal and child health programs. Matern Child Health. Vol. 18, 2, (pp. 396-404) [in English].

9. Tang, S. M. (2015). Rethinking economic security in a globalized world. Contemporary Politics. Vol. 21, 1, (pp. 40-52) [in English].

10. Zakon Ukrai'ny "Pro nacional'nu bezpeku Ukrai'ny" [Law of Ukraine ”On National Security of Ukraine”]. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2469-19#Text [in Ukrainian].

11. Jaremenko, I. I. (2013). Ekonomichna bezpeka jak skladova nacional'noi' bezpeky derzhavy [Economic security as a component of national security]. Nacional'nyj universytet "L'vivs'ka politehnika". Retrieved from http://ena.lp.edu.ua/ bitstream/ntb/22426/1/43-Yaremko-74-75.pdf [in Ukrainian].

12. Tamosiцniene, R., & Munteanu, C. (2015). Modern Approaches in Quantifying Economic Security. Case Study of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Republic of Moldova. Journal of Security and Sustainability. Issues: International Entrepreneurial Perspectives and Innovative. Outcomes 4.4, 596-610 [in English].

13. Hsieh, N. (2015). Economic Security, Social Cohesion, and Depression Disparities in Post-Transition Societies: A Comparison of Older Adults in China and Russia. Journal of Health and Social Behavior (JHSB). Vol. 56, 4, (pp. 34-51) [in English].

14. Muruthi, J. R., & Lewis, D. C. (2016). Factors Impacting Ols-ege Economic Security: Views of Presenting and applyjing an energy security index to Croatia. Energy, 90, 494-507 [in English].

15. Hacker, J., Huber, G., Nichols, A., Rehm, P., Schlesinger, M., Valleta, R., & Craig, S. (2014). The Economic Security Index: A New Measure for Research and Policy Analysis. The review of Income and Wealth. Special Issue: Economic Insecurity: Challenges, Issues and Findings. Vol. 60, 1, (pp. 5-32) [in English].

16. Muller, C. (2015). California State University catastrophic (CAT) leave donation program: demographics, economic security and social equity. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration. Vol. 38, 1, (pp. 108-159) [in English].

17. Nam, Y., Lee, Y., McMahon, S., & Sherraden, M. (2016). New Measures of Economic Security and Development: Savings Goals for Short- and LongTerm Economic Needs. The Journal of Consumer Affairs. Vol. 50, 3, (pp. 611-637) [in English].

18. Morris, L., & Deprez, L. (2013). The faltering safety net in a reluctant nation: Women's economic security at risk in America. Women's Studies International Forum. Vol. 47, 10.1016/j.wsif.2013.11.002 [in English].

19. Quinn, J., & Cahill, K. (2016). The new world of retirement income security in America. American Psychologist. Vol. 71, 4, (pp. 321-333) [in English].

20. Misko, G., Maliuta, O. (2015). Dairy plants financial and economic security evaluation. Social'no-ekonomichni problemy i derzhava - Socio-economic problems and the state. Vol.1, (pp. 153-159). Retrieved from http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/ Sepid_2015_1_19 [in English].

21. Kasyanova, N., & Kasyanov, A. (2014). Diagnosing economic security of an industrial enterprise. Economy of Industry. Vol. 65, 1, (pp. 136-144) [in English].

22. Baldzhy, M. (2017). Economic risks management in projects of development and environmental & economic security. Economic Processes Management: International Scientific E-Journal. Vol. 2. Retrieved from http://epm.fem.sumdu.edu.ua/ download/2017_2/epm2017_2_7.pdf [in English].

23. Tokarev, K. (2008). Sovremennye metody ocenki urovnja jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti gosudarstva [Modern methods for assessing the level of state economic security]. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye- metody-otsenki-urovnya-ekonomicheskoy-bezopasnostigosudarstva [in Russian].

24. Blinichkina, N. (2015). Osobennosti rascheta indeksa jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti v aspekte vzaimosvjazi "innovacionnaja bezopasnost' - innovacionnaja kul'tura" [Peculiarities in calculating the economic security index in the relationship aspect "innovative security - innovative culture]. Jekonomika regiona - Region's Economy, 4, 179-185 [in Russian].

25. Dadalko, V., Isaev, N., Chekmarev, V., & Solovkina, E. (2017). Jeffektivnost' sistemy jekonomicheskoj bezopasnosti sub#ektov RF [The effectiveness of the economic security system of the Russian Federation constituent entities]. Vestnik VSGUTU- Vestnic VSGUTU. Vol. 1, 64, (pp. 85-95) [in Russian].

26. Metodychni rekomendacii' shhodo rozrahunku rivnja ekonomichnoi' bezpeky Ukrai'ny [Methodologicall recommendations for calculating the level of Ukrainian economic security]: Approved by the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine 29.10.2013 № 1277. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/rada/show/v1277731-13#n9 [in Ukrainian].

27. Strategija ekonomichnoi' bezpeky Ukrai'ny na period do 2025 roku [Strategy of the Ukrainian economic security for the period up to 2025]. Approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine of August 11, 2021 № 347/2021. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/347/2021#Text [in Ukrainian].

28. Umbach, F. (2010). Global energy security and the implications for the EU. Energy Policy, 38, 1229-1240 [in English].

29. Agbadi, P., Urke, H., & Mittelmark, M. (2017). Household food security and adequacy of child diet in the food insecure region north in Ghana. PLoS One. Vol. 12, 5. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/ journal.pone.0177377 [in English].

30. Huet, C., Ford, J., Edge, V., Shirley, J., King, N., & Harper, S. (2017). Food insecurity and food consumption by season in households with children in an Arctic city: a cross-sectional study. Public Health, 17:578. DOI: 10.1186/ s12889-017-4393-6 [in English].

31. Ike, C., Jacobs, P., & Kelly, C. (2015). Towards Comprehensive Food Security Measures. Comparing Key Indicators. Africa Insight. Vol. 45, 3, 91-110 [in English].

32. Akimova, L. M. (2016). Sutnisna harakterystyka osnovnyh zagroz v ekono- michnij bezpeci derzhavy [Essential characteristics of the main threats to the national economic security]. Derzhavne upravlinnja: udoskonalennja ta roz- vytok - Public administration: improvement and development, 10. Retrieved from http://www.dy.nayka.com.ua/?op=1&z=1247 [in Ukrainian].

33. KOF Globalisation Index. Retrieved from https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and- indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html [in English].

34. Harlamov, A. V., & Chiruk, I. S. (2005). Izmenenie koncepcii jekonomicheskoj politiki gosudarstva v uslovijah globalizacii [Changes in the concept of national economic policy in the context of globalization]. Izvestija SPbUJeF- Izvestya SPbUEF, 2 [in Russian].

35. Rokocha, V. V. (2014). Transformacija systemy nacional'noi' ekonomichnoi' bezpeky v umovah globalizacii' svitovoi' ekonomiky [Transformation of national economic security system in the conditions of the world economy globalization]. Ekonomichna bezpeka - Economic security, 10, 71-78 [in Ukrainian].

36. World Economic Outlook Update, July 2021: Fault Lines Widen in the Global Recovery. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/ 07/27/ world-economic-outlook-update-july-2021 [in English].

37. MCPD predstavyv dopovid' pro vplyv pandemii' koronavirusu na Ukrai'nu: ekonomichnyj, politychnyj ta social'nyj aspekty [ICPS reports on impact of coronavirus pandemic in Ukraine: economic, political and social aspects]. Retrieved from http://www.icps.com.ua/mtspd-predstavyv-dopovid-pro-vplyv- pandemiyi-koronavirusu-na-ukrayinu-ekonomichnyy-politychnyy-ta-sotsialnyy- aspekty [in Ukrainian].

38. Shevchuk, O. M. COVID-19 jak zagroza nacional'nij bezpeci Ukrai'ny [COVID-19 as a threat to Ukrainian national security]. DOI: 10.32782/25240374/2021-1/51 [in Ukrainian].

39. Metodyka rozrahunku rivnja ekonomichnoi' bezpeky Ukrai'ny [Methods of calculating the level of Ukrainian economic security]: Approved by the Order of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine of 02.03.2007 № 60 [in Ukrainian].

40. Zvit pro finansovu stabil'nist', gruden' 2020 roku [Financial Stability Report, December 2020]. Retrieved from https://bank.gov.ua/admin_uploads/article/ FSR_2020-H2.pdf?v=4 [in Ukrainian].

41. Zagal'ni tendencii' tin'ovoi' ekonomiky v Ukrai'ni u 2020 roci. Analitychna zapyska Ministerstva ekonomiky Ukrai'ny [General trends of the Ukrainian shadow economy in 2020. Analytical note of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine]. Retrieved from https://me.gov.ua/Documents/List?lang=uk-UA&id=e384c5a7- 6533-4ab6-b56f-50e5243eb15a&tag=TendentsiiTinovoiEkonomiki [in Ukrainian].

42. Statystychni dani NBU [NBU statistics]. Retrieved from https://bank.gov.ua/ ua/statistic/sector-external/data-sector-external#4 [in Ukrainian].

43. Statystychna informacija Derzhavnoi' sluzhby statystyky Ukrai'ny [Statistical information of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine]. Retrieved from http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/oper_new.html [in Ukrainian].

44. Doing Business. Retrieved from https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/ exploreeconomies/ukraine [in English].

45. Global Innovation Index 2020. Ukraine. Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/ edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020/ua.pdf [in English].

46. IMF ranks Ukraine as Europe's poorest country. Retrieved from https://www.intellinews.com/imf-ranks-ukraine-as-europe-s-poorest-country-150301 [in English].

47. Tretjak, V. V. (2010). Ekonomichna bezpeka: sutnist' ta umovy formuvannja [Economic security: the essence and conditions of formation]. Ekonomika i derzhav - Economy and state, 1, 6-8 [in Ukrainian].

Размещено на Allbest.ru