Current issues of national economy development in crisis conditions

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Current issues of national economy development in crisis conditions

Kovalenko-Marchenkova Yevheniia Viktorivna, Ph.D. (Economics), Associate Professor of Analitical Economy and Management Department, Chief of the Scientific and Editorial Department, Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Dnipro

Abstract

The development of the national economy under the influence of nowadays crisis conditions is characterized by certain transformations caused by a number of reasons and characteristic only for certain specific conditions of development.

It is shown that the most complex approach is the integration approach to the interpretation of the essence of the concept of "development", according to which this concept assumes, first, the presence of changes (transformations) of a qualitative and quantitative nature; secondly, the conditioning of changes (transformations) by the influence of both internal and external factors; thirdly, the impact of changes (transformations) in the system on its interaction with the external environment. It is the integration approach that is proposed to be guided within the framework of this study when defining the essence of the concept of "national economy development ".

It should be noted that the presence of qualitative and quantitative changes (transformations) as an essential characteristic of the concept of " national economy development" is covered by all three approaches (indefinite, autonomous, and integration).

As for the conditioning of changes by internal factors, they are covered only by autonomous and integration approaches, while the indefinite approach does not directly indicate that such an essential characteristic is inherent in the concept of "national economy development". And only the integration approach covers all the essential characteristics listed in the tables, in particular, the conditioning of changes (transformations) by the influence of external factors, and the influence of changes (transformations) in the system on its interaction with the external environment .

It has been established that the conditions, in which all socio-economic systems in Ukraine are functioning without exception, may be defined as conditions of an external crisis, which should be appropriately concider when making management decisions.

Keywords: national economy, socio-economic system, development, external environment, crisis conditions

Анотація

Коваленко-Марченкова Євгенія Вікторівна, кандидат економічних наук, доцент кафедри аналітичної економіки та менеджменту, начальник науково-редакційного відділу, Дніпропетровський державний університет внутрішніх справ, м. Дніпро

АКТУАЛЬНІ ПИТАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ В КРИЗОВИХ УМОВАХ

Розвиток національної економіки під впливом кризових умов сучасності характеризується певними трансформаціями, зумовленими низкою причин і характерними лише для окремих конкретних умов розвитку.

Показано, що найбільш комплексним є інтеграційний підхід до тлумачення сутності поняття «розвиток», згідно з яким це поняття передбачає, по-перше, наявність змін (перетворень) якісного та кількісного характеру; подруге, обумовленість змін (перетворень) під впливом як внутрішніх, так і зовнішніх факторів; по-третє, вплив змін (перетворень) у системі на її взаємодію із зовнішнім середовищем. Саме інтеграційним підходом пропонується керуватися в рамках даного дослідження при визначенні сутності поняття «розвиток національної економіки».

Слід зазначити, що наявність якісних і кількісних змін (трансформацій) як суттєвої характеристики поняття «розвиток національної економіки» охоплюється всіма трьома підходами (безстроковим, автономним та інтеграційним). Щодо зумовленості змін внутрішніми чинниками, то їх охоплюють лише автономний та інтеграційний підходи, тоді як невизначений підхід прямо не вказує на те, що така сутнісна характеристика притаманна поняттю «розвиток національної економіки». І тільки інтеграційний підхід охоплює всі суттєві характеристики, наведені в таблицях, зокрема обумовленість змін (перетворень) впливом зовнішніх факторів, а також вплив змін (перетворень) у системі на її взаємодію із зовнішнім середовищем.

Встановлено, що умови, в яких функціонують всі без винятку соціально- економічні системи в Україні, можуть бути визначені як умови зовнішньої кризи, що має бути відповідним чином враховано при прийнятті управлінських рішень.

Ключові слова: національна економіка, соціально-економічна система, розвиток, зовнішнє середовище, кризові умови.

Statement of the problem

concept development national economy

Studying the essence of the concept of national economy development, concidering great attention of scientists to this economic category and the numerous definitions presented in the theoretical plane of research on this issue, requires systematization of approaches to its interpretation. At the same time, the principle of implementation of such systematization must be chosen.

Despite the multifaceted and diverse definitions that scientists give to the concept of development in general or in relation to a single object or system of a certain type (social-economic, natural, mechanical, etc.), all of them, in fact, are refinements of the general definition and provide for a number of actions organized into a certain system or process regarding purposeful changes in the state of these objects or systems, usually taking into account the influence of external environmental factors.

Analysis of recent research and publications. Issues of the influence of crisis conditions on economic processes are in the field of view of scientists. However, a special interest arose during the review largely at the macroeconomic level in the contextof the development of national economies as integral socioeconomic development. In particular, Akoff R., Certan I., Dunda S., Gaponenko O., Haller A., Joy-Matthews J., Korotkov E., Kyzym M., Lawson T., Megginson D., Pakrukhin A., Ponomarenko V., Surte M., Szymanovska-Dianich L., Toynbee A., Tridid O., Zabrodska L. and many others carried out an active scientific search.

Recently, in Ukraine, the most recent publications on these issues include those of Bakaev L., Bakaev O., Bazhan L., Bober K., Bogatyrev I., Hrytsenko V., Kaplina A., Kyzym M., Mocherny S., Ralko O., Schumpeter Y., Zabrodsky V. etc. For Ukraine, these issues are particularly relevant, as there is currently no unanimity of scientists' opinions regarding the problem of the development of the national economy in the context of the external crisis.

The purpose of the article is to study the possibilities of the national economy development in the current crisis conditions.

Presentation of the main material. When systematizing the interpretations of the essence of a certain concept, the principle of differentiation, which is most often used, which is about finding differences between definitions and identifying alternative approaches. In our opinion, this approach is more advisable to use for the systematization of multi-meaning concepts, considering the essence of which, depending on the field of application, they can be given mutually exclusive definitions, and each separate approach can be applied only in the context of the problems of a certain sphere of knowledge.

Other concepts can be considered universal, that is, the essential characteristics of which do not fundamentally change due to changes in the scope of their application and in the context of the problems of various fields of knowledge.

Other concepts can be considered universal, that is, the essential characteristics of which do not fundamentally change due to changes in the scope of their application and in the context of the problems of various fields of knowledge.

That is, when applying the principle of differentiation during the systematization of approaches to interpreting the essence of the concept, alternative approaches are singled out, while when applying the principle of complementation - approaches of varying degrees of fragmentation.

The principles of systematization of approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the concept are shown in fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Principles of systematization of approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the concept (developed by the author)

The choice of the principle of systematization of approaches to the interpretation of the essence of a certain concept requires the consistent execution of certain steps:

Step 1. Processing of sources of information, their sorting and selection of views of scientists, on the study of which the systematization of approaches to the interpretation of the concept will be based.

At the same time, this step involves the implementation of an information- analytical process, which is a process of searching, collecting, processing and presenting information in a form suitable for its use with a certain defined purpose. Scientific works of leading scientists, both domestic and foreign (monographs, scientific articles in periodicals, etc.) should be used as the main sources of information.

Step 2. Determination of the universality of this concept, based on selected interpretations of the essence of this concept. At the same time, it is advisable to be guided by the criterion of alternativeness / universality:

- search for alternative interpretations among the existing ones, i.e. those that are mutually exclusive (if the acceptability of applying one of the interpretations to a certain object of research excludes the possibility of applying another interpretation to the given object of research);

- if there are no alternative interpretations or their number as a percentage is minimally acceptable (no more than 5%), then such a concept can be recognized as universal, otherwise the concepts are considered ambiguous.

The results of the study of the definitions of the concept of "development" from the point of view of their universality/alternativeness criterion are shown in Table 1.

Table 1Preliminary systematization of the views of scientists on the essence of the concept of "development" according to the criterion of universality/alternativeness

Source: systematized by the author

During the research, all definitions of the concept of "development" were grouped according to the possibility of their use for various objects, processes, and phenomena.

At the same time, it was established that the possibility of using a number of definitions of the concept of "development" for various objects, processes, and phenomena can be considered unconditional. This means that the given object, process, phenomenon to which it refers is not specified, and therefore such a definition can be used for any object, process, phenomenon. In this case, the definition is perceived as fully universal.

The possibility of use for different objects, processes, phenomena raises questions in view of the specification of the object to which it refers. This means that this specific definition specifies the object, process, phenomenon to which this concept is applied. At first glance, this somewhat deprives it of its versatility. But such a definition should be considered from the point of view of whether it can be applied to another object, process, phenomenon, if certain clarifications are made in the definition in the form of omitting the object of research or, on the contrary, expanding the range of objects.

If such a possibility exists, that is, this definition can be applied to other objects, albeit with certain omissions / clarifications, it can be said that the possibility of its application to different objects, processes, phenomena is relative, and the definition itself can be perceived as such , which is distinguished by a sufficient degree of universality.

Only in the event that the possibility of applying the definition of the concept of "development" relative to other objects, phenomena, processes is absent under any conditions, that is, regardless of certain clarifications / omissions, or in the absence of the possibility of making such clarifications / omissions from the review to the fact that they significantly change the essential meaning of this definition, it can be perceived as an alternative.

A preliminary study of the views of scientists on the essence of the concept of "development" made it possible to say that this concept can be classified as universal, while 65% of the definitions are completely universal, and 35% have a sufficient degree of universality, that is, they can be applied to other objects. processes, phenomena with certain omissions or clarifications. There are no alternative definitions in the selected body of knowledge.

Step 3. Direct choice of systematization principle:

- the principle of differentiation - provided that the concept is classified as multi-valued

- the principle of complementation - provided that the concept is classified as universal

Given the fact that a preliminary study of the views of scientists on the essence of the concept of "development" made it possible to say that this concept can be classified as universal, the principle of complementation could be applied to it in the systematization of approaches to the interpretation of its essence.

Thus, the problem of interpretation of development, determination of its essence was studied in the works of many domestic and foreign scientists who consider it as a certain process characterized by directed changes, first of all, of a qualitative nature, which lead to improvement and improvement of the system. At the same time, a number of scientists give a rather generalized, simplified interpretation of development, while other scientists specify it from the standpoint of the conditions under which it occurs, the nature of changes inherent in it, factors that influence its course, etc.

At the same time, the interpretation of each concept not only contains specific formulations that clearly reflect certain characteristics of this concept, which are essential from the author's position, but also enables another researcher to perceive the information independently and supplement this interpretation with his own conclusions, based on his own perception, life experience , competencies.

That is, the semantic field of interpretation of a single concept can be conditionally divided into the field of specification (what the author directly notes in the definition), the field of assumptions (those characteristics that are essential and to which the reader can reach independently). In addition, a field of additions may be selected, containing clarifying characteristics of the concept, which are highlighted by the researcher, depending on the research goal.

From the point of view of formulating a general interpretation of a certain concept, it is important to expand the field of specification as much as possible to cover all the essential characteristics of this concept, regardless of the nature and purpose of the research, with or without the field of additions.

In our opinion, all interpretations of the term "development" can be conditionally divided into three approaches from the standpoint of the conditioning of changes occurring in the system by internal or external factors, the impact of these changes on interaction with the external environment of the system:

- indefinite - an interpretation of development that does not provide a clear understanding of which factors (internal or external) are causing the changes, or whether these changes affect the nature of the system's interaction with the external environment;

- autonomous - interpretation of development, where attention is focused on the internal conditioning of changes in the system; the position regarding the presence or absence of the influence of external factors on the changes occurring in the system and the influence of these changes on its interaction with the external environment is not clearly traced;

- integrative - the most complete interpretation of development, which provides for the conditioning of changes in the system by both internal and external factors, attests to the presence of the influence of these changes on the interaction of the system with the external environment.

First, consider the development according to the indefinite approach.

At the general level, the development of a subject is characterized as a complete cycle of development and existence of this subject. According to the Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Ukrainian Language, the meaning of the term "indefinite" is interpreted as unclear, indefinite, which does not have clear boundaries [1].

According to the definitions inherent in this approach, development implies the presence of changes (transformations) of a qualitative and quantitative nature of a certain object, but the factors under the influence of which these changes occurred remain undefined.

Thus, the field of specification according to this approach covers only one essential characteristic and needs to be expanded, because, in our opinion, the presence of changes cannot be an exclusively essential characteristic of the concept of "development" as such.

Therefore, the interpretation of development according to the indefinite approach proposed by us is quite general, but, in view of the chosen subject of research, in our opinion, it needs a certain specification, especially in the context of the research of development management itself, because it is possible to manage a certain process only by influencing the factors that determine its course or considering their influence.

The autonomous approach is based on such a concept as "autonomization". That is, according to this approach, the researcher interprets the development, expands the field of concretization of a certain concept, thereby reducing the field of assumptions.

Interpretation of development according to the autonomous approach, of course, does not deny the presence of the influence of the external environment on the process of development and its course, or the influence of changes associated with development on the interaction of the system with the external environment, but it does not directly confirm it, that can lead to a narrowing of the perception of this concept.

The use of an integration approach in our time, which is characterized by a greater degree of complexity and rapid pace of radical changes, necessitates the use of such a scientific methodology of analysis, the essence of which is the absence of assumptions for understanding development, thereby allowing to expand the field of specification of this concept. The essence of the integration approach itself is based on the understanding of the term "integration as the unification of any parts, elements [1]. According to the integration approach, the essence of development as a process inherent exclusively to open systems, for which interaction with the external environment is a distinctive property, is most fully revealed.

Having analyzed the characteristics of national economy development according to its interpretation by indefinite, autonomous and integration approaches, it becomes possible to generalize them according to the essential characteristics of development and their coverage, such as: the presence of changes (transformations) of a qualitative and quantitative nature, the conditioning of changes (transformations) by the influence of internal factors, conditioning changes (transformations) under the influence of external factors, the influence of changes (transformations) in the system on its interaction with the external environment.

The obtained results of the systematization of approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the concept of " national economy development" are shown in Table 2.

Table 2.The results of the systematization of approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the concept of "national economy development "

It should be noted that the presence of qualitative and quantitative changes (transformations) as an essential characteristic of the concept of "development" is covered by all three approaches (indefinite, autonomous, and integration). As for the conditioning of changes by internal factors, they are covered only by autonomous and integration approaches, while the indefinite approach does not directly indicate that such an essential characteristic is inherent in the concept of "development". And only the integration approach covers all the essential characteristics listed in the table, in particular, the conditioning of changes (transformations) by the influence of external factors, and the influence of changes (transformations) in the system on its interaction with the external environment.

Conclusions

The results of the study of the definitions of the concept of " national economy development" from the point of view of the criterion of universality/alternativeness are presented in the form of a preliminary systematization of the views of scientists on the essence of the concept of "development" according to this criterion. It was concluded that all interpretations of development can be conditionally divided into an approach from the position of the conditioning of changes occurring in the system by internal or external factors and the impact of these changes on interaction with the external environment of the system.

It is substantiated that the most comprehensive is the integrative approach to the interpretation of the essence of the concept of "national economy development", according to which this concept assumes, firstly, the presence of changes of a qualitative and quantitative nature; secondly, the conditioning of changes by the influence of both internal and external factors; thirdly, the impact of changes in the system on its interaction with the external environment.

It has been established that the conditions in which all socio-economic systems in Ukraine function without exception can be defined as conditions of an external crisis, which should be appropriately taken into account when making management decisions.

Crisis conditions, on the one hand, increase the turbulence of the environment, and on the other, affect the resource capacity of systems in overcoming threats and using opportunities. In view of this limitation, the need to determine the expediency of preferentially directing management actions and resources either to overcome the threats the system faces, or to use opportunities, is substantiated.

That is, we are talking about the expediency of choosing one of the two concepts of managing the development of the national economy in conditions of external crises - the concept of development management with an orientation to the situation or the concept of development management with an orientation to the perspective.

Література

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