Academic enterpreneurship: a systematic review of the literature and an agenda for further research

Source: formed on data from scopus.com

The number of citations to publications in the SCOPUS scientometric database also confirms the interest in the study of academic entrepreneurship. During 2010-2022, there was a rapid increase in the number of citations of publications devoted to the issues of academic entrepreneurship (Fig. 4). Their annual number increased from 422 (2010) to 1345 (2015) and 4012 (2022). In total, since 1970, these publications have been cited by different authors 24.2 thousand times.

Fig. 4 Dynamics of citations of publications on academic entrepreneurship in 2010-2022

Source: built on articles 'data from scopus.com

The VOSviewer.com program was used to cluster academic entrepreneurship publications by keywords (which indirectly reflect the research topic). The program identified 2,648 keywords that were included in these publications and created a visualization of their frequency of use (Fig. 5). Given the wide variety of keywords, the selection criterion was the use of this word in at least 15 publications. The diameter of the circle in fig. 5 reflects the number of publications in which this word is used as a keyword.

Fig. 5 Keywords that were most often used in publications on academic entrepreneurship

Source: data from VOSviewer.com

Table 2 shows the most frequently used 33 keywords (optimized number based on the prepared thesaurus to avoid technical repetition - singular/plural, different spelling of the same words, country names, etc.), the number of times they are used, and the link strength - the number of connections found between them. The latter serves as the information basis for cluster analysis.

The clustering of keywords (keywords belonging to the defined clusters are also presented in Table 3), conducted by the VOSviewer.com program, allows us to distinguish 5 clusters of research and provide a generalized description of their content:

- Cluster 1 - purpose, role, impact of academic entrepreneurship, commercialization of knowledge and technologies for innovation, higher education, economic development and competitiveness of the country (region)

- Cluster 2 - the object of research is academic entrepreneurs (their needs and demands), the formation of students'entrepreneurial intentions and the development of entrepreneurial education, as well as the formation of an academic entrepreneurship ecosystem;

- Cluster 3 - the publications of this cluster study the interaction (connections) between universities and industry, as well as the organization of technology transfer, which is considered as a tool for knowledge transfer and a component of knowledge management;

- Cluster 4 - covers publications devoted to the patenting activities of universities (preparation and registration of patents and inventions), as well as the participation of educational institutions in business activities (obtaining passive income from intellectual property);

- Cluster 5 is devoted to the study of the preparation and conduct of entrepreneurial activities by universities through the creation of academic spinoffs; their transformation into "entrepreneurial universities".

We will provide a brief description of the most influential (cited) publications on academic entrepreneurship recognized by the international scientific community.

The monograph Shane (2004) is considered a fundamental classic. Academic entrepreneurship: University spinoffs and wealth creation. Academic entrepreneurship: University spinoffs and wealth creation, which has been cited in 1053 scientific papers. Its FWCI (average normalized citation index) is 14.43, which demonstrates that the actual level of citations exceeds the expected level based on the average for this field of knowledge). It systematically and reasonably explains the mechanism, importance and role of university technology commercialization and university capital creation in the United States and other countries; provides a retrospective of the development of university spin-offs.

It provides an in-depth analysis of four main factors that jointly influence the activities of spin-offs: the university and societal environment, the technology developed at universities, the industries in which spin-offs operate, and the people involved. It describes in detail the process of creating a spin-off, transforming spin-off technology into new products and services, market research for these new products and services, and attracting financial resources. The factors that enhance and impede the effectiveness of university spin-offs are systematized, as well as the impact they have on atherosclerotic universities.

Table 2

The most used keywords of scientific publications in the subject area of "academic entrepreneurship" in 2010-2022

Source: formed on the data from VOSviewer.com

The monograph by Wright, Clarysse, Mustar & Lockett (2007), dedicated to systematizing the experience and achievements of academic entrepreneurship in Europe, is also highly recognized by the scientific community (394 references, FWCI=4.93 It is a comprehensive study that addresses such issues as: public policies to promote academic spin-offs, types of spin-offs; institutional level processes: incubation models; firm level processes: development phases and models; entrepreneurial teams in spin-offs; financial constraints and access to finance. The monograph concludes with conclusions and recommendations for policy makers on the necessary policy corrective measures.

Table 3 presents a systematic description of the 13 scientific articles with the highest number of citations (citation level is in the range of 301 - 1313).

Table 3

Systematic description of the most cited scientific articles on academic entrepreneurship

Source: developed by the authors based on the results of familiarization with the text of certain scientific publications and on the basis of information from csopus. Com

The presented scientific articles are diverse in terms of the object and results of the study, which is evidence of the multidimensionality of academic entrepreneurship. They have different information support and methodology, which confirms the possibility of conducting both qualitative (literature analysis, case studies) and quantitative research (multi-source data on the development of academic entrepreneurship in individual universities and countries) using powerful tools of economic and mathematical modeling. There is a growing interest in the author's empirical research, which involves conducting their own surveys and interviews with academic entrepreneurs from the world's leading business universities.

Conclusions

The study of the problems of academic entrepreneurship is a rapidly developing sector of scientific knowledge that enjoys increased attention of the scientific community and other stakeholders; it is characterized by a variety of content (5 clusters of scientific research are distinguished), research objects and tools; the proposals and recommendations developed in them are not only scientific but also of high practical value, as they can be used by university management, supervisory institutions (ministries) and governmental.

Ukraine urgently needs to conduct such studies, as there is currently a lack of reliable information on the involvement of university faculty, staff and students in certain forms of academic entrepreneurship; understanding the preconditions, drivers, obstacles, results achieved and impacts of its development. The best research from the international scientific community can serve as a model for designing such studies, but it is imperative to take into account numerous national peculiarities at the individual, mental, organizational and institutional levels. The conclusion that was made public almost 10 years ago - academic entrepreneurship has changed, the forms and mechanisms of its implementation need to be rethought; there may be special national and specific organizational models (due to the specifics of individual universities) - should be recognized as an axiom and be the basis for future research.

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