Conceptual issues of formation of theoretical and methodological basis of personnel safety of the enterprise

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State University of Biotechnology

M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv

Conceptual issues of formation of theoretical and methodological basis of personnel safety of the enterprise

Lytovchenko О.O, Toporkova О.

Introduction

Sustainable economic growth and stability of the results of any enterprise can not be imagined without the establishment of an effective system of economic security, the state of which is primarily determined by the staffing and reliability of staff. Insufficient attention to the problems of personnel security of the enterprise can lead to its weakening and collapse even at high profitability of the business, because the main link that unites and leads to the movement of all other factors of production is really the staff. The statistics on this are disappointing. Thus, today more than 40% of companies suffer from economic crimes of their employees, and almost 80% of cases of economic crimes are committed directly by employees. Employee fraud has been the main reason for the forced closure of about 100 American banks over the past 20 years. Almost 95% of the damage caused in the US banking sector is caused by the direct participation of bank staff and only 5% by the actions of customers and others[1]. Only 25% of the city's employees remain committed to the business and about the same number are ready to betray the company's interests at the first offer of competitors, and 50% of employees can be either friends or enemies. Personnel is one of the main carriers of information, and, according to experts, the probability of information leakage due to bribery, enticing employees is 43%, and through intelligence - 24%. On average, all these problems «eat» from 6 to 9% of company profits [2]. A review of PriceWahouse's economic crimes found that despite the lack of effective methods of preventing economic crimes involving staff, and that the vast majority of violations are accidental, 43% of company management believe that in the near future fraud will not threatens. At the same time, effective organization of work to ensure personnel security can reduce direct and indirect losses of the company by almost 60% due to the human factor [3]. According to the Grant Thornton International Business Report, 45% of companies worldwide have already taken the path to combating internal corporate fraud. The Philippines (72%), Mexico (71%) and Russia (63%) are in the lead in the ranking of countries where business owners maintain security services. In the US, the level of internal corporate fraud is only slightly lower than the number of firms that have already begun to fight it (52% vs. 59%, respectively) [4].

That is why the methodological problem of defining personnel security as an independent object of management and the formation of the appropriate methodological basis for its provision is important in methodological terms. To better understand the nature, place and role of this phenomenon in the modern economic space, as well as tools to ensure personnel security in the past with a projection on the present and future, it is necessary to clarify the meaning of this concept, its historical development, connection with related concepts and categories.

Presenting main material

In retrospect, the idea of personnel security has deep roots that require research and identification of patterns of development. In this sense, we can conditionally distinguish three evolutionary stages. As for the first stage, its preconditions were laid at the beginning of civilization, when social relations and the well-being of all members of society became interdependent. Today it is impossible to establish with certainty when the first documentary evidence of the emergence of methods of selecting people for any case, increasing the efficiency of their work. It is difficult to imagine that during the existence of the tribal and tribal community, the foundations of modern science of personnel management and personnel security were born. However, history has given us examples of the heyday of the empires of Egypt, Babylon and Ancient China, accompanied by total construction, which coordinated the activities of hundreds of thousands of people, and this objectively forced action to manage human resources, limiting the risks associated with their use. Confucius and Lao Tzu paid much attention to the issue of human reliability as an integral part of the perfection of human nature, which was harmoniously associated with morality, ethics and rituals, and in ancient Greece the reliability of candidates was checked by a special commission. laws of Solon.

Extensive experience in determining the reliability of man existed in the military affairs of government in ancient Rome since the time of Alexander the Great. There is evidence of security measures in medieval Russia in the merchant business, as well as during the hiring of Cossacks in the Zaporozhian Sich. Thus, the first stage of development of the idea of personnel security was characterized by activities in the form of the implementation of primitive measures to determine the reliability of a potential employee or business partner. This activity was generally chaotic and unsystematic, and the nature of dangers and threats was determined purely subjectively.

Over time, the social structure became more complex, management sciences developed, risks and threats became more frequent, and new methods of their identification were developed in response to them. In the era of formation of managerial thought to the problems of minimizing threats, risks, losses began to approach comprehensively, to consider them as a condition for the implementation of the main tasks of society, enterprises and individuals. Only at the end of the 18th century were conditions created for the technical support of activities to identify threats from the company's staff in the form of: "lie detector", "variograph", "polygraph", "psychological stress meter" and others. This was the impetus for the transition to the second stage of development of personnel security as a separate scientific phenomenon. economic security business partner

Already in the middle of the twentieth century in the USSR, the issue of personnel security was acute in the armed forces, law enforcement agencies in relation to employees of government agencies, party workers and employees of public organizations. At the same time, as a rule, they were marked "secret" or "for official use" to prevent the dissemination of information.

With regard to commercial enterprises, in the early 1990s there was a need for human resources and security units, as well as their joint activities to ensure the protection of private property, however, work in the field of personnel security was mainly focused only on prevention of hostile criminal elements on the enterprise. Thus, we can conclude that the second period is characterized by a view of personnel security as the activities of law enforcement agencies to reduce potential threats and eliminate undesirable phenomena related to personnel and the development of technical means to combat personnel risks.

The third stage of development of the idea of personnel security began in the late twentieth - early twentieth century. simultaneously with the transformation of the economic system and the recognition of the need to study economic security as a separate object in the system of economic science, determining the main condition for achieving economic security by ensuring the appropriate level of its human resources. This stage is characterized by increasing priority and expanding practical opportunities for the use of scientific and methodological tools in the process of ensuring personnel security at the enterprise level. Today, personnel security is recognized as an important component of corporate security, which has gone from simple forms to more complex: from force (physical protection) to intellectual.

Awareness that the vast majority of risks and threats come from workers has helped to address the issue of human resource security as an important component of risk management activities developed at the enterprise strategy level.

The current stage of development of the science of personnel security is characterized by increasing attention to it in response to the demands of reality through the use of effective management methods, development of enterprises' own methodology and attempts to formalize fragmented practices into a single system. security directly to the enterprise. Experienced executives are increasingly convinced that any weakening of attention to this area of work or unjustified savings in the implementation of development programs in the field of attracting, using and developing human resources threatens immeasurably significant potential damage and reduction of economic and, consequently, general security.

Thus, with the development of mankind, the accumulation of economic knowledge and delving into the category of "personnel security" the latter becomes multifaceted, its structure and functional dependencies of components are distinguished, its theoretical and methodological basis arises and improves. Instead, it should be noted that in practice, in many companies, the problem of personnel security is still at the stage of awareness of managers as an objective need to respond to existing risks associated with personnel and the formation of its organizational contours.

Our analysis of the concept of "personnel security" showed that the current formation is synthesized, integrating important characteristics of the categories "security" and "economic security". They are deeply considered in the modern literature, which allows to use their theoretical basis and methodological apparatus in the study of important substantive characteristics of the concept of "personnel security" as a separate object of research. Thus, "personnel security" has absorbed the basic features of security in general and economic security of business: a state characterized by the absence of dangers and threats; system category, which is based on the interconnected principles of structural stability, selforganization, integrity; the ability of an object, phenomenon or process to preserve its essence in the conditions of purposeful, destructive internal and external influence; guarantee, necessary living conditions.

The starting point of personnel security is the constant existence of the threat, and the object of its provision is the formed system of interests of the subject in the field of relations with the staff, which need appropriate protection in the process of activity. It should be noted that personnel security is not a static category, so it should be considered from the standpoint of temporal and spatial dynamics.

It should be noted that in numerous scientific papers, most scientists mainly consider personnel security in the context of the functional component of economic security, ie do not distinguish this category as an independent object of scientific research. In general, scientific approaches to the study of personnel security are characterized by a great variety of views on the number and content.

Thus, some scholars consider personnel security as an activity aimed at improving personnel management of the enterprise, which provides legal and information support of the personnel management process, resolving legal issues of labor relations, preparation of regulations governing them, providing the necessary information to all departments of personnel management [5].

Others argue that personnel security should increase the efficiency of human resources through a set of management measures related to the effective formation and use of human resources to ensure and maintain economic stability and efficiency of economic activity of the enterprise [6].

The vast majority of researchers and scientists represent the personnel security of the enterprise. as the most important component of economic security, which aims at systematic work to identify and eliminate, prevent and prevent threats, hazards and risks aimed at personnel and their intellectual potential, and those that come directly from him, which are the tasks of units with personnel management and enterprise security [7].

We agree with the point of view of scientists and practitioners that personnel security is the dominant form of management decisions to prevent, detect, mitigate and prevent threats that originate both from the company's human resources and directed at them from outside. Versatility of views on personnel security, a combination of scientific theories and practices allows us to identify a wide range of scientific approaches, each of which can be used situationally depending on the objectives of the study:

comparative - study of personnel security in different historical times of development and transformation of the economic system;

functional - type of activity, a set of measures to prevent potential risks to personnel security and eliminate existing threats;

indicator - measurement and assessment of risks and threats to personnel security on the basis of a sound system of indicators;

program-target - a set of measures to ensure sustainable development of the enterprise through constant interaction with staff to ensure personnel security;

risk - activities to identify personnel security risks, assess them and develop appropriate measures to eliminate them;

system - research of personnel security as a component of the general system of corporate security of the enterprise and at the same time, as a separate system that is formed under the influence of the development of its components;

resource - the provision of the enterprise with specialists, technical means and other resources capable of providing quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the security of the enterprise due to the personnel component;

managerial - it is assumed that security is not the absence of dangers, but constant protection from them, so you need a set of management measures related to ensuring the appropriate level of personnel security.

Regarding the presence of personnel security at hierarchical levels of economic security (macro, meso and micro), it exists only at the enterprise level, where it operates in a system of related concepts, such as staff, personnel, human resources, human resources, personnel risks etc. This connection follows from the fact that labor or human resources form the human resources of the enterprise, and they, in turn, are of interest to management in view of achieving the appropriate level of personnel security in the process of corporate security. At the level of the state or region, it is only an indirect feature of the systemic components of economic security, as it is part of the indicators of the social security factor in the form of "assessment of human capital, labor and human resources".

From a dialectical point of view, personnel security is an inseparable unity not only of quantitative and qualitative aspects, but also of what has been achieved and possible. If its actual level can be determined by comparing indicators by periods, the level of possible is established by comparing the achieved state with the desired and necessary. We believe that it is methodologically more correct to begin the study of personnel security to determine its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, and only then proceed to assess the achieved and possible. This approach, of course, makes it possible to avoid mixing these different, albeit interrelated aspects, which allows to increase the level of methodological apparatus in relation to the studied category. By quantitative characteristics of personnel security we mean the resource elements of its components, and by qualitative - psychophysiological, qualification, creative and so on.

Our analysis of the problems of practical application of quantitative and qualitative parameters of personnel security has shown that the underestimation of some authors of its qualitative side is usually expressed in distrust of the ability to measure it. But the interpretation of the basic concept of "security" as a certain state indicates that this value is more or less measurable and provides opportunities for both increase and decrease. If, for example, such a feature of personnel security as the level of professionalism of the worker can not be accurately measured, it is the result of imperfections of the modern system of measuring instruments, but there is no reason to say that this will be the case in the future.

It should also be noted that in the vast majority of modern interpretations of personnel security, this category acts as a rigid form that does not provide dynamism, and therefore does not affect the development of the enterprise. Instead, in our opinion, personnel security should concentrate at the same time three levels of connections and relations, which: reflect the past (personnel security is the result of existing properties accumulated by management experience in its formation and determine their ability to ensure its optimal level ); characterize the present (personnel security actualizes existing abilities, their practical application and effective use. In connection with the specified this concept allows to distinguish the realized and unrealized opportunities concerning maintenance of a proper level of personnel safety, opens reserves of increase of its level); aimed at the future (in the process of ensuring personnel security not only existing methods and tools are implemented, but also new opportunities appear. That is, the development of the methodological framework for ensuring personnel security is the key to its sustainable level in the future).

Considering personnel security as a separate system, which is a combination of complex and interconnected elements, it should be considered provided if the company has achieved the appropriate level of its functional components: safety (creating certain working conditions for employees); social and motivational security (decent wages, professional development, interest in the results of work); occupational safety (modern equipment, insurance against occupational hazards, medical care); anti-conflict security (creating a positive psychological climate in the team, promoting interpersonal communication); intellectual security (preservation and increase of highly qualified workers, promotion of inventive and innovative activities). ). In the course of the research we faced the problem of combining and differentiating between scientists of personnel and intellectual components of economic security of the enterprise. In our opinion, the staff is the bearer of intellectual and professional abilities and using its available potential has the opportunity to produce their own intellectual achievements in intellectual property that need protection at the enterprise. It follows that personnel security should be considered as a complex system, which intellectual should be included as a functional component.

Conclusions

The analysis of terminology and determining the place of personnel security in the general security system of the enterprise contributed to the selection of its main essential characteristics: it is a component of economic security of the enterprise and, at the same time, a relatively independent object of management; this is a condition for ensuring the sustainability and development of the enterprise in the current and subsequent periods; it is a system that protects the priority interests of the enterprise from internal and external threats; it is a system characterized by appropriate quantitative and qualitative indicators that have threshold values from which it is possible to draw conclusions about its level; it is the result of personnel and personnel risk management, which allows to perform production tasks in accordance with the development strategy of the enterprise.

Personnel security is a complex integrated phenomenon, characterized by a certain dialectical unity of quantitative and qualitative features, because it has its own structure, spatial and temporal orientation, is a process that is in each specified moment at the same time in different forms. Therefore, conceptually, in methodological terms, it should be considered in a narrowly functional approach to achieve a comprehensive and comprehensive nature of research by: determining the nature of its essence; the main processes that affect its provision; definition of evaluation criteria and indicators that reflect its level; its in-depth analysis; development of measures to ensure its high level.

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