Determinant components of creative economy of the regions of Ukraine
Analysis of the environmental, economic and social policy of Ukraine. Creating conditions for the realization of production and creative potential. The development of the intelligent technologies. Creation of innovative clusters and humanitarian services.
| Рубрика | Экономика и экономическая теория |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 16.06.2024 |
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Luhansk State Academy of Culture and Arts
Determinant components of creative economy of the regions of Ukraine
Plutalov S.
Introduction
The creative economy contributes to the improvement of socio-economic development, as well as the formation of environmental, economic and social policies of the state and its regions, by creating favourable conditions for the realisation of human, industrial, intellectual and creative potential. Moreover, the global creative economy, according to the Creative Economy Development Centre in Ukraine, accounts for 6.1% of GDP [1]. Additionally, the number of jobs in this sector is increasing every year, both globally and in Ukraine. As of 2021, Ukraine's GDP from creative business was about 7%, but experts believe that the potential exceeds 10% (for example, the US GDP is 11%) [2, P. 165]. Considering this, the issue of identifying and studying the determinants of the creative economy of the regions of Ukraine is relevant.
Presentation of the main results
The results presented below are based on official data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in particular, the statistical collections "Economic Activity of the Population", "Scientific and Innovative Activity of Ukraine", and "Population of Ukraine". In addition, the key findings on the creative potential in the regions are based on earlier studies by the Centre for the Development of Creative Economy and the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation.
Based on the study of the characteristic features of creativity [3, P. 178], as well as summarising the work of scholars on potential in general [4, P. 168] and creative potential in particular [5, P. 225; 4], we conclude that creative potential is a set of opportunities to generate creative ideas, as well as to develop non- traditional methods of solving industrial, economic, social and economic problems. This potential is formed not spontaneously, but as a result of the targeted influence of authorities and managers of enterprises on the holders of creative potential.
In addition, it is found that among the variety of approaches to diagnosing the creative regional potential, three main ones can be distinguished. The first one is based on the theory of R. Florida, which provides for an assessment of the three "T's": technology, talent, and tolerance, each of which is described by a set of indicators. creative economic intelligent innovative cluster
The second approach is based on the theory of J. Hockinsom, which assesses the potential of the individual and the potential of the activity. Finally, the third approach involves assessing each component of the creative sector.
Taking into account the purpose of the study, the use of one of the existing approaches in its entirety is not appropriate due to the specifics of the regional economy and its statistical accounting, so it was decided to introduce a comprehensive adapted author's approach, which involves analysing the potential of the creative sector by types of economic activity, creative professions and creative product in order to further group regions by the degree of their creativity. The following indicators of creative potential were selected as assessment indicators: value added by the costs of production of business entities (gross income from operating activities, including production subsidies and excluding indirect taxes); number of business entities (legal entities and individual entrepreneurs); number of employees in the creative sector (determined taking into account full-time, part-time and unpaid (owners, founders of the enterprise and their family members) employees of enterprises); volumes of products sold (the value of finished goods sold (work performed, services rendered), as indicated in the documents issued as the basis for settlements with buyers (customers) (including products (work, services) under a barter contract); investments in the creative sector (investment of valuables in objects of creative activity of one or more persons, in particular, in the scientific sphere, the sphere of culture and art, as well as education).
This approach can be considered a starting point for the launch of monitoring the development of creative industries, which is currently not conducted at both the regional and national levels.
The use of these determinants of the creative industries helps to determine their contribution to the gross domestic product; record trends in employment; in the production sector by tracking the number of enterprises and their turnover, etc. [6] The generalisation of the existing information and analytical base has allowed us to establish the significant potential of the creative sector, which should be used to fill the budget and support the wartime and post-war economy of the regions.
This is particularly evidenced by the main trends in the development of creative industries, the key of which is the steady growth in gross value added (hereinafter referred to as GVA) (Fig. 1).
The figure shows that the GVA of creative industries in Ukraine is growing rapidly. Thus, in 2020, the value added in terms of production costs of business entities in the creative industries amounted to 132.4 billion UAH, which is equal to 4.2% of Ukraine's GVA.
Fig. 1. Dynamics of GVA of creative industries in Ukraine in 2013-2020, %
Source: Compiled by the author according to [7] * due to the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, the SSS has no data for 2021-2022
This is 15 billion UAH more than in 2019 (117.2 billion UAH) and almost twice as much as in 2018 (97 billion UAH, respectively). It is worth noting that in 2013-2019, computer programming accounted for about half of the total GVA of the creative industries, and in 2020 this figure reached 54% (63.7 billion UAH) The structure of GVA is shown in (Fig. 2).
Fig.2. Structure of GVA of creative industries in Ukraine in 2020, share in % Source: Compiled by the author according to [7] * due to the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, the SSS has no data for 2021-2022
The figure shows that, along with computer programming, the vast majority of GVA of creative industries in Ukraine belongs to the following activities: advertising and marketing (17%), audiovisual arts (17%), architecture (4%), literature (3%), theatre (2%) and 1% - design.
From the above analysis, it was concluded that it is necessary to pay attention to such sectors as design and performing arts, since, as foreign experience shows [8, P. 281], these areas have very good prospects of rising to higher levels and bringing more benefits to the national economy, in particular, through filling the state budget. According to the analytical note on the calculation of economic indicators in the creative industries of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, in 2019-2020, there was a decline in the value added indicator in film screenings (-70%), distribution of films and television programmes (-37%), museums (-26%), theatre and concert spheres (-12%) [7]. Despite negative trends, the creative economy as a whole is characterised by an average higher level of added value of its products than other sectors of the national economy.
This is due both to the wide coverage of the service sector by the creative economy, which consumes less intermediate products than industry and agriculture, and to the innovative nature of a number of creative industries, such as IT, R&D, engineering, etc. Having analysed the number of business entities by type of economic activity belonging to the creative industries, a steady upward trend has been established (Fig. 3).
As can be seen from the figure, over the entire period under analysis, there has been an increase in the number of business entities, which amounted to 8.46 points. The average growth rate of the number of business entities in the creative sector is 8.87 per annum. In 2021, the number of business entities in the creative industries totalled 276.3 thousand, which is 14.1% of the total number of entities in Ukraine, which is 45.5 units more than in the previous year and 17.7 units more than in 2019. The average growth rate for 2019-2021 was 16%.
Fig. 3. Number of business entities in the creative industries sector in Ukraine in 2012-2022, share in %. Source: Compiled by the author according to [7] * due to the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, the SSS has no data for 2022-2023
The largest number of entities is observed in the following types of activities: computer programming, specialised design activities, film and video editing, television programmes, individual artistic activities, and museums [9]. In 2021, the growth in the IT sector was 23.3%, in the design sector - 29.9%, in the activities of cultural institutions - 10%, and in the compilation of films and videos, television programmes - 9.5%. Based on the analysis, we can see that the number of business entities shows a similar trend, namely a reduction in such areas as the manufacture of jewellery and musical instruments, the performing arts and publishing sectors, which requires additional research to identify the causes and develop measures to address the negative trend [9].
Despite the high resilience of the creative sector and the positive dynamics of the number of business entities, the war still had a negative impact, which manifested itself in negative tax revenues, unified social tax, and declared income of the creative industries. For example, in the first half of 2022 alone, the total number of taxpayers decreased by 60% and the amount of declared income in the creative industries decreased by 41% compared to the same period in 2021. The decline in the number of taxpayers and the amount of income is typical for all sectors in the creative industries.
This situation is different from the pandemic, when the "contact" sectors suffered the greatest losses, while others continued to grow. Individual entrepreneurs on the simplified taxation system suffered the biggest losses. Their revenues decreased by 64%, and 64% of individual entrepreneurs ceased their operations. On the other hand, legal entities showed a slight increase in all taxes, except for income tax (-1.74%) and property tax (-34%). In addition, a sectoral analysis showed a 52% decline in corporate income tax revenues on average in all sectors except IT.
The next indicator is employment. Comparing employment in the sectoral breakdown with employment in the creative sector, the diametrically opposite relationship was established. For example, since 2015, the country has experienced a decline in employment, while the creative sector has been showing a positive trend (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Dynamics of employment in the creative industries in 2013-2020, %
Source: Compiled by the author according to [10]
In 2019, the creative industries employed 352,000 people, or 3.8% of the workforce. For comparison, 309,500 people were employed a year earlier, and 252,000 in 2013. In 2021, the number of employed workers in creative industries amounted to 409,100 people, or 4.5% of the total officially employed population in Ukraine, which is 48,78 thousand more than in 2020 and 57,200 more than in 2019. Thus, the average employment growth rate over the past three years was 8%. It is worth noting that according to the trend model, the approximation coefficient is R2 = 09886, which indicates a high reliability of the result. Furthermore, the equation y = 0.2024 + 2.3893 indicates a steady upward trend.
The increase in employment in 2021 compared to 2020 is due to sectoral fluctuations in economic activity. Thus, the largest increase in the indicator in the aggregate of all types of activities related to the creative industries is observed in the field of design (+25.8%), film and programme composition (+25.2%), as well as computer programming (+23.1%). Along with the positive dynamics, there was a drop in employment in such areas as jewellery production (-22.5%), newspaper publishing (-9.2%), and film demonstration (-8.7%). In general, it should be noted that the structure of employment in the creative sector has not changed significantly over the past five years (Fig. 5), but the dynamics of employment is changing.
2020 p.2021 p.
Fig.5. Structure of employment in the creative industries in 2020-2021, share in %. Source: Compiled by the author according to [7]
The resilience and high level of potential for the reproduction of the creative sector of the economy is also evidenced by the fact that during the period of fullscale invasion, compared to other industries, the vast majority of specialists continued to work, pay taxes, make a profit and fill the country's budget. Thus, according to the analytics of the largest IT community in Ukraine, DOU, 46% of Ukrainian IT professionals moved to other, safer regions of Ukraine after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Most often, they moved from Kharkiv (87%) and Chernihiv (89%), as well as from Kyiv (80%). The number of specialists moving from Sumy was slightly lower (56%). About half of the specialists moved from Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia. After the start of the war, 38% of IT professionals left Dnipro.
Most often, Ukrainian IT specialists moved to Lviv region. 11% of them relocated to this region. They also moved to Zakarpattia (9%) and Ivano-Frankivsk region (6%). 14% of Ukrainian IT workers went abroad, mostly to Poland (35%) and Germany (10%), while they continue to work for Ukrainian companies [11]. All of this proves that creative industries have great potential to become the restorative links in Ukraine's economy after the war.
The next indicator that allows us to unlock the potential of the creative industries is the volume of products sold. Given the fact that the creative industries were enshrined in the Ukrainian legal framework in 2018, and the separation of activities related to them in 2019, there was no statistical accounting of economic indicators in this sector in the country before that period. Starting in 2019, the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy annually compiles reports on the state of the main economic indicators of the creative industries in Ukraine (data for 2022-2023 is not available due to the lack of data in the State Statistics Service). According to these reports, there is a positive trend in sales in the creative sector (Fig. 6).
Fig.6. Sales in the creative industries in 2019-2021, billion UAH
Source: Compiled by the author according to [9]
Thus, despite the 2019 pandemic, there was an increase in sales from 2.7% to 3% in 2020, which amounted to 333.9 billion UAH in monetary terms. It was found that the largest increase was demonstrated by design +33% and IT +23% [6, P. 14]. In 2021, the volume of this indicator was 451.4 billion UAH, i.e. 3% of the total volume of products sold in Ukraine, which is 117.5 billion UAH more than in 2020 and 165.2 billion UAH more than in 2019.
The average growth rate of sales of products (goods and services) in 2019-2021 was 26%. This means that these sectors are the most resilient to external global threats. Regionally, the largest share in terms of sales of products (goods and services) by creative sector enterprises in 2021 belongs to Kyiv, which reached 41.46%, and Kyiv region accounted for almost 6% (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7. Volumes of products (goods, services) sold by creative sector enterprises by region in 2021, %. Source: Compiled by the author according to [12]
* due to the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, the SSS has no data for 2022-2023
The second place was taken by Dnipropetrovsk oblast with a share of sales of 10.95%, which amounted to 1,100,314.4 million UAH in monetary terms. Together, Kyiv and Dnipropetrovsk regions and the city of Kyiv accounted for almost 60% (58.41%) of the total sales of products (goods and services) in the regions of Ukraine. The lowest share in terms of sales of creative goods and services was in the western regions, including: Zakarpattia (0.64%), Chernivtsi (0.39%), Ternopil (0.84%), Rivne (0.81%), as well as Luhansk (0.46%) and Kherson (0.82%) regions. The average value of creative product sales in these regions was less than 1% (0.66%).
Conclusions
Thus, on the basis of analysis, synthesis of the theoretical, methodological and analytical framework, it is proved that neither official statistics, nor the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy, nor the Cultural Foundation of Ukraine provide universal methods that would allow diagnosing the state of cultural industries in the regional context, which is why the study proposes the determinants of the creative economy of the regions of Ukraine, such as: creative industries, creative professions and creative goods and services, which were diagnosed by a set of indicators.
References
1. Center for the development of creative economy. URL: https:// creativeeconomy.center/wpcontent/uploads/2021/12/2_5332503104040474153.pdf (Date of application: 11.01.2024).
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Аннотация
Определяющие компоненты креативной экономики регионов Украины
Креативная экономика способствует улучшению социально-экономического развития, а также формированию экологической, экономической и социальной политики государства и его регионов, создавая благоприятные условия для реализации человеческого, производственного, интеллектуального и творческого потенциала. Более того, на глобальную креативную экономику, по данным Центра развития креативной экономики в Украине, приходится 6,1% ВВП [1]. Кроме того, количество рабочих мест в этом секторе растет с каждым годом, как во всем мире, так и в Украине. По состоянию на 2021 год ВВП Украины от креативного бизнеса составлял около 7%, но эксперты считают, что потенциал превышает 10% (например, ВВП США составляет 11%) [2, с. 165]. Учитывая это, вопрос выявления и изучения детерминант креативной экономики регионов Украины является актуальным.
Выводы. На основе анализа, обобщения теоретической, методологической и аналитической базы доказано, что ни официальная статистика, ни Министерство культуры и информационной политики, ни Фонд культуры Украины не предоставляют универсальных методов, которые позволили бы диагностировать состояние культурных индустрий в региональном контексте, что является почему в исследовании предлагаются детерминанты креативной экономики регионов Украины, такие как креативные индустрии, творческие профессии и креативные товары и услуги, которые были диагностированы с помощью набора показателей.
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