The role of trade routes and local markets in the economic life of the surkhan oasis

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The role of trade routes and local markets in the economic life of the surkhan oasis

Kabulov E.O., Kabulov K.

Abstract

In this article, the overland trade routes that existed in the Beks of Eastern Bukhara in the 18th-20th centuries, what products played the main role in the daily needs of the residents of the oasis, the role of trade relations in the economic, socio-political life of the Beks, were described based on the principles of comparative analysis and historical sequence through historical sources.

Ключевые слова: торговые пути, Термез, Байсун, Шерабад, Денау, домашние промыслы, базар.

Аннотация

РОЛЬ ТОРГОВЫХ ПУТЕЙ И МЕСТНЫХ РЫНКОВ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЖИЗНИ СУРХАНСКОГО ОАЗИСА

Кабулов Э. О., Кабулов К.

В статье рассмотрены сухопутные торговые пути, существовавшие у беков Восточной Бухары в XVIII-XX веках. Отмечены продукты, игравшие основную роль в повседневных потребностях жителей оазиса. Показана роль торговых отношений в экономической, социально-политической жизни беков. Описания даны на принципах сравнительного анализа и исторической последовательности по историческим источникам.

Keywords: trade routes, Termez, Boysun, Sherabad, Denov, home crafts, bazaar.

Introduction

In the 18th-20th centuries, the social and economic life of the Emirate of Bukhara, in its relations with the Central Asian khanates and other countries, has an important role in internal and external trade. Trade routes connecting cities and countries play an important role in this regard. Trade caravan routes are divided into two according to their importance. The first is international trade caravan routes, and the second is domestic trade caravan routes connecting the cities and villages of the country [1].

The 18th century, the predominance of manual labor in production, and the dominance of natural economy had a negative impact on the development of trade. The political situation during the last Ashtarkhani rulers, internal struggles and the predominance of natural economy in economic life led to the weakness of trade relations between the city and the countryside. The Surkhan oasis, which connects the Bukhara emirate with the countries of the East, caused an extremely slow down of the traffic on the trade routes. In particular, the hostile relations between Balkh and Bukhara clearly indicated that the development of trade had slowed down. Even in the Surkhan oasis itself, the traffic of caravans slowed down on the trade routes between Termez and Sherabad. The wars of conquest carried out by the Bukhara rulers against the eastern regions also had a negative impact on the development of trade. There were almost no connections between the eastern and western regions of the Bukhara Emirate. The slowdown in the trade relations of the Eastern Bukhara Bekliks with the neighboring Kokan and Khiva was clearly visible [2].

The policy of centralization carried out during the reign of the Manghits had an effect on the normalization of the economy and the revival of trade. During this period, we can know from the movement of trade routes that the Beliks of the Surkhan oasis revived trade relations with cities such as Western Bukhara, especially Bukhara, Samarkand, Karshi, Shakhrisabz. The most important thing for trade is the condition of the roads and the abundance of the trade market. In fact, trade caravans from many countries of the world brought goods to Western Bukhara, especially Bukhara and Samarkand, and the demand for handicrafts made by the artisans of these cities directed the movement of oasis merchants in this direction. The internal trade routes in the Surkhan oasis are divided into land caravan routes and waterways according to their saltiness. In the 18th and 20th centuries, the main part of the land trade routes connecting the Surkhan oasis with the center of the Bukhara emirate passed through the plains, and a small part passed through the sand. Carts were considered the main means of transport in trade and commerce, and two-wheeled carts were mainly 480 kg used on the carriage roads of Central Asia [3]. trade economic socio-political

Discussion

Umbrella carts were used on the roads passing through the Surkhan oasis, and such carts were distinguished by the size of their wheels. The carts were called horse carts, camel carts, ox carts, mule carts, donkey carts, depending on the type of vehicle they were used for.

On trade routes between Central Asian khanates, working animals were replaced by horses and camels, and in some cases mules and donkeys were also used. Usually, each horse was tied with a kajava made of reeds, and 8 pounds (128 kg) was loaded on it. Camels were single- and doublehumped, and double-humped camels were used more often. 18-20 pounds were loaded on doublehumped camels, and 20-24 pounds on single-humped camels [4].

On the trade routes between the khans, protecting trade caravans from pirate attacks, and ending bandits were considered among the most important measures of state importance. In sources, the following posts are installed along the Termez-Samarkand route: Termez-Angor 2.5 stones, Shahabad 1.5 stones, Sherabad 1 stone, Laylagon 3 stones, Sairob 3 stones, Shorob 3 stones, Chak- chak 4.1 stone, Oqrabot 1.5 stones, Chashmai hafizon 2.5 stones, Tangi Khoram 3 stones, Joining 3.5 stones, Kaltaminor 3.5 stones, Yortepa 5 stones, between the road of Kaltaminor and Yortepa, a kibitka was built for the soldiers standing at the post. From Yortepa to Karabagh 2.5 stones, Chiraqi 2 stones, Shakhrisabz 3 stones, Kitab 1 stone, Kaynar 1 stone, Amonqo'ton 1.5 stones, Karatepa 1.5 stones, Samarkand 3 stones, Hisar-Samarkand direction: Hisar-Regar 4 stones, Sariosia 2 stones, Yurchi 1 stone, Denov 1 stone, Mirshodi 4 stones, Sarikamish 4 stones, Yaumchi-Rabot 2 stones, Darband 2 stones, thus posts were set up to Samarkand. The task of the soldiers at the post established in the territory of the Surkhan oasis was to protect the caravans traveling on the oasis roads from the attacks of nomadic Turkmen pirates.

Dozens of rabots, caravanserais, cisterns, and wells were built along the trade routes between Central Asian khanates. For example, the caravanserais located along the Beshqo'ton, Tashkent, Aktash, Karakamar roads played an important role in providing security and drinking water to merchants [5].

Caravanserai began to be built not only along trade routes, but also in large villages and cities, and their number increased. In the 60s of the 19th centuries, there were 5 caravansary in Denov, 3 in Sherabad, and 2 in Boysun. Each nation had its own caravansary, each caravan could hold 1,5002,000 camels, wholesale trade was carried out here, customs duties on imported goods and zakat is also said to be received here.

The hot and dry climatic conditions typical of the steppes and deserts of the Surkhan oasis required the presence of wells along the roads passing through these areas. The information of the Russian military spies of the 19th century about the many wells on the roads leading from Bukhara and Karshi to the Amudarya crossings, from Chorjoi to Marv is noteworthy. Their analysis shows that wells were dug in the area from 2-5 sazhen to 10-11 sazhen [4].

The cities of Boysun, Darband, Sherabad and Termez gained importance in the trade relations between the oasis and the Western Bukhara provinces. The most convenient way for the trade relations between the neighboring bekliks of the Surkhan oasis and the western Bukhara bekliks with Afghanistan and India was through the ridges of the Hisar mountain. In particular, there are roads passing through the south-western part, passed mainly through the cities of Boysun and Darband. This road, which has been formed since ancient times, has not lost its importance even in this period. Four roads passing through the Hisar Ranges are important. Two of these roads passed through the upper and lower parts of the oasis, through the Bobotog and Hisar ridges, and two went to Samarkand through the Kohitang mountain.

The first route is starting from the Qabadian crossing of Amudarya and passing through Okmachit, Turkhor, Hisar, Dushanbe, Khushyori, Kshtut, Varzikanda, Panjakent to Samarkand. This is the way 498 km organized.

The second road is from Pattakesar crossing to Samarkand via Salavat, Jarkurgan, Arpapoya, Kumkurgan, Denov, Sangardak, Pasrud, Surkhob, Kshtut, Vorzikandi, Panjikent. This road was 480 km long.

The third way is to Samarkand through Chochkaguzar Pass, Bishkoton, Sherabad, Laylogon, Darband, Kaltaminor, Yakkabog, Shakhrisabz, Amonkoton. Distance 310 км.

The fourth road is from Kelif to Samarkand via Khojaqishlaq, Kohitang, Abdulla Khanrabot, Beshbulok, Guzor, Karshi, Arabband, Jom, Saripul, Torariq. This road is more than 350 km [4].

In addition to these roads, there were also a number of roads connecting the Surkhan oasis with the neighboring hills.

These are Shakhrisabz -- Samand village -- Tashkurgan village -- Sarim sogli -- Sangardak village -- Dahana -- Yurchi city -- Denov city distance 179.1 km (169 versts);

Shahrisabz -- Chimkurgan village -- Yakkabog -- Tashkurgan-Bogcha village -- Saridog village -- Yurchi city distance 261.

8 km (26 stones); Shahrisabz-Chimkurgan village -- Yortepa-Kaltaminor-Karahavol -- Oqrabot-Darband city distance 135.6 km (128 versts);

the distance between Guzor-Koshelish village -- Tangikhoram village -- Chashmaihofizon village -- Oqrabot village-Darband city is 112.3 km (106 versts);

Qabadiyan-Boshchorbog village -- Chigatoy well -- Kakaydi village -- Kontogai -- Gubchak spring -- Kolkamish-Kofrun -- Boysun city distance 181.2 km (171 versts);

Denov-Yurchi -- Sarijoi -- Dashnovot village -- Regar city Karatog -- Hisar distance 110.2 km (104 versts) there are roads through which trade relations with the following products were carried out.

Sheep and goats were taken to Shakhrisabz and Samarkand for sale through the Topolang basin, and handicraft products were purchased from its markets. The horticultural products, in particular, Hovuz, Sina, Vakhshivorians brought raisins to Kolob and, in turn, bought olacha fabric from there, especially from Karatog. Merchants who came from Urgut in mid-October bought raisins grown in the Denov region and exchanged Russian cloths. Holva made by Boysun confectioners was sold in Guzor and Kelif markets, while silk and semi-silk alacha fabrics made by Boysun craftsmen had their customers in Samarkand, Tashkent and even in Afghanistan and India [4].

The Surkhan oasis had its place in the Bukhara Khanate in terms of agriculture and livestock production. If the main grain markets in the khanate are Bukhara and Karshi, then there are Guzor, Yurchi, Denov and Sherabad markets. The grain products grown in the oasis were transported to Karshi through the city of Boysun, and to Karki through the city of Sherabad. According to the data, 1000 camels of rice and wheat are sold to Karshi every year. sesame 15,000 pounds of agricultural products such as flax were shipped. Livestock products also had a special place in the trade relations of the Surkhan oasis with the neighboring provinces. Livestock collected from Eastern Bukhara was gathered in the Mirshodi market. Sheep and goats flocked to Mirshodi market to Boysun. then he was expelled to Guzor and Karshi. Every year, on average, 10,000-20,000 cattle were driven from the oasis [6].

Results

Local internal trade routes and trade have a special place in the economic life of the Surkhan oasis. Trade relations between the inhabitants of the mountain and mountain regions with the inhabitants of the plains were carried out at an active pace. Trade relations were organized mainly in the city centers, in densely populated areas, almost all internal markets of the oasis operated on two days of the week, and various agricultural, livestock and handicraft products were brought to these markets from neighboring villages and villages, and trade was often carried out by means of product exchange. increased. The biggest bazaars in Surkhan oasis were Termez, Sherabad, Denov and Boysun bazaars. In addition to these, there were markets of local importance, which served to satisfy the demand of the population for market products. The market in the mountainous village of Kohitang of the Sherabad region operates on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and people from the lands from Amudarya to Guzor come to this market to sell livestock and agricultural products and to buy handicrafts [7]. It is noteworthy that this market is still operating today. is distinguished by its specialization in the sale of livestock and agricultural products.

Most of the inhabitants of Surkhan oasis live in mountain and sub-mountain areas. They were mainly engaged in horticulture, fruit growing, animal husbandry and home crafts. Therefore, the people living in the mountains traded with the people living in the plains in order to sell and exchange the products grown by them. Denov, Yurchi, Dashnabad and Saryasia are considered big markets, and traders and farmers from different estates of the beg, but also from neighboring begs, come to these markets. cattle breeders came and did trade. The largest market in Beklik is the Denov market, which has about 100 small shops selling various trinkets and is open on Mondays and Thursdays of the week. In addition, three large palaces for storing products are located right inside the market. After the markets of Yurchi and Denov, Bukhara, Karshi, it was in the next place with the sale of grain products and having a large amount in stock. The mountain villagers of Beklik (Hovuz, Sina, Vakhshivor) took the grapes they grew to local nearby markets, and took dried grapes (raisins) to the markets of Qorliq, Denov, Yurchi , and in turn bought the products they needed from there, in particular, iron shovels from Boysun, i.e. agriculture, they bought the necessary labor tools for the household [4].

In addition, the inhabitants of the mountain people paid special attention to the purchase of cotton fiber. The reason is that during the long winter days, the mountain women spun cotton and wove it. For example, residents of Sangardak and Changloq bought and sold wet fruits such as walnuts, apples, and pears grown in their gardens to Sherabad market, the largest cotton fiber and kalava yarn market in Eastern Bukhara. They bought “blue nut” variety of cotton from this market. The merchants of Denov Bek went to Sherabad Bek via the following routes. It went to Sherabad through Kaptarkhana-Pastundara-Mirshodi, Tangimush-Bandikhon, Karmak-Gilambob- Kiziriqdala [6].

The people of Sangardak also sold apricots and apples in Yurchi and Pattakesar markets, pottery from Yurchi markets. They bought factory fabrics from Pattakesar.

The merchant who set out from Denov passed through the following villages to Pattakesar: from Denov to Olatemir 23 км (22 versts), is crossed from the beginning to the end by a bridge built in a simple style, 4-6 km long. There are ravines in km 14-17-22. they overflow during snowmelt. at other times it can be easily moved by cart. From Olatemir to Kumkurgan 35.5 km (33.5 versts).

From Kumkurgan to Arpapoya 17 km (16 versts), from Arpapoya to Zharkurgan 22 km (21 versts), these roads pass along the Surkhan river, sandy soil.

The Arpapoya-Zharkurgan road splits into two at 4 km, one along the hill near the Surkhan river. The second passes through the plain and joins in the village of Aqqorgon. From Zharkurgan to Salihabad 27.5 km (26 versts). Salihabad-Pattakesar is 9 km (8.5 versts) and is convenient for carts.

Boisun is the largest market in Boisun. Darband and Khojaipok markets. Boisun is one of the well-developed areas of handicraft farming and animal husbandry of the oasis. One of the most popular products in the domestic markets of the oasis is various yarn, silk, semi-silk, and woolen fabrics. Boisun is famous for its silk and semi-silk woven fabrics. they sold these fabrics in areas other than local markets. Agriculture by blacksmiths. Handicraft products for cattle breeding and household goods found their customers in the markets of the neighboring Belyk. One of the important branches of Boisun craft is confectionery. Holva prepared by confectioners was taken and sold to the villages and villages along the banks of Kichik Oridaryo and even Kohitang Darya. In Kohitang, halwa was exchanged for cotton [8].

The grapes, apricots, apples, and pears grown by the villagers of Boisun Mountain were sold to the nomads and semi-nomads who drove their livestock during the summer months. They tried to sell horticultural products wherever cotton is cheap. Sherabad, Kohitang, Denov markets were considered favorable for them. The caravan route between Boysun and Sherabad holds an important place not only in domestic trade, but also in foreign trade. It is not for nothing that this road is called the big caravan road. Although the Sherabad-Boisun caravan route is mountainous, there are no sharp ascents or descents. From Sherabad to the village of Laylogon 17 km (16 versts), this road goes along the right bank of the Sherabad river. First, the Nondahana Gorge begins, then it passes through the villages of Poshkhort, Khojaulkan, Gurjak, Kallamozor and reaches the village of Laylogon. 22 km (21 versts) from Laylogon to Gaza. After the village of Laylogon, the villages of Egarchi and Shodiboy come, followed by Chilonzor, Kuruksoy, Tomchi kamarsuv, Korkuduq water. Crossing the streams of Tashlikhsuv, it will go to the village of Gazan. From the village of Gazan to the city of Boisun 32 km (30 versts).

In Uzunaz, Tandasoy. Crossing the Munchak stream to the village of Munchach after that, crossing the Sutupa-Soy, it goes to the village of Khojabulgan. After that, crossing the Sherabad river. It crosses the road to Darband village in 21 km from the Todanasoy river, and in 22 km it crosses the road to Buloq village. At 29 km, climb a small pass and enter the city of Boisun. Residents and merchants of Boisun Bek went to Denov through the following routes. The first road is along the mountain. is the right and convenient way compared to the local conditions, red gas, Old lady. Ankadut. Passed through Dashtigoz and Choshtepa. In the last village, the road consists of low hills.

The Darband road was added to the road leading to the Boritakh ridge and Boysun in Choshtepa village. The second road passed from Boysun to Denov along the foot of the Qairokbel mountain, which is part of the Boysuntog massif. Khairaqbel road “Capricorn plays” named after. The name indicates that this route is quite difficult, with many steep climbs and descents. “Uloq oynar” road went through the Karlik gorge to the village of Karlik, which belongs to the Denov district [9]. In general, the trade relations of Boysun bek with Sherabad and Denov bek are passed through dozens of rural roads. By themselves, the inhabitants of these villages also actively participate in trade relations between the Beks.

Boysun market was held on Mondays and Thursdays of the week. According to the data collected by Russian researchers, after ripening, grain products could be purchased at the following prices: Tiramoi (autumn) -- 250 bushels of wheat from 3 rubles 20 kopecks to 4 rubles per bushel, lalmi -- 250 bushels of wheat from 3 rubles 76 kopecks -- 4 rubles to 70 kopecks per bushel, millet 2 from 80 kopecks to 3 rubles to 29 kopecks. Up to 5,000 bunches of clover: 3 rubles 50 kopecks per 100 bunches 4 ruble up to 11 kopecks, straw up to 800 poods from 20 kopecks to 23 kopecks per pood, 50 donkey firewood or -- 200 poods of firewood. firewood loaded on one donkey (4 pounds) was sold at prices from 30 kopecks to 35 kopecks. Since Beklik is a region with developed cattle breeding, a 5-year-old cow costs from 16 (18 rubles to 80 kopecks) rubles to 20 (23 rubles to 50 kopecks) rubles. Depending on their fatness, sheep could be bought at prices from 4 (from 4 rubles to 70 kopecks) to 8 (9 rubles to 40 kopecks) rubles, and horses from 26 (30 rubles to 55 kopecks) rubles to 40 (to 47 rubles) rubles. It was possible to sell 50 cows, 500 sheep, 20 horses during the month depending on the demand and needs of the buyers. In addition, merchants and other needy people had the opportunity to hire 50 camels for a daily rent from 80 kopecks to 94 kopecks, and 100 donkeys for a daily rent from 40 kopecks to 47 kopecks [9].

The largest and most crowded bazaars in the oasis are the markets of Sherabad. In particular, the Russian army and citizens are living in a large part of the country, as well as the increasing attention to trade relations between Eastern countries and Russia. In it, Sherabad, Termez, Pattakesar markets served as warehouses, and most importantly, the introduction of the railway network led to rapid growth of trade. This allowed these markets to be filled with products from different countries of the world, especially Russian factories. In Beklik, there were Khatak, Poshkhord, Zarabog, Kohitang, Jarkurgan, Kakaydi and Khojamalik markets in the centers of his property holdings. Pattakesar market is a very busy market, where it is possible to buy fabrics produced in factories from Russia at a very reasonable price. The city of Sherabad, which is considered the center of Beklik, is considered the largest market for selling grain products and cotton. Except for cotton grown in the oasis to this market. Cotton from Kelif was brought to this market for sale. The wine market was open on Sundays and Thursdays. The activities of this market were studied very carefully by Tsar officials. Every market is a harvest of wheat from 250 batons of each (autumn) type to 500 batons when the new crop is harvested, Each bushel of dry wheat is 3 rubles from 60 kopecks -- 4 rubles to 23 kopecks, each bushel of dry wheat is 2 rubles 80 from a kopeck-3 rubles up to 29 kopecks, cereal from 8 rubles to 9 rubles up to 15 batons ruble up to 40 kopecks, flour up to 25 batmans 3 rubles 80 made from kopecks, dry wheat 4 ruble 47 kopecks, tiramoi made of wheat 3 rubles 53 kopecks, barley 2 rubles per bushel up to 250 bushels rubles up to 35 kopecks, 3 per 100 garden alfalfa from ruble-3 A ruble was sold for 53 kopecks, and 4 pounds of straw were sold at prices from 20 to 23 kopecks.

In the summer months when new crops are harvested, it was possible to buy 20,000 bushels of wheat, 10,000 bushels of barley, and 1,000 bushels of rice groats (in October) in the whole Sherabad farm [9].

Firewood is also sold in the market. The people of Belik use wood as fuel. Firewood brought from the mountains by camel (12 pounds) is sold for 50 kopecks in summer, and from 60 to 70 kopecks in winter. It was possible to supply the market with 1.200 pounds or 100 camels of firewood if there was a demand. Firewood was brought to Termiz, one of the major centers of Sherabad province, mainly from Kurgantepa, Qabadiyan provinces and Jhiliko`l estates using boats. Daily necessities are sold at the Sherabad market at the following prices:

Green tea 1 pound from 1 ruble 40 kopecks to 1 ruble 65 kopecks. Up to 6 pounds of tea can be purchased per market.

Salt bottle from 40 kopecks to 47 kopecks. Up to 15 batons of salt can be sold.

Onion pods from 25 kopecks to 30 kopecks. Sold up to 4 poods.

A bar of soap from 4 rubles 60 kopecks to 5 rubles 40 kopecks. Up to 4 poods can be sold.

A pack of local tobacco costs from 1 ruble to 60 kopecks to 1 ruble to 88 kopecks. A few pounds can be sold on market days.

Beef pood from 1 ruble to 60 kopecks to 1 ruble to 88 kopecks, mutton pood from 2 rubles to 2 rubles to 35 kopecks, beef fat (tail) from 4 rubles to 4 rubles to 70 kopecks. On market days in autumn, meat was sold for up to 8 poods, and tails for 1 pood.

Most of the population of Sherabad lives in the mountain and sub-mountain areas, and cattle breeding is an important branch of the economy. raised cattle and brought them to the market, therefore, it was a large cattle market where cattle were sold at the following prices : 5-year-old cattle from 12 (from 14 rubles to 10 kopecks) rubles to 20 (23 rubles to 50 kopecks) rubles, sheep from 4 (4 rubles from 70 kopecks) from ruble-6 (7 rubles to 5 kopecks) to rubles, horse 30 (35 rub up to 25 kopecks)-40 (up to 47 rubles) up to rubles, camel 40 (from 47 rubles) 60 rubles (70 rubles up to 50 kopecks) valued up to rubles. 10 cows every market day, from 150 to 200 sheep were sold. 100 per month based on customer demand cows, 5,000 sheep, up to 100 horses and camels could be sold.

Camels were mainly used for transporting heavy goods in Sherabad region. Up to 1,000 camels could be hired in winter months, and up to 500 at other times. Camels can be rented for months and a certain price is fixed for them. The daily rent for a camel carrying 16 pounds is from 80 kopecks to 94 kopecks. The following prices are set for the transportation of heavy cargo or grain products: to the city of Guzor from 2 rubles 60 kopecks to 3 rubles 5 kopecks [7].

To go from Sherabad to Guzor, first of all, through Ravotok to Akkurgan. The caravan went to Darband through Bandikhon-Kolkamish and Boysun [10] and from Darband to the village of Oqrabot, the village of Chashmaihofizan, the village of Tangikhoram, the village of Koishlish, and from there to the city of Guzor [9].

The fare from Sherabad to Chuchkaguzar crossing is from 1 ruble 60 kopecks to 1 ruble 88 kopecks [9]. It is known that Chochkaguzar crossing is important in trade relations with Northern Afghanistan. Because of this, the movement of caravans from the Sherabad market to Chochkaguzar crossing was non-stop. The Sherabad-Chochkaguzar caravan road is an extremely convenient road, and along the entire road there is a village of Beshkoton with 50 households [10].

So, the agriculture of the oasis was cultivated by the local population in the neighboring areas and internal trade relations. animal husbandry and craft products took the leading place. In the markets, mainly the most important products necessary for the daily life of the people were sold for cash and often by barter. Barter played an important role in the sale and purchase of products.

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