Ethical Behavior of Small Business in Russia: Problems of Regulation and Self-regulation
Consideration of issues of business ethics and their consideration by researchers, managers and public figures of the country. Ethical assessment and reputation, their role in concluding transactions, choosing business partners, and applying sanctions.
| Рубрика | Этика и эстетика |
| Вид | дипломная работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 28.11.2019 |
| Размер файла | 56,4 K |
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3. Forming industry associations of firms that will jointly take action to abandon unethical practicesis found to be a highly effective method by female respondents.
4. Closer interaction between small businesses and regulatory authoritiesis found to be a highly effective method by female respondents.
5. Use of incentive systems for ethical behavior,positive rewards for desirable behavior and negative rewards for undesirable behaviors is found to be a highly effective method by female respondents and moderately effective by respondents with higher income.
6. Use of ethical provisions and norms is found to be a highly effective method by female respondents and fairly effective by respondents with less business experience.
7. Involvement of an outside observeris found to be a highly effective method by older respondents, moderately effective by female respondents, and fairly effective by respondents with less business experience.
Discussions and conclusions
Small business is an integral element of any developed economic system, without which the economy cannot develop effectively. The development of small business is plays an important part in solving the socio-economic problems of municipalities. The development of small business can be one of the sources that will cause real restructuring of the Russian economy. In addition, small business form the middle class - the basis of the efficient national economy. Stimulation of entrepreneurial activity, development of small business should become a tool for achieving national goals - diversification of the Russian economy and development of its innovative potential. Small business is, on the one hand, a tool for solving the social problems of the country, as it provides the population with jobs, increases the employment of socially vulnerable segments of society - young people, women, pensioners, and on the other - an effective way to develop and implement innovations.
Business ethics in Russia is a newly formed concept. It can be defined as the application of moral principles to business situations. The study of this area of knowledge is a complex process, because the historical situation in our country dictates not only political changes, but also the behavior of entrepreneurs. When making an ethical decisions, Russian small business owners and managers are often guided not by the legislation, personal moral values or the corporate code of the company, but by the desire and opportunity to survive in the business environment, where they stand at the junction of a corrupt bureaucracy and a complex system of unobserved codes of laws and rules. That is why these days the issue of business ethics for small businesses is so acute in Russia.
This researched aimed to study the current state of business ethics in small businesses in Russia as well as theethical dilemmas they face.
Limitations and future research
Every research has its own limitations that may influence the whole generalization of the results and findings. The most crucial limitations of this study are discussed in this chapter.
To begin with, this research was conducted in Saint Petersburg, Russia, which means that the findingsof the study are applicable mostly for the small businesses located in Russia, Saint Petersburg.There is no guarantee that the results of this research will be applicable for other countries, regions, cities.
Secondly, the respondents' answers could be distorted due to the presence of the interviewer. However, the chosen respondents were appropriate, since they were proved to have vast experience of conducting business and dealing with ethical dilemmas. They were also able to understand the questions and discuss what influences their ethical decision making.
Thirdly, this study focused on the ethical dilemmas of small businesses that were proved to exist - their discussion can be found the literature review. It is recognized that the number of dilemmas can be much larger and the discussed one may not represent all possible dilemmas that are faced by owners small businesses and their managers in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Fourthly, this research focused on a limited number of independent variables. It should be understood that ethical behavior of businesses is something that is very complex and demands studying.
Regarding the future studies, there is a number of topics researching which contribution to creating a broader picture of the current state of business ethics in small enterprises in Russia may be achieved:
· influence of cultural characteristics on business ethics of small businesses in Russia;
· portrait of the supporters and critics of socially responsible behavior ofsmall businesses in Russia;
· socially responsible behavior and business ethics practices of small businessesin Russia;
· instruments of state that regulate and encourage ethical business behavior of small businesses in Russia;
· socio-professional status and a portrait of a socially responsible small business in Russia.
Research in these areas, both qualitative and quantitative, can stimulate scientific discussion and accumulate knowledge regarding the state of business ethics and socially responsible behavior of small businesses in Russia.
Theoretical contribution and managerial implications
This study, conducted on the basis of10 personal semi-structured interviews and 68 responses from owners and managers of small Russian enterprises located in Saint Petersburg, allows to draw a number of conclusions about the current state of business ethics in Russia.
The results of the study can be used in further researches concerningbusiness ethics and small business in Russia. This study also may help thoseindividuals who areplanning to start own business and wish to understand the current state of business ethics in Russia, so they would know what difficulties they might face.
First of all, in the result of the interviews' analysis it was figured out that the understanding of specific professional terms used to characterize the interaction between business and society, such as "social responsibility " and "business ethics" differs from person to person. Most of the respondents see "business ethics" as rules that are aimed to help with conducting business activities, communicating with customers, employees, subordinates and the authorities. Regarding social responsibility policies, most of the respondents see them as useful, but do not conduct them systematically.Overall, they see it as a good practicebecause of the benefits it provides.
Secondly, the results of the interviews suggest the most common dilemma faced by the small businesses concerns the relations with the authorities/government. However, it was fond that entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers are well-informed about the sanctions that follow if the norms of the business environment were violated within the framework of the criminal and administrative code, the tax code and antitrust legislation.
Thirdly, the identified motives for socially responsible and ethical behavior are rational - businessmen consciously follow the principles and norms of ethical and responsible behavior in an effort to realize the business goals of their company. The main motives for ethical business behavior lies in concern for stakeholders and the need to comply with the law.
Fourthly, it was found that small businesses do not involve specialists in ethics control to evaluate whether the made decisions are ethical. This action is usually by the decision maker himself. It is believed that the problem of ethical dilemmas can be solved if small businesses and the government start to cooperate more closely.
Overall, the interviews showed that more and more business people start recognizing the value of ethical behavior and have good reasons to start practicing it.
Regarding the results of the quantitative part of the research, it was found that the male respondents frequently face such dilemmas as corruption and bribery, fraud, piracy and counterfeiting practices, seeking unethical schemes to access low-quality goods at lower prices, tax evasion, soliciting or offering kickbacks, lying to stakeholders. Respondents with higher income frequently face such dilemmas as corruption and bribery, piracy and counterfeiting practices, tax evasion, soliciting or offering kickbacks, lying to stakeholders. Respondents with less business experience frequently facesuch dilemmas as piracy and counterfeiting practices and lying to stakeholders. Thus, people who are planning to start own business should pay attention to these dilemmas, since there is a high possibility that they will have to face them too.
In addition, here is the list of unethical practices that werefound to be harmful:
1. Highly harmful in opinion of female respondents: providing benefits to someone in business or government to obtain an inappropriate market, workplace or economic advantage, tax evasion, padding expense accounts, seeking reimbursement for questionable or non-existent business expenses, coercion or intimidation, discrimination, harassment, cover-ups are found to be highly harmful by female respondents, lying to stakeholders. However, there are more unethical business practices that were found to be harmful by female respondents. Male respondents were more restrained in expressing their indignation regarding this question.
2. Younger respondents consider fraud and soliciting or offering kickbacks to befairly harmful and moderately harmful respectively.
3. Price fixing is found to befairly harmful by respondents with higher income.
4. Providing benefits to someone in business or government to obtain an inappropriate market, workplace or economic advantage is found to be highly harmful by female respondents, fairly harmful by respondents with lower income.
Regarding the methods that were found to beeffective by the respondents, for some reason female respondents found all of them to be highly effective and only one method, involving a third party inspector in evaluating how ethical is the decision made, was found to be moderately effective by them. Male respondents seem to be much more skeptical about fighting unethical behavior in Russia. Young respondents believe that stricter regulation by the state and involvement of an outside observer are highly effective methods to fight unethical behavior. People with less business experience suggest that stricter regulation by the state is the most effective method, while use of ethical provisions and norms (such as ethical code) and involvement of an outside observer are moderately effective. Respondents with higher income see use of incentive systems for ethical behavior,positive rewards for desirable behavior and negative rewards for undesirable behaviors as a moderately effective way to fight unethical decision making.
Thus, this study managed to answer three important questions: 1) What are the most common ethical dilemmas faced by Russian small businesses (in Saint Petersburg)? 2) What are the most harmful unethical practices in the opinion of Russian small businesses (in Saint Petersburg)? 3) What are the most effective ways to fight unethical business behavior in the of Russian small businesses (in Saint Petersburg)?
These findings should help future studies to dig the issue of business ethics further and provide scientific community with a broader picture the current state of business ethics in small businesses in Russia.
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Appendix 1.
Semi-structure dinter viewguideline
Здравствуйте, меня зовут Владислав. Я студент НИУ ВШЭ, и сейчас я провожу исследование, с целью выявления актуальных этических проблем, с которыми сталкивается малый бизнес. Согласны ли вы пройти опрос? Он займет около 15-20 минут. Скажите, пожалуйста, являетесь ли вы индивидуальным предпринимателем/собственником/директором малого предприятия? Вся информация, полученная в ходе интервью, является конфиденциальной и будет использована исключительно для данного исследования.
Основной блок:
1. Как вы понимаете термин "этика бизнеса"?
2. С какими этическими дилеммами вам приходилось сталкиваться при ведении бизнеса (как на начальном этапе, так и в ходе дальнейшей деятельности)?
3. Какие мотивы, на ваш взгляд, должны лежать в основе ведения этичного бизнеса?
4. Как вы оцениваете свою информированность о сферах регулирования этики бизнеса со стороны государства и санкциях за неэтичное поведение?
5. Кто на вашем предприятии отвечает за принятие этичных решений?
6. Какие инициативы по этике и социальной ответственности бизнеса вы предпринимали?
7. Какие методы, на ваш взгляд, эффективны в борьбе с неэтичным поведением?
8. Какими Вам представляются перспективы развития бизнес этики в России?
Демографический блок:
1. Укажите ваш пол: Мужской, Женский
2. Ваш возраст? 18-25/26-35/36-45/46-60/61 и старше
3. Как долго Вы занимаетесь бизнесом? Менее 5 лет/от 5 до 10 лет/от 11 до 20 лет/более 20 лет
4. Уровень Вашего дохода: Менее 30 тыс. руб/от 30 до 60 тыс. руб/от 60 до 120 тыс. руб/от 120 до 200 тыс.руб/от 200 до 400 тыс. руб/Более 400 тыс. руб.
5. К какому виду экономической деятельности относится Ваше предприятие? Производство/Строительство/Оптовая торговля/Розничная торговля/Транспорт, доставка грузов/Услуги населению (прачечная, химчистка, парикмахерская, салон красоты и т.п.)/Ремонтная мастерская (автосервис, фотоателье и т.п.)/Услуги для бизнеса и профессиональные услуги (юридическая консультация, рекламное агентство, дизайн-студия, туристическое агентство и т.п.)/Общественное питание/Другое
Translated version:
Hello, my name is Vladislav. I am a student at HSE, and now I am conducting a study to identify current ethical problems faced by small businesses. Do you agree to take the survey? It will take about 15-20 minutes. Please tell me if you are an individual entrepreneur/owner/Director of a small business? All information obtained during the interview is confidential and will be used exclusively for this research.
Main block:
1. How do you understand the term "business ethics"?
2. What ethical dilemmas have you faced in doing business (both at the initial stage and in the course of further activities)?
3. What motives, in your opinion, should be the basis of ethical business?
4. How do you assess your awareness of the areas of regulation of business ethics by the state and sanctions for unethical behavior?
5. Who in your company is responsible for making ethical decisions?
6. What initiatives have you taken on business ethics and social responsibility?
7. What methods, in your opinion, are effective in the fight against unethical behavior?
8. What are the prospects for the development of business ethics in Russia?
The demographic block:
1. Specify your gender: Male, Female
2. What is your age? 18-25/26-35/36-45/46-60/61 and older
3. How long have you been in business? Less than 5 years/5 to 10 years/11 to 20 years/more than 20 years
4. Your income level: Less than 30 thousand rubles/from 30 to 60 thousand rubles/from 60 to 120 thousand rubles/from 120 to 200 thousand rubles/from 200 to 400 thousand rubles/More than 400 thousand rubles.
5. What kind of economic activity is Your company? Production/Construction/Wholesale/Retail trade/Transport, delivery of goods/Services to the population (Laundry, dry cleaning, hairdresser, beauty salon, etc.)/Repair shop (car service, photo studio, etc.)/Services for businesses and professional services (legal advice, advertising agency, design studio, travel agency, etc.)/Catering/Other
Appendix 2.
Onlinesurvey
Анонимный опрос для владельцев и руководителей предприятий малого бизнеса на территории Санкт-Петербурга. Целью опроса является выявление актуальных этических проблем для малого бизнеса в России.
1. Являетесь ли вы индивидуальным предпринимателем/собственником/директором малого предприятия? Да/Нет
Оцените по шкале от 1 до 5, насколько часто Вам приходилось сталкиваться со следующими этическими дилеммами, где 1 - никогда, 2 - очень редко, 3 - иногда, 4 - часто, 5 - очень часто:
1. Предоставление льгот представителям бизнеса или правительства для получения входа на рынок, рабочего места или экономического преимущества.
2. Коррупция и взяточничество.
3. Мошенничество.
4. Пиратство и контрафактная деятельность.
5. Поиск неэтичных схем доступа к некачественным товарам по более низким ценам.
6. Уклонение от налогообложения.
7. Фальсификация расходов, пополнение счетов расходов, компенсирование сомнительных или несуществующих коммерческих расходов.
8. Кража, присвоение коммерческой собственности или материалов для личного пользования, злоупотребление ресурсами компании.
9. Вымогательство или предложение откатов.
10. Картельный сговор.
11. Принуждение или запугивание, дискриминация, преследование, укрывательство.
12. Оскорбительное поведение по отношению к сотрудникам, лживое отношение к ним, нарушение конфиденциальности сотрудников, злоупотребление их личным вознаграждением.
13. Ложь заинтересованным лицам.
Оцените по шкале от 1 до 5, насколько, на Ваш взгляд, вредны эти неэтичные практики (и насколько важно от них отказаться):
1. Предоставление льгот представителям бизнеса или правительства для получения входа на рынок, рабочего места или экономического преимущества.
2. Коррупция и взяточничество.
3. Мошенничество.
4. Пиратство и контрафактная деятельность.
5. Поиск неэтичных схем доступа к некачественным товарам по более низким ценам.
6. Уклонение от налогообложения.
7. Фальсификация расходов, пополнение счетов расходов, компенсирование сомнительных или несуществующих коммерческих расходов.
8. Кража, присвоение коммерческой собственности или материалов для личного пользования, злоупотребление ресурсами компании.
9. Вымогательство или предложение откатов.
10. Картельный сговор.
11. Принуждение или запугивание, дискриминация, преследование, укрывательство.
12. Оскорбительное поведение по отношению к сотрудникам, лживое отношение к ним, нарушение конфиденциальности сотрудников, злоупотребление их личным вознаграждением.
13. Ложь заинтересованным лицам.
Выберите, какие из следующих методов, на Ваш взгляд, будут эффективны в борьбе с неэтичным поведением (или предложите свой вариант):
1) Обучающие курсы для малого бизнеса.
2) Более строгое регулирование со стороны государства.
3) Через отраслевые объединения фирм, которые будут совместно предпринимать действия по отказу от неэтичных практик.
4) Более тесное взаимодействие представителей малого бизнеса и контролирующих органов.
5) Использование систем стимулирования этичного поведения (поощрения за этичное поведение и санкции за нежелательное поведение).
6) Использование этических положений и норм (например, внедрение кодекса поведения).
7) Привлечение стороннего наблюдателя (например, привлечение инспекторов, которые будут наблюдать за этичностью принимаемых решений).
Демографический блок:
6. Укажите ваш пол: Мужской, Женский
7. Ваш возраст? 18-25/26-35/36-45/46-60/61 и старше
8. Как долго Вы занимаетесь бизнесом? Менее 5 лет/от 5 до 10 лет/от 11 до 20 лет/более 20 лет
9. Уровень Вашего дохода: Менее 30 тыс. руб/от 30 до 60 тыс. руб/от 60 до 120 тыс. руб/от 120 до 200 тыс.руб/от 200 до 400 тыс. руб/Более 400 тыс. руб.
10. К какому виду экономической деятельности относится Ваше предприятие? Производство/Строительство/Оптовая торговля/Розничная торговля/Транспорт, доставка грузов/Услуги населению (прачечная, химчистка, парикмахерская, салон красоты и т.п.)/Ремонтная мастерская (автосервис, фотоателье и т.п.)/Услуги для бизнеса и профессиональные услуги (юридическая консультация, рекламное агентство, дизайн-студия, туристическое агентство и т.п.)/Общественное питание/Другое
Translated version:
Anonymous survey for owners and managers of small businesses in St. Petersburg. The purpose of the survey is the actual ethical problems for small businesses in Russia.
1. Are you an individual entrepreneur/owner/director of a small enterprise? Yes/No
Rate on a scale from 1 to 5, how often have You had to deal with the following ethical dilemmas, where 1 - never, 2 - rarely, 3 - sometimes, 4 - often, 5 - very often:
1. Providing benefits to someone in business or government to obtain an inappropriate market, workplace or economic advantage.
2. Corruption and bribery.
3. Fraud.
4. Piracy and counterfeiting practices.
5. Seeking unethical schemes to access low-quality goods at lower prices.
6. Tax evasion.
7. Padding expense accounts, seeking reimbursement for questionable or non-existent business expenses.
8. Theft, misappropriation of commercial property or materials for personal use, abuse of company resources
9. Soliciting or offering kickbacks.
10. Price fixing.
11. Coercion or intimidation, discrimination, harassment, cover-ups.
12. Abusive behavior towards employees, lying to employees, employee benefit abuse, employee privacy violation.
13. Lying to stakeholders.
On a scale of 1-5, rate how harmful you think these unethical practices are (and how important it is to give them up):
1. Providing benefits to someone in business or government to obtain an inappropriate market, workplace or economic advantage.
2. Corruption and bribery.
3. Fraud.
4. Piracy and counterfeiting practices.
5. Seeking unethical schemes to access low-quality goods at lower prices.
6. Tax evasion.
7. Padding expense accounts, seeking reimbursement for questionable or non-existent business expenses.
8. Theft, misappropriation of commercial property or materials for personal use, abuse of company resources
9. Soliciting or offering kickbacks.
10. Price fixing.
11. Coercion or intimidation, discrimination, harassment, cover-ups.
12. Abusive behavior towards employees, lying to employees, employee benefit abuse, employee privacy violation.
13. Lying to stakeholders.
Choose which of the following methods you think will be effective in fighting unethical behavior (or suggest your own):
1) Training courses for small businesses.
2) Stricter regulation by the state.
3) Forming industry associations of firms that will jointly take action to abandon unethical practices.
4) Closer interaction between small businesses and regulatory authorities.
5) Use of incentive systems for ethical behavior,positive rewards for desirable behavior and negative rewards for undesirable behaviors.
6) Use of ethical provisions and norms (e.g. implementation of a code of conduct).
7) Involvement of an outside observer (for example, the involvement of inspectors who will monitor the ethics of decisions).
The demographic block:
1. Specify your gender: Male, Female
2. What is your age? 18-25/26-35/36-45/46-60/61 and older
3. How long have you been in business? Less than 5 years/5 to 10 years/11 to 20 years/more than 20 years
4. Your income level: Less than 30 thousand rubles/from 30 to 60 thousand rubles/from 60 to 120 thousand rubles/from 120 to 200 thousand rubles/from 200 to 400 thousand rubles/More than 400 thousand rubles.
5. What kind of economic activity is Your company? Production/Construction/Wholesale/Retail trade/Transport, delivery of goods/Services to the population (Laundry, dry cleaning, hairdresser, beauty salon, etc.)/Repair shop (car service, photo studio, etc.)/Services for businesses and professional services (legal advice, advertising agency, design studio, travel agency, etc.)/Catering/Other
Appendix 3.
Multiple linear regression forthe frequency of the dilemmas
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
(12) |
(13) |
||
|
VARIABLES |
Benefits |
Corruption |
Fraud |
Piracy |
Scheming |
Taxevasion |
Expenses |
Theft |
Kickbacks |
Pricefixing |
Intimidation |
Employees |
Stakeholders |
|
|
Gender |
0.370 |
0.543* |
0.657** |
1.008*** |
0.826** |
0.663** |
0.287 |
-0.138 |
0.638** |
0.135 |
0.073 |
0.218 |
0.597** |
|
|
(0.288) |
(0.315) |
(0.287) |
(0.289) |
(0.390) |
(0.313) |
(0.315) |
(0.317) |
(0.318) |
(0.299) |
(0.169) |
(0.273) |
(0.290) |
||
|
Age |
0.065 |
0.246 |
0.152 |
-0.042 |
0.212 |
-0.232 |
-0.010 |
0.031 |
0.550*** |
0.158 |
0.071 |
0.001 |
0.005 |
|
|
(0.179) |
(0.195) |
(0.178) |
(0.179) |
(0.242) |
(0.194) |
(0.196) |
(0.197) |
(0.197) |
(0.186) |
(0.105) |
(0.170) |
(0.180) |
||
|
Experience |
-0.340 |
-0.408 |
-0.346 |
-0.505* |
-0.231 |
0.013 |
0.104 |
-0.182 |
-0.429 |
-0.052 |
-0.051 |
-0.130 |
-0.482* |
|
|
(0.275) |
(0.300) |
(0.274) |
(0.275) |
(0.371) |
(0.298) |
(0.301) |
(0.302) |
(0.303) |
(0.285) |
(0.161) |
(0.260) |
(0.277) |
||
|
Income |
0.237 |
0.602*** |
0.212 |
0.517*** |
0.172 |
0.377* |
0.182 |
0.026 |
0.457** |
-0.002 |
0.159 |
0.126 |
0.514*** |
|
|
(0.189) |
(0.206) |
(0.188) |
(0.189) |
(0.255) |
(0.205) |
(0.206) |
(0.208) |
(0.208) |
(0.196) |
(0.111) |
(0.179) |
(0.190) |
||
|
Constant |
1.065** |
0.772 |
0.971** |
0.659 |
1.333** |
2.657*** |
1.323*** |
1.947*** |
-0.262 |
1.472*** |
0.751*** |
1.798*** |
1.083** |
|
|
(0.424) |
(0.463) |
(0.423) |
(0.425) |
(0.573) |
(0.461) |
(0.464) |
(0.467) |
(0.468) |
(0.440) |
(0.249) |
(0.402) |
(0.427) |
||
|
Observations |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
|
|
R-squared |
0.063 |
0.263 |
0.120 |
0.263 |
0.099 |
0.142 |
0.064 |
0.012 |
0.325 |
0.020 |
0.099 |
0.021 |
0.176 |
|
|
Standarderrorsinparentheses |
||||||||||||||
|
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 |
Appendix 4.
Multiple linear regression forthe harmfulness of the dilemmas and the importance to give them up
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
(12) |
(13) |
||
|
VARIABLES |
Benefits |
Corruption |
Fraud |
Piracy |
Scheming |
Taxevasion |
Expenses |
Theft |
Kickbacks |
Pricefixing |
Intimidation |
Employees |
Stakeholders |
|
|
Gender |
-1.436*** |
-0.430 |
-0.152 |
-0.264 |
-0.862** |
-1.530*** |
-1.517*** |
-0.726** |
-0.345 |
-0.489 |
-0.872*** |
-0.779** |
-1.320*** |
|
|
(0.330) |
(0.303) |
(0.217) |
(0.286) |
(0.328) |
(0.320) |
(0.362) |
(0.346) |
(0.234) |
(0.327) |
(0.262) |
(0.348) |
(0.327) |
||
|
Age |
0.514** |
-0.049 |
-0.242* |
-0.104 |
-0.140 |
0.177 |
0.145 |
-0.191 |
-0.309** |
0.019 |
-0.230 |
0.016 |
0.100 |
|
|
(0.205) |
(0.188) |
(0.135) |
(0.178) |
(0.204) |
(0.199) |
(0.224) |
(0.215) |
(0.146) |
(0.203) |
(0.163) |
(0.216) |
(0.203) |
||
|
Experience |
0.008 |
-0.002 |
0.510** |
0.597** |
0.023 |
-0.392 |
-0.423 |
0.358 |
0.313 |
0.203 |
0.108 |
0.007 |
-0.009 |
|
|
(0.314) |
(0.289) |
(0.207) |
(0.273) |
(0.312) |
(0.305) |
(0.344) |
(0.330) |
(0.223) |
(0.312) |
(0.250) |
(0.332) |
(0.312) |
||
|
Income |
-0.431* |
-0.196 |
-0.191 |
-0.140 |
-0.146 |
0.120 |
0.129 |
-0.061 |
-0.070 |
0.381* |
-0.168 |
-0.010 |
-0.013 |
|
|
(0.216) |
(0.198) |
(0.142) |
(0.187) |
(0.215) |
(0.209) |
(0.237) |
(0.227) |
(0.153) |
(0.214) |
(0.172) |
(0.228) |
(0.214) |
||
|
Constant |
4.507*** |
5.206*** |
5.279*** |
4.435*** |
5.132*** |
3.913*** |
4.026*** |
4.853*** |
5.180*** |
3.009*** |
5.705*** |
4.467*** |
4.333*** |
|
|
(0.486) |
(0.446) |
(0.319) |
(0.421) |
(0.483) |
(0.471) |
(0.532) |
(0.510) |
(0.345) |
(0.481) |
(0.386) |
(0.512) |
(0.482) |
||
|
Observations |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
|
|
R-squared |
0.321 |
0.082 |
0.112 |
0.109 |
0.142 |
0.278 |
0.229 |
0.091 |
0.113 |
0.212 |
0.232 |
0.076 |
0.215 |
|
|
Standarderrorsinparentheses |
||||||||||||||
|
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 |
Appendix 5.
Multiple linear regression forthe methods to fight unethical behavior
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
||
|
VARIABLES |
Courses |
Regulation |
Associations |
Interaction |
Incentives |
Ethicalcode |
Inspector |
|
|
Gender |
-1.807*** |
-1.062*** |
-1.462*** |
-1.216*** |
-0.967*** |
-1.796*** |
-0.723** |
|
|
(0.327) |
(0.341) |
(0.343) |
(0.373) |
(0.348) |
(0.300) |
(0.358) |
||
|
Age |
0.217 |
0.912*** |
-0.115 |
0.016 |
-0.360 |
0.035 |
0.687*** |
|
|
(0.203) |
(0.211) |
(0.213) |
(0.232) |
(0.216) |
(0.186) |
(0.222) |
||
|
Experience |
-0.436 |
-0.910*** |
-0.101 |
-0.369 |
-0.332 |
-0.483* |
-0.677* |
|
|
(0.312) |
(0.324) |
(0.327) |
(0.355) |
(0.331) |
(0.286) |
(0.341) |
||
|
Income |
-0.143 |
-0.016 |
0.006 |
0.134 |
0.475** |
0.172 |
0.103 |
|
|
(0.214) |
(0.223) |
(0.224) |
(0.244) |
(0.227) |
(0.196) |
(0.234) |
||
|
Constant |
4.209*** |
2.646*** |
4.720*** |
4.490*** |
3.246*** |
3.746*** |
2.171*** |
|
|
(0.482) |
(0.501) |
(0.505) |
(0.549) |
(0.512) |
(0.441) |
(0.527) |
||
|
Observations |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
|
|
R-squared |
0.368 |
0.316 |
0.240 |
0.157 |
0.178 |
0.380 |
0.190 |
|
|
Standarderrorsinparentheses |
||||||||
|
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 |
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