Comparative analysis of tax regimes of international financial centres

Components of international financial centre regime. Classifications of international financial centres. Tax policy significance and its implications for Russia. Analysis of a relationship between a tax regime and FDI. Macroeconomic stability analysis.

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Язык английский
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Appendix

Appendix 1 Data for Regression Analysis, Singapore

Year

FDI

FDI as (%) of capital stock

CIT (%)

Interest rate

Credit by banking system*

Net external debt*

ECIT (%)

Capital stock

1997

21,33

2,64%

26,00

3,41

93,74

0

n/a

809

1998

7,97

0,92%

26,00

4,1

96,47

0

n/a

869

1999

24,68

2,68%

26,00

1,72

107,93

0

n/a

920

2000

19,65

2,01%

26,00

1,68

102,71

0

n/a

978

2001

20,94

2,04%

25,50

1,7

96,05

0

n/a

1 025

2002

7,46

0,71%

24,50

1,02

115,02

0

n/a

1 058

2003

20,21

1,86%

22,00

0,78

102,02

0

n/a

1 085

2004

28,16

2,52%

22,00

0,4

104,78

504,56

0,18

1 119

2005

21,57

1,87%

20,00

0,41

95,73

484,87

0,18

1 151

2006

42,32

3,56%

20,00

0,56

89,22

480,28

0,17

1 190

2007

49,78

4,02%

20,00

0,57

84,29

451,14

0,17

1 240

2008

13,77

1,06%

18,00

0,51

85,35

487,65

0,15

1 296

2009

23,82

1,76%

18,00

0,39

97,86

496,45

0,15

1 355

2010

55,32

3,89%

17,00

0,25

96,86

447,93

0,14

1 420

2011

47,65

3,20%

17,00

0,19

94,86

417,01

0,14

1 487

2012

52,53

3,36%

17,00

0,14

104,70

424,26

0,14

1 561

2013

60,27

3,68%

17,00

0,14

112,97

413,44

0,13

1 639

2014

61,90

3,62%

17,00

0,14

124,07

436,02

0,13

1 711

2015

65,62

3,68%

17,00

0,14

128,13

446,06

0,13

1 782

2016

66,83

3,62%

17,00

0,18

122,42

429,13

0,12

1 846

2017

84,34

4,43%

17,00

0,19

124,10

436,54

0,12

1 904

2018

71,24

n/a

17,00

0,14

122,72

419,79

0,11

n/a

Note: all numbers are billions of US$, 2010 prices; unless stated % or * (% of GDP)

Appendix 2 Data for Regression Analysis, Hong Kong

Year

FDI

FDI as (%) of capital stock

CIT (%)

Interest rate

Credit by banking system*

Net external debt*

Capital stock

1997

9,56

0,87%

16,5

4,64

156,67

24,2

1 095,60

1998

11,47

1,00%

16,5

5,98

169,28

23,3

1 149,99

1999

21,80

1,84%

16

6,62

166,80

21

1 184,53

2000

63,00

5,15%

16

4,50

152,79

24

1 224,35

2001

28,49

2,26%

16

4,80

150,35

25

1 262,90

2002

6,37

0,49%

16

2,38

148,98

25,1

1 293,40

2003

18,60

1,41%

16

0,35

145,71

25,62

1 323,79

2004

23,05

1,70%

17,5

0,07

146,23

27,01

1 355,08

2005

42,56

3,07%

17,5

0,03

144,76

30,48

1 387,12

2006

46,84

3,29%

17,5

1,26

143,13

31,86

1 423,50

2007

63,12

4,33%

17,5

2,70

136,80

31,04

1 458,24

2008

67,11

4,50%

16,5

2,42

136,68

30,81

1 490,42

2009

54,31

3,58%

16,5

0,45

148,46

28,74

1 516,55

2010

82,70

5,34%

16,5

0,01

154,78

31,18

1 547,59

2011

92,70

5,85%

16,5

0,01

177,12

35,47

1 584,20

2012

69,48

4,28%

16,5

0,01

185,51

34,82

1 625,02

2013

70,06

4,21%

16,5

0,01

190,32

34,19

1 662,91

2014

115,04

6,78%

16,5

0,01

204,09

33,84

1 696,89

2015

154,72

8,96%

16,5

0,01

214,13

32

1 726,97

2016

112,19

6,39%

16,5

0,01

208,78

37

1 756,60

2017

103,21

5,77%

16,5

0,01

214,30

38,4

1 789,14

2018

68,89

n/a

16,5

0,01

223,10

43,833

n/a

2019

n/a

n/a

16,5

0,04

219,33

42,459

n/a

Note: all numbers are billions of US$, 2010 prices; unless stated % or * (% of GDP)

Appendix 3 Data for Regression Analysis, the UK

Year

FDI

FDI as (%) of capital stock

CIT (%)

Interest rate

Credit by banking system*

Net external debt*

Capital stock

1995

38,63

0,54%

33

5,36

100,03

31,2

7 091,68

1996

41,78

0,58%

33

5,6

97,52

34,6

7 242,42

1997

62,33

0,85%

31

4,54

100,51

36,1

7 371,40

1998

130,59

1,74%

31

5,45

102,17

36,7

7 524,32

1999

156,80

2,04%

30

6,33

102,04

35,7

7 676,48

2000

207,99

2,66%

30

4,71

105,23

33,9

7 833,21

2001

73,99

0,93%

30

5,47

114,47

31,3

7 971,69

2002

111,35

1,37%

30

4,64

120,03

27,2

8 114,91

2003

40,01

0,48%

30

3,68

124,25

26,8

8 256,17

2004

84,26

1,00%

30

3,73

129,19

28,1

8 399,69

2005

240,30

2,81%

30

4,56

136,92

29,3

8 559,41

2006

186,18

2,13%

30

4,92

142,87

31,8

8 724,27

2007

171,89

1,93%

30

4,68

152,97

32,6

8 906,64

2008

219,84

2,43%

30

5,55

169,43

33,4

9 050,67

2009

14,57

0,16%

28

5,09

190,59

34,2

9 123,59

2010

66,83

0,73%

28

2,21

192,12

48,8

9 211,93

2011

25,64

0,28%

26

2,8

185,12

62,9

9 307,29

2012

44,12

0,47%

24

2,75

170,57

69,3

9 407,92

2013

51,06

0,54%

23

2,8

160,76

72,9

9 517,92

2014

51,32

0,53%

21

1,77

149,47

76,2

9 655,67

2015

42,41

0,43%

20

1,48

135,54

78,1

9 803,83

2016

336,29

3,38%

20

1,4

130,79

80,5

9 956,56

2017

129,28

1,28%

19

1,23

131,91

79,9

10 119,75

2018

35,43

n/a

19

1

133,63

82,9

n/a

2019

n/a

n/a

19

1,18

134,46

82,6

n/a

Note: all numbers are billions of US$, 2010 prices; unless stated % or * (% of GDP)

Appendix 4 Data for Regression Analysis, Luxembourg

Year

FDI

FDI as (%) of capital stock

CIT (%)

Interest rate

Credit by banking system*

Net external debt*

Capital stock

2002

3,69

2,86%

30,4

1,18

78,81

2 532,31

129,01

2003

3,73

2,81%

30,4

1,47

67,27

2 701,97

132,70

2004

4,50

3,31%

30,4

1,82

69,16

2 850,95

135,96

2005

4,03

2,86%

30,4

1,87

66,60

2 929,20

141,09

2006

27,97

19,36%

29,6

2,09

71,87

3 670,39

144,49

2007

- 25,77

-17,35%

29,6

3,19

75,53

3 801,20

148,53

2008

6,18

4,02%

29,6

4,06

86,37

3 840,27

153,56

2009

23,67

15,16%

28,6

2,59

106,14

3 883,45

156,14

2010

33,98

21,29%

28,6

0,5

106,64

3 718,73

159,61

2011

7,68

4,67%

28,8

0,79

90,89

3 453,89

164,60

2012

22,14

13,06%

28,8

0,98

86,44

4 489,74

169,57

2013

13,90

7,97%

29,22

0,5

88,16

5 480,05

174,33

2014

16,38

9,11%

29,22

0,43

91,50

5 585,65

179,82

2015

10,85

5,90%

29,22

0,32

89,92

6 908,01

183,92

2016

27,68

14,65%

29,22

0,51

95,45

7 258,5

188,92

2017

- 5,90

-3,05%

27,08

0,65

98,98

7 117,24

193,80

2018

- 4,88

n/a

26,01

0,2

103,25

6 476,5

n/a

Note: all numbers are billions of US$, 2010 prices; unless stated % or * (% of GDP)

Appendix 5 Data for Macroeconomic Stability Analysis, the UK

Year

GDP per capita

Gross fixed capital formation

Labour force

Unemployment rate

Inflation rate

FDI

1990

19 095,47

256,92

29,05

n/a

8,06

3,78

1991

19 900,73

236,31

28,92

8,55

7,46

2,03

1992

20 487,17

227,76

28,75

9,78

4,59

1,95

1993

18 389,02

195,76

28,51

10,35

2,56

1,85

1994

19 709,24

215,20

28,45

9,65

2,22

1,72

1995

23 123,18

241,92

28,42

8,69

2,70

2,17

1996

24 332,70

262,92

28,52

8,19

2,85

2,29

1997

26 734,56

265,35

28,70

7,07

2,20

3,29

1998

28 214,27

288,90

28,76

6,20

1,82

6,65

1999

28 669,54

294,78

29,05

6,04

1,75

7,72

2000

28 149,87

295,40

29,30

5,56

1,18

9,9

2001

27 744,51

293,55

29,26

4,70

1,53

3,42

2002

30 056,59

319,40

29,59

5,04

1,52

5,03

2003

34 419,15

358,48

29,87

4,81

1,38

1,75

2004

40 290,31

417,95

30,15

4,59

1,39

3,6

2005

42 030,29

441,61

30,60

4,75

2,09

9,95

2006

44 599,70

481,15

31,05

5,35

2,46

7,5

2007

50 566,83

559,58

31,25

5,26

2,39

6,76

2008

47 287,00

509,72

31,67

5,61

3,52

8,67

2009

38 713,14

383,57

31,85

7,54

1,96

0,6

2010

39 435,84

391,22

32,04

7,79

2,49

2,7

2011

42 038,50

409,88

32,23

8,04

3,86

1,02

2012

42 462,71

419,30

32,58

7,89

2,57

1,73

2013

43 444,56

437,05

32,90

7,53

2,29

1,96

2014

47 417,64

501,39

33,19

6,11

1,45

1,92

2015

44 966,10

495,95

33,48

5,30

0,37

1,55

2016

41 074,17

464,05

33,80

4,81

1,01

12,06

2017

40 361,42

459,56

34,01

4,34

2,56

4,55

2018

42 943,90

484,51

34,33

4,00

2,29

1,23

Note: GDP per capita - US$, current prices; Gross fixed capital formation - billions of US$, current prices; Labour force - millions of people; FDI - billions of US$, current prices.

Appendix 6 Data for Macroeconomic Stability Analysis, Singapore

Year

GDP per capita

Gross fixed capital formation

Labour force

Unemployment rate

Inflation rate

FDI

1990

11 861,76

11,47

1,50

n/a

3,46

15,42

1991

14 502,38

15,07

1,56

2,18

3,43

10,75

1992

16 135,91

18,35

1,62

3,09

2,26

4,23

1993

18 290,03

21,00

1,68

3,07

2,29

7,73

1994

21 553,03

24,58

1,75

3,03

3,10

11,60

1995

24 914,41

29,14

1,83

3,30

1,72

13,60

1996

26 233,63

36,47

1,92

3,57

1,38

11,87

1997

26 375,97

38,48

2,00

2,50

2,00

15,68

1998

21 829,30

32,59

2,08

3,41

-0,27

6,95

1999

21 796,08

29,83

2,11

4,85

0,02

21,85

2000

23 852,33

31,06

2,16

3,70

1,36

16,15

2001

21 700,02

27,74

2,23

3,76

1,00

18,94

2002

22 159,69

24,76

2,23

5,65

-0,39

6,65

2003

23 730,15

24,18

2,20

5,93

0,51

17,46

2004

27 608,54

27,93

2,24

5,84

1,66

21,20

2005

29 961,26

29,64

2,32

5,59

0,43

15,11

2006

33 769,15

34,31

2,43

4,48

0,96

26,33

2007

39 432,94

44,11

2,58

3,90

2,10

26,16

2008

40 007,47

54,17

2,79

3,96

6,63

7,02

2009

38 927,21

55,99

2,90

5,86

0,60

12,07

2010

47 236,96

61,32

3,01

4,12

2,82

23,07

2011

53 890,43

70,58

3,09

3,89

5,25

17,60

2012

55 546,49

77,99

3,21

3,72

4,58

18,74

2013

56 967,43

84,73

3,27

3,86

2,36

20,93

2014

57 562,53

88,56

3,36

3,74

1,02

21,82

2015

55 646,62

83,85

3,45

3,79

-0,52

22,65

2016

56 724,17

83,52

3,50

4,08

-0,53

23,12

2017

60 297,79

88,65

3,50

4,20

0,58

28,02

2018

64 581,94

87,87

3,49

4,02

0,44

22,53

Note: GDP per capita - US$, current prices; Gross fixed capital formation - billions of US$, current prices; Labour force - millions of people; FDI - billions of US$, current prices.

Appendix 7 Data for Macroeconomic Stability Analysis, Luxembourg

Year

GDP per capita

Gross fixed capital formation

Labour force

Unemployment rate

Inflation rate

FDI

1990

34 645,14

3,12

0,16

n/a

3,25

n/a

1991

37 007,44

3,63

0,17

1,48

3,12

n/a

1992

40 965,74

3,45

0,17

2,03

3,15

n/a

1993

41 479,09

3,93

0,17

2,33

3,59

n/a

1994

45 481,89

4,12

0,17

3,48

2,19

n/a

1995

52 831,25

4,68

0,17

2,92

1,87

n/a

1996

52 571,93

4,32

0,17

3,29

1,18

n/a

1997

47 042,35

4,08

0,17

2,53

1,37

n/a

1998

47 584,46

4,45

0,18

2,76

0,96

n/a

1999

51 654,40

5,05

0,18

2,39

1,03

n/a

2000

48 736,00

4,30

0,19

2,35

3,15

n/a

2001

48 179,42

4,58

0,19

1,80

2,66

n/a

2002

52 930,64

4,95

0,19

2,62

2,07

17,97

2003

65 445,89

6,02

0,20

3,67

2,05

14,52

2004

75 716,35

7,06

0,20

5,11

2,23

14,93

2005

80 289,70

7,13

0,21

4,49

2,49

12,44

2006

89 739,71

7,47

0,21

4,73

2,67

75,96

2007

106 018,49

9,37

0,22

4,07

2,31

-58,32

2008

114 293,84

11,32

0,22

5,06

3,40

12,74

2009

103 198,67

9,45

0,23

5,12

0,37

53,06

2010

104 965,31

9,37

0,24

4,36

2,27

73,53

2011

115 761,51

11,51

0,24

4,90

3,41

14,74

2012

106 749,01

11,43

0,26

5,14

2,66

44,99

2013

113 625,13

12,05

0,26

5,85

1,73

25,92

2014

118 823,65

13,20

0,27

5,85

0,63

28,54

2015

101 376,50

10,52

0,28

6,67

0,47

21,64

2016

104 278,39

11,01

0,28

6,29

0,29

52,52

2017

107 361,31

12,01

0,29

5,52

1,73

-10,62

2018

116 639,89

11,92

0,30

5,59

1,53

-7,92

Note: GDP per capita - US$, current prices; Gross fixed capital formation - billions of US$, current prices; Labour force - millions of people; FDI - billions of US$, current prices.

Appendix 8 Data for Macroeconomic Stability Analysis, Hong Kong

Year

GDP per capita

Gross fixed capital formation

Labour force

Unemployment rate

Inflation rate

FDI

1990

13 485,54

20,17

2,87

n/a

10,43

4,26

1991

15 465,86

23,42

2,92

1,80

11,16

1,15

1992

17 976,43

28,32

2,92

1,96

9,65

3,73

1993

20 395,52

32,50

2,95

1,96

8,80

5,76

1994

22 502,58

39,87

3,02

1,90

8,74

5,76

1995

23 497,49

43,70

3,10

3,22

9,08

4,30

1996

24 818,15

49,53

3,24

2,83

6,28

6,55

1997

27 330,03

59,06

3,27

2,22

5,78

6,47

1998

25 808,97

51,00

3,31

4,58

2,91

8,25

1999

25 091,67

42,78

3,35

6,25

-4,01

15,30

2000

25 756,66

45,50

3,40

4,92

-3,69

41,07

2001

25 230,22

43,70

3,44

5,09

-1,66

18,47

2002

24 665,89

37,84

3,50

7,28

-2,98

4,06

2003

23 977,02

34,95

3,49

7,86

-2,67

11,51

2004

24 928,10

36,90

3,53

6,74

-0,27

13,12

2005

26 649,75

38,85

3,56

5,58

0,83

22,56

2006

28 224,22

43,40

3,60

4,77

2,01

23,20

2007

30 594,02

43,63

3,65

4,01

2,03

29,36

2008

31 515,66

45,05

3,67

3,56

4,30

30,57

2009

30 697,34

43,80

3,69

5,26

0,58

25,36

2010

32 550,00

49,79

3,66

4,31

2,31

36,17

2011

35 142,49

58,49

3,72

3,42

5,28

38,68

2012

36 730,88

66,71

3,81

3,29

4,06

28,51

2013

38 403,78

66,47

3,88

3,40

4,32

27,88

2014

40 315,29

68,47

3,90

3,30

4,44

44,55

2015

42 431,89

69,30

3,94

3,32

3,00

58,52

2016

43 734,25

68,95

3,95

3,39

2,41

41,53

2017

46 225,78

73,91

3,96

3,09

1,48

36,79

2018

48 675,62

78,03

3,96

2,90

2,41

23,84

Note: GDP per capita - US$, current prices; Gross fixed capital formation - billions of US$, current prices; Labour force - millions of people; FDI - billions of US$, current prices.

Appendix 9 Data for Macroeconomic Stability Analysis, Russia

Year

GDP per capita

Gross fixed capital formation

Labor force

Unemployment rate

Inflation rate

FDI

1990

3 485,11

148,34

76,07

n/a

n/a

n/a

1991

3 485,06

120,52

75,93

5,14

n/a

n/a

1992

3 095,66

110,17

75,89

5,18

n/a

0,25

1993

2 929,46

88,71

74,03

5,88

874,25

0,28

1994

2 663,39

86,17

72,04

8,13

307,72

0,17

1995

2 665,78

83,37

71,75

9,45

197,41

0,52

1996

2 643,93

78,35

70,99

9,66

47,75

0,66

1997

2 737,57

74,07

69,68

11,81

14,76

1,20

1998

1 834,86

43,76

68,95

13,26

27,69

1,02

1999

1 330,76

28,18

73,02

13,04

85,75

1,66

2000

1 771,60

43,80

73,40

10,58

20,80

1,03

2001

2 100,36

57,91

72,09

8,98

21,48

0,93

2002

2 377,54

61,86

73,04

7,88

15,79

1,01

2003

2 975,13

79,25

72,92

8,21

13,66

1,84

2004

4 102,37

108,66

73,63

7,76

10,89

2,61

2005

5 323,47

135,65

74,19

7,12

12,69

2,03

2006

6 920,19

183,17

74,47

7,05

9,67

3,80

2007

9 101,26

272,88

75,48

6,00

9,01

4,30

2008

11 635,27

370,21

76,01

6,20

14,11

4,50

2009

8 562,81

268,92

76,04

8,30

11,65

2,99

2010

10 675,00

329,77

75,89

7,37

6,85

2,83

2011

14 351,21

440,84

76,03

6,54

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