The Russian Federation

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Министерство образование и науки УР

БПОУУ СПО УР ''Глазовский технический колледж''

Реферат

на тему:''Российская федерация''

по дисциплине: Английский язык

выполнил:

студент 212 группы,

Кутявин Павел

Глазов,2015

1. Geographical position of Russia

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres.

The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belorussia, the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

There's hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.

There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.

There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers - - the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena -- flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean. Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake (1,600 metres) is Lake Baikal. It's much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there's much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.

Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.

On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.

Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.

The capital of Russia is Moscow. It's its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It's one of the oldest Russian cities.

There are a lot of opportunities Russia to become one of the leading countries in the world. I'm sure that we, the younger generation, can do very much to make our country strong and powerful.

2. Political System of Russia

Russia is a democratic federative state based on rule of law and a republican form of government. State power in Russia is exercised by the President, the Federal Assembly, the Government and the courts.

One of the basic principles of constitutional government is the division of powers. In accordance with this principle, power must not be concentrated in the hands of one person or one institution, but must be divided among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of power. The division of powers requires that there be a clear delineation of responsibilities and a system of checks and balances so that each branch of power can offset the others.

The President is at the summit of the system of state power. He ensures that all the state institutions are able to carry out their responsibilities and keeps watching over them to ensure that no institution can encroach on another's prerogatives, attempt to usurp power in the country or take over another's powers.

The president of Russia is the governments chief executive, head of state, and most powerful official. The president is elected by the people to serve a four-year term. The president, with the approval of the lower house of parliament, appoints a prime minister to serve as head of government. The prime minister is the top-ranking official of a Council of Ministers (cabinet). The council carries out the operations of the government.

Each institution of state power is only partially responsible for enforcing the Constitution. Only the President has the responsibility of safeguarding the state system, the state's sovereignty and integrity overall. This is the guarantee that the other state institutions and officials can exercise their powers in a normal constitutional fashion. geographical political industry culture

The President's place in the state power system is tied to his constitutional prerogatives regarding, above all, the executive branch of power. Legally, the President is distanced from all the branches of power, but he nonetheless remains closer to the executive branch. This closeness is reflected in the specific constitutional powers the President exercises as head of state.

The origins of this constitutional situation lie in the particularities of the way the government is formed in Russia. The Constitution does not link the process of forming a government to the distribution of seats in parliament among the different political parties and fractions. In other words» the party with the majority in parliament could form the government, but the government does not have to be formed according to this principle. Both approaches would be in keeping with the Constitution. But a situation where the governments makeup does not reflect the parliamentary majority can be a source of problems for many aspects of the executive branch's work, especially law-making. Such problems could reduce the effectiveness of the executive branch's work and make it unable to resolve pressing tasks.

In order to overcome such a situation, the Constitution gives the President a number of powers that he can use on, an ongoing basis to influence the government's work. These powers include approving the structure of the federal executive bodies of power, appointing deputy prime ministers and ministers, the right to preside government meetings, exercise control over the lawfulness of the government's action, and direct subordination of the security ministries to the President. The President has the right to dismiss the government or to accept the Prime Ministers resignation, which automatically entails the resignation of the government as a whole.

The President works with two consultative bodies -- the Security Council and the State Council. The President chairs these two councils. The system of Presidential power includes the Presidential Plenipotentiary Envoys in the Federal Districts.

3. Russian agriculture

Russia has always been a great agricultural country. Russian agriculture produces almost all the farm crops known in the world. The total area under cultivation is largely occupied by grain crops such as wheat, maize, barley, rye, oats, etc. The rest is occupied by potatoes and other vegetables, legumes, fruits and industrial crops. In the orchards and fruit gardens one can see plums and apples, pears and peaches and berries of all kinds. Horses, oxen, cows and sheep feed in the meadows. Cattle farming gives us meat and milk. Poultry farming supplies us with eggs and meat.

The situation in agricultural system in Russia is not simple enough now. There are no state supported collective and state farms any more as it was during the Soviet period. Now there are agricultural joint-stock companies and individual farming. Russian agriculture is undergone the process of economical changes. It is rather difficult to survive in the conditions of deep economic crisis, especially for individual farmers. But we hope that country-men will overcome all the difficulties of our times and our agriculture will make steady advances, that will naturally mean better living standards for the Russian people.

4. Industry

Russia is the largest country on the Earth; its territory includes both Eastern Europe and northern Asia. There are a lot of countries that shares land borders with Russian Federation, for example, Finland, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, etc. The territory of the land is 17,075,400 sq. kilometers and its current population all together is about 143 million people.

Russia is a federal semi-presidential constitutional republic with the president as a head of the country. The largest cities are: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg. The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is also thought to be the most important metropolis.

Russia is well-known for its mineral wealth and natural resources. The scenery of the land is various: there are high mountains, peaceful valleys, and rigorous tundra. There are a great variety of landscapes such as highlands and even steppe! Most of the territory, about 70%, consists of lowlands and plateaus.

There are a lot of rivers that flow through the Russian territory and the longest ones are: the Volga, situated in Europe, and the rivers in Siberia - Amur, Ob and Lena.

Lake Baikal is also thought to be great natural heritage which surface has the same square as both the countries Belgium and Holland. Lake Baikal is the eighth biggest and deepest lake on the planet.

The territory of Russia is rich for its mineral resources such as oil, gas, ore, gold and mineral coal.

Russia is an agrarian-industrial country with plenty of industrial sectors; the major ones are chemical, steel and engineering industry. Light industry and agriculture are also highly-developed.

Cultural traditions are national heritage of our country. Russian land gave birth to a lot of well-known and talented poets and writers as Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy. Visual arts are also at high level, especially painting and icon-painting.

I love my country very much; especially I like its nature, traditions and customs, language and mentality of Russian people. They are always hospitable, warm-hearted and kind. There are good reasons, why Great Russian poets have been praising their Motherland and invincible Russian spirit in their poems from time immemorial. I have a lot of love for my native land in my heart.

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