Australia today

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Australia

Plan

1. Australia explained in brief

2. States and territories

3. Sistem of governement

3.1 Australian democracy

3.2 The constitution

3.3 The federal government and Parliament

3.4 State and local government

3.5 The judiciary

4. The wildlife and conservation

4.1 Wuldlife

4.2 Nature conservation

4.3 Regreening Australia

4.4 Education

4.5 International links

5. Cultural growth

5.1 The australia council

5.2 Aboriginal arts

6. Australia today

1. Australia explained in brief

Australia is an independent Western democracy with a population of more than 17.6 million. It is one of the world's most urbanised countries, with about 70 per cent of the population living in the 10 largest cities. Most of the population is concentrated along the eastern seaboard and the south-eastern corner of the continent.

Australia's lifestyle reflects its mainly Western origins, but Australia is also a multicultural society which has been enriched by nearly five million settlers from almost 200 nations. Four out of 10 Australians are migrants or the first-generation children of migrants, half of them from non-English speaking backgrounds. In 1991-92, East Asia contributed 41 per cent of settler arrivals.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people totalled 265 378 at the last census, nearly 1.5 per cent of the population. Two thirds of the indigenous people live in towns and cities. Many others live in rural and remote areas, and some still have a broadly traditional way of life. It is generally thought that Aboriginal people began living on the continent 50 000 to 60 000 years ago, and some authorities believe their occupation may date back 100 000 years.

Australia is the only nation to occupy an entire continent. Its land mass of nearly 7.7 million km2 is the flattest and (after Antarctica) driest of continents, yet it has extremes of climate and topography. There are rainforests and vast plains in the north, snowfields in the south east, desert in the centre and fertile croplands in the east, south and south west. About one third of the country lies in the tropics. Australia has a coastline of 36 735km.

Isolation of the Australian island-continent for 55 million years created a sanctuary for the flora and fauna. Marsupials were saved from competition with more highly developed mammals. Birds unique to Australia also survived, and distinctive trees and plants developed. Australia's best-known animals are the kangaroo, koala, platypus and spiny anteater. Of more than 700 bird species listed in Australia, 400 - including the large, flightless emu - are found nowhere else. Australia has 20 000 species of plants, including living fossils such as the cycad palm and the grass tree, and brilliant wildflowers such as the waratah, Sturt's desert pea, the flowering cones of banksia trees, and the red and green kangaroo paw. The continent has 700 species of acacia, which Australians call wattle, and 1200 species in the Myrtaceae family which includes eucalypts or gum trees.

Australia's national anthem, Advance Australia Fair, is a revised version of a late 19th-century patriotic song. It was declared the national anthem in April 1984, replacing God Save the Queen, which was designated the royal anthem. In the same year, Australia officially adopted green and gold as its national colours .

Australia's official language is English, by common usage rather than law. Australian English does not differ significantly from other forms of English, although some colloquial and slang expressions are unique.

The flag of Australia is the only one to fly over a whole continent. The small Union Jack represents the historical link with Britain, the large seven-pointed star represents the six States and the Territories, and the small stars form the Southern Cross - a prominent feature of the southern hemisphere night sky.

Australia's coat of arms - the official emblem of the Australian Government - was granted by King George V in 1912. The arms consist of a shield containing the badges of the six States. The supporters are native Australian fauna - a kangaroo and an emu. A yellow-flowered native plant, wattle, also appears in the design.

Australia's national day, Australia Day, on 26 January, marks the date in 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip, of the British Royal Navy, commanding a fleet of 11 ships, sailed into Port Jackson (Sydney Cove). Phillip formally took possession of the eastern part of the continent for England and established a settlement, now Australia's largest city, Sydney.

Air travel and the great variety of Australia's attractions are combining to bring more international tourists to Australia every year. Overseas tourists are drawn by Australia's sunshine, sandy beaches, the vast outback, rainforests, the Great Barrier Reef, unique flora and fauna, the Gold Coast of Queensland, and the attractions of the cities, Australia's friendly, multicultural society, and the safe and welcoming environment. Tourism is one of Australia's largest and fastest-growing industries. In 1992, 2.6 million international tourists visited Australia, a quarter of them from Japan and another quarter from other countries of East Asia.

At 1.0 per cent in 1992, Australia's inflation rate was one of the lowest in the OECD.

Australian workers have achieved one of the lowest rates of industrial disputation in OECD countries. In 1992, the level of industrial disputes was the lowest for 50 years. Wage restraint has delivered real unit labour costs almost eight per cent lower than 10 years ago. Moderate wage outcomes have also been a major factor in achieving low inflation.

Average weekly earnings for full-time employed adult people in February 1993 were $628.30.

More than 60 per cent of Australia's merchandise exports go to the Asia region. Eight of Australia's 12 largest export markets are in East Asia. East Asia accounts for 39 per cent of Australia's imports. Japan accounts for 25 per cent of Australia's merchandise exports, and supplies 19 per cent of imports. Exports to the ASEAN countries exceed those to either the EC or the Americas. Countries in the Asia region are the fastest growing source for Australia's imports.

Trade with the rest of the world is Australia's economic lifeblood. Australia ranks about 19th in the world in value of its international trade. In the year ended 30 June 1993, Australia's two-way merchandise trade totalled $120 360 million.

2. States and territories

European settlement of Australia began in 1788 when a British penal colony was established on the east coast of the continent. Six British colonies were eventually established. In 1901, these colonies joined as a federation. The years following saw Australia becoming increasingly independent of Britain.

Australia's six States are New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. The mainland territories are the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), home of the national capital, Canberra, which includes Jervis Bay Territory, and the Northern Territory.

Australia is also responsible for administering seven external territories - Norfolk Island, the uninhabited Coral Sea Islands Territory, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, the uninhabited Ashmore and Cartier Islands Territory, the Territory of Heard Island and the McDonald Islands in the sub-Antarctic and the Australian Antarctic Territory.

3. System of government

3.1 Australian democracy

The Australian system of government has its beginnings in two great democratic traditions. Following British settlement in 1788, the Westminster model was used as the basis of government in the six separate colonies established across the continent in the 19th century. When those colonies met to discuss the formation of a national government in 1890 they opted for a relationship between the national and state governments similar to that of the United States. At the same time they opted to retain the Westminster model as the basis for the legislature, the executive government and the judiciary at the national and state level. The American tradition is expressed through a written constitution defining the powers of the national government. Australia was declared a federation in 1901 with the concurrence of the British Parliament, and now has a Federal Government, six State Governments and two Territories which are largely self-governing.

3.2 The constitution

This document, drawn up in constitutional conventions in the 1890s and ratified at referenda in all six colonies, reserves for the Federal Government power over defence, foreign affairs, trade and commerce, taxation, customs and excise duties, pensions, immigration and postal services. Other powers are left with the States, but federal law prevails if there is a conflict over concurrent powers. The Federal Government also has the power to ensure observance at the state level of Australia's international treaty obligations. The Constitution vests the executive powers of government in a Governor-General representing Queen Elizabeth II of England (also the Queen of Australia), but they are exercised by tradition on behalf of the elected government. Only once, in 1975, has the Governor-General dismissed an elected national government. The Constitution can be changed only if both houses of the Federal Parliament agree on a national referendum, and that can be successful only if it gains an overall majority nationally and in four of the six States. Of the 42 proposals for Constitutional change put since 1901, only eight have been successful.

3.3 The federal government and parliament

The form of government at the national level corresponds largely with the British democratic tradition. The federal legislature consists of a House of Representatives of 147 members representing individual electorates in all States and Territories and elected on a preferential voting system, and a Senate consisting of 12 representatives from each State and two from each Territory elected through proportional representation.

The party with the majority in the House of Representatives provides a ministry from its members in the House of Representatives and the Senate, with the Prime Minister traditionally coming from the House of Representatives. Membership in the House of Representatives is divided between two major groupings, the Australian Labor Party and a coalition of the Liberal Party and therural-based National Party. Elections must be held every three years, but may be held more frequently with the consent of the Governor-General.

The Senate is more diverse in its membership. The two major groupings provide the majority of members. However, the Australian Democrats, and recently other minor parties, have held the balance of power for most of the past 20 years. If the Government fails to command a majority in the House of Representatives it must ask the Governor-General to authorise an election or resign. It need not, however, command a majority in the Senate. Senators are generally elected for six-year terms.

Each Minister of State is responsible to Parliament for the operation of a department, in some cases jointly with other ministers. The amalgamation of departments in the past decade has resulted in the assignment of responsibilities in the larger departments to a portfolio minister, assisted by one or more ministers within the same portfolio. There are many statutory agencies, corporations, tribunals and commissions in the federal public sector, all responsible to particular ministers.

Australia is one of the few countries to adopt compulsory voting at the national and state level and to have a permanent electoral commission charged with overseeing fair elections and regular redistribution of the boundaries of electorates for the House of Representatives. This ensures, as nearly as practicable, the same number of electors in each electorate. The Australian Electoral Commission also administers public funding provisions for registered political parties and eligible independents.

3.4 State and local government

State governments have basically similar institutions to their federal counterpart. Each has its own Governor with powers similar to those of the Governor-General, also exercised on the advice of the Government. Each has an upper and lower House of Parliament, except for Queensland which has only one House. All operate on the British system of cabinet government. The Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory also have their own governments and legislatures, but their powers are less than those of state governments.

In the almost 100 years since federation, increasing powers have been transferred to the Federal Government or shared between the States and the Federal Government. The taxing power,passed to the Federal Government 50 years ago, has generated regular consultations on the distribution of revenue and other matters between the Federal and State Governments. Councils and conferences of ministers are frequent and cover agriculture, education, housing, employment, minerals and energy, transport and legal matters. Commissions have also been set up to advise on the allocation of federal grants to the States in such areas as education and road construction.

The Council of Australian Governments representing the Federal Government and the heads of all States and Territories has taken a number of initiatives to rationalise intergovernmental decision making since its formation in 1992 as a forum for ongoing discussions on national matters. It has endorsed strategies on ecologically sustainable development and greenhouse gas emissions.

The six States contain more than 850 local government areas. They are controlled by elected councils and are regulated by state Acts of Parliament. Responsibility for administering local amenities such as roads, water supply, sewerage and electricity often lies with statutory authorities established by State Governments.

Finance for their activities is increasingly obtained through grants from the Federal and State Governments.

3.5 The judiciary

The third branch of government is based on the British tradition, but with several important differences arising from a written constitution and a federal form of government. Under the Constitution, the judicial power of the Federal Government is vested in the High Court. The Federal Government also has the power to create other courts such as the Federal Court and the Family Court.

The High Court may deal with federal and state matters and has original jurisdiction in interpreting the Constitution and determining legal disputes between the Federal and State Governments. It is the final court of appeal in Australia from federal and state courts. The Federal Court deals with federal law in such areas as copyright, industrial law, trade practices, bankruptcy and administrative law. The Family Court deals with divorce, custody of children and maintenance and associated property disputes.

4. Wildlife and conservation

4.1 Wildlife

Its long isolation from other lands has made the Australian continent a sanctuary for rare fauna, and particularly for marsupials such as the kangaroo, koala, platypus, wombat and the spiny anteater. These mammals that suckle their young in pouches are found in large numbers, and there are about 50 species of kangaroos ranging from those which stand as tall as a man to some as small as a cat. There are about 500 native birds, ranging from the flightless emu which stands about two metres tall through the lyrebird, a beautifully-plumed mimic with tail feathers shaped like a lyre, to the satin bower bird which builds large nests in the rainforests and the tiny bell bird whose sweet calls can be heard on the outskirts of the southern cities of Australia.

4.2 Nature conservation

More than five per cent of the total land area has been set aside for nature conservation, including 11 world heritage areas listed by the United Nations as having outstanding universal value. There are more than 500 national parks and more than 2700 conservation areas ranging from wildlife sanctuaries to Aboriginal reserves. All are protected by federal or state legislation. Australia was one of the first countries to ratify the World Heritage Convention, and is the only country to enact legislation to give effect to its responsibilities under the convention.

Four of Australia's world heritage areas - the Tasmanian Wilderness, Shark Bay in Western Australia, the Great Barrier Reef off the north Queensland coast and the Wet Tropics of Queensland - conform to all four of the criteria necessary for inscription of natural phenomena. Only eight others throughout the world satisfy all four. Two of the world heritage areas - Kakadu and Uluru in the Northern Territory - are jointly managed by their Aboriginal owners and the Australian NatureConservation Agency. Uluru, formerly known as Ayer's Rock but now restored to its traditional Aboriginal name, is one of Australia's major tourist attractions.

The inscription of world heritage areas and the creation of national parks have safeguarded the conservation of a range of rainforest areas along the coastal belt of Australia. The Wet Tropics of Queensland stretch along 500 km of coastline. The area protects a lush tropical region encompassing 894 000 ha, provides the only habitat for many rare and highly restricted plants and animals and contains the highest diversity of animal species on the continent. The Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, encompassing more than 50 separate areas in southern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales and covering 366 500 ha, preserve an exceptional example of the evolution of sub- tropical rainforests and contain more than 170 rare or threatened plant species. The Tasmanian Wilderness in the south-west of the state protects huon pines up to 2000 years old and contains some of the last wild rivers in the world.

4.3 Regreening australia

The development of agriculture on the coastal slopes and inland plains has had a significant impact on tree cover. The national conservation group, Landcare, estimates that the area of land under forest (those with trees higher than 10 metres) has been reduced by half and of woodland on the open plains by one third. The Federal Government announced in 1989 a $50 million plan to plant one billion trees throughout Australia by the year 2000 and contracted the national organisation, Greening Australia, to organise the project. Working in cooperation with the Landcare organisation, a national group of community-based volunteers working on conservation programs, Greening Australia has organised the planting of an estimated 550 million trees in the first four years of the program and estimates that it will exceed its target by 300 million trees.

The Federal Government has also signed with all States and Territories a statement on national forest policy aimed at providing sustainable management of the national forest resource based on regional forest agreements to monitor the export of woodchips and to ban woodchipping in areas not covered by the agreements.

australia parliament education art

5. Education

Australia's education system is a three-tier structure combining school education, vocational education and training, and higher education and involving funding and administration at state and federal level. The Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs provides policy development and implementation for all levels of education.

With 31 per cent of its adult population completing tertiary education, Australia has the third highest educational attainment among OECD countries. It has the second highest ranking in the OECD in terms of those currently enrolled for educational courses up to mature age level.

State Governments have the constitutional responsibility for providing education at the school level, with the Federal Government supplementing their funds for agreed objectives linked to national social justice policies such as providing educational opportunities for disadvantaged groups. Fee-paying private schools are an important part of the school scene, catering for 28 per cent of students across the country.

Vocational education and training are funded mainly at the state level, with the Federal Government providing about 26 per cent of total funding to implement national priorities for improving the productivity and skills of the workforce through training programs. The largest provider of the skills required by the workforce is the network of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) Colleges, now numbering 287 throughout Australia. The Australian National Training Authority provides advice and strategic direction in this sector, and the Federal Government has established the National Employment and Training Task Force to improve training and find jobs for young people.

Higher education is a national responsibility, with the Federal Government providing $4.9 billion in 1994-95 for public universities in all states and territories. There has been a significant increase in funding for higher education in recent years, resulting in a 37 per cent increase in student numbers between 1988 and 1993. Students may have their fees paid through the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS), but are required to repay the debt when they enter the workforce. Subject to a means test, they may also be paid a non-refundable living allowance. There are some privately-funded higher education institutions, including colleges for teachers and theologians. The Bond University of Technology in Queensland was established in 1989 as a private university.

5.1 International links

Australian educators have had long association with overseas institutions, especially in Asia. The Colombo Plan brought many Asian students to Australian universities under scholarships, and Australian universities have established links with institutions in Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. The Federal Government continues to provide assistance for overseas students, with the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) sponsoring 5700 students in 1994.

Australian education institutions are now combining to provide facilities for overseas students paying full fees for their courses. Beginning in 1986 with 300 students, the international education program now caters for more than 64 000 fee-paying international students. It provides for studentsfrom primary school to higher education level and is supported by a network of education advisers in Australian missions in about 40 countries.

In 1994, the Federal Government established the Australian International Education Foundation (AIEF) to lift the profile of Australian education around the world and develop a trade in international education and training services now worth more than $1.6 billion a year. The Foundation, representing government, educational institutions and industry, administers a fund attracting government and private sponsorship and now totalling $6 million to promote Australian education services overseas. Individual institutions connected with the Foundation spend about $30 million a year promoting their own services.

In Asia, where almost 90 per cent of full-fee paying students are sourced, Australian Education Centres have been established in Jakarta, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Bangkok, Seoul and Taipei to help intending students learn about the facilities offered byAustralian institutions. AIEF is also developing overseas study, research and career opportunities for Australians through programs that help student and staff exchange.

6. Cultural growth

Australians are world famous for their love of sport, but they are also enthusiastic supporters of the arts and the communications industries. Their expenditure on arts products ranks among the highest in developed countries, and research indicates they read more newspapers per head of population than any other nation.

Australian cultural achievements are becoming well known internationally through the awards gained by films and literature, and the reputation of touring Australian groups. Strictly Ballroom won the Prix de la Jeunesse at the Cannes Film Festival in 1992 and the New Zealand-Australian production The Piano won the Palme d'Or in 1993. Thomas Kenneally and Peter Carey have each won the prestigious Booker Prize for Literature in the United Kingdom. The Australian Ballet was described by The New York Times as a "world-class company" when it toured the United States in 1994.

Government support has been an important factor in developing the arts. Funding at the local, state and federal level totals more than $2.5 billion a year, with the Federal Government alone providing more than $1 billion to a number of cultural institutions through the Department of Communications and the Arts. It has pledged itself to additional funding of more than $250 million to develop the arts and the communications industry throughout Australia through its Creative Nation program announced in October 1994.

Government-supported television and radio channels play an important part in artistic and cultural development, with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) receiving $515.1 million from the Federal Government in 1994-95 and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) $75.7 million.

The activities of the ABC provide an important outlet for artistic talent. It has always been a patron of musical talent, and supports symphony orchestras in each capital city. Its Sydney and Melbourne Symphony Orchestras have toured internationally, and leading international conductors and soloists have visited Australia to appear with the ABC orchestras across Australia. The Federal Government has taken several steps under Creative Nation to develop orchestral standards. It will set up a National Academy of Music in Melbourne to develop gifted musicians to international standards, and will transfer the Sydney Symphony Orchestra away from the ABC to enable it to gather additional funds and to increase its players to internationally recognised levels.

The drama and documentary activities of the ABC, with an average 75 per cent of evening programs devoted to Australian programming, are also an important support for the arts. SBS specialises in international programming for the ethnic community but with a growing audience from among other Australians.

The Federal Government will provide $20 million a year for three years under Creative Nation to increase Australian content on Australian commercial television. It will also provide $84 million to develop the capacity of the Australian multi-media industry to produce Australian content for national and international distribution.

The two major organisations involved in ballet and opera on a national basis are supported by Federal Government funding. The Australian Ballet has been the major representative of the classical dance form for many years. The Australian Opera Company also has the support of the Federal Government, which has pledged its assistance to allow the company to tour more frequently and to establish a consortium involving the Australian Opera Company and those set up by some State Governments.

Other organisations have played an important part in Australia's musical and artistic life. Musica Viva, established 50 years ago to promote chamber music in Australia, now coordinates one of the largest ensemble music concert networks in the world. It also organises overseas tours for Australian chamber music groups on behalf of the the Federal Government and commissions worksby Australian composers. Youth Music Australia, formed in 1948, has helped the careers of more than 8000 young musicians and its Australian Youth Orchestra tours overseas each year. The Australian Chamber Orchestra, established 20 years ago, became a permanent orchestra five years ago and now tours overseas several times a year.

6.1 The australia council

Support for literature and the visual arts is provided mainly through grants provided by the Australia Council. Established in 1972, its five boards have provided continuing support for individual authors and artists. The Literature Board has provided more than 2000 grants, and generated a ten-fold increase in published Australian novels in the past two decades.

The Creative Nation statement envisages a new direction for the Council, turning it away from its previous focus on the supply side of the arts towards the creation of a higher level of demand from arts consumers. This new direction will involve the establishment of two new organisations within the Australia Council. A Major Organisations Council has been formed to address the requirements of the major arts organisations as significant business enterprises, and the Foundation for Cultural Development will stimulate private sector sponsorship for the arts.

6.2 Aboriginal arts

Aboriginal art was little known and appreciated until recent years, partly because few other Australians knew of the work of the world's oldest continuous living art tradition. The fact that it was rendered only in natural pigments and on natural surfaces like rocks, bark or the earth was also a longstanding inhibition. It has now entered the cultural mainstream through the use of paint and canvas, translating the distinctive Aboriginal genre into a permanent and portable form. Where once it was confined to the ethnographic sections of museums it now takes its place in contemporary art galleries and has been shown internationally.

Indigenous dance and music have been introduced to national and international audiences through Federal Government support. The National Islander Skills Development Association and its offshoot, the Aboriginal and Islander Dance Theatre, were formed in the early 1970s and have generated companies like Bangarra and the Tjapukai Dance Theatre, which take their traditional performances around Australia and overseas. The rock band Yothu Yindi, which features Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal musicians and combines traditional and modern Australian musical styles, has also proved popular in Australia and overseas. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers like Sally Morgan and Jack Davis, and the late Kevin Gilbert and Oodgeroo Nunuccal, are well known throughout Australia. Sally Morgan's My Place, the moving account of the discovery of her Aboriginal heritage, has sold more than 300 000 copies.

The Federal Government has decided that it will establish a gallery of Aboriginal Australia in Canberra to provide a national perspective on indigenous cultures. The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, established in 1989 as a research and publishing centre, will be co-located with the gallery.

7. Australia today

Australia approaches in 2001 the centenary of the birth of its nationhood with a sharpened sense of place and identity. It has been in the past a nation more conscious of its origins as a European settlement than of its setting in the Asia-Pacific Region. Now, with 151 nations represented among its population of 18 million, it is one of the most diverse of the world's nations and its economic ties are increasingly with the Asia-Pacific region.

The egalitarian spirit which has marked Australian democracy since the establishment of the first colonial legislatures has enabled Australians to handle the challenge of cultural diversity with a minimum of tension and conflict. The sense of experiment that pushed the young nation into the exploitation of its considerable resources has now produced a new drive towards manufacturing and services and their export into the region.

Both these trends have created a social and economic climate which is increasingly drawing Australia and its region together in a developmental partnership. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a concept conceived in Australia and now embracing 18 nations. International organisations are increasingly turning towards Australia as a headquarters for their activities in the region. Attracted by highly competitive conditions in communications, living conditions and office space, more than 100 international companies have now established regional headquarters and management operations in Australia.

Fundamental changes in economic conditions have produced a new export culture based on a more flexible workforce and a more efficient infrastructure. The motor vehicle industry, for example, has been extensively restructured through a government-industry strategy which reduced the number of manufacturing companies from five to four and the number of world class models it produced from 13 to six. The program also provides incentives for export, and the industry has responded with a program that will take projected exports to 40 000 vehicles in 1996. More than half of these will come from the Toyota Motor Corporation Australia Limited, which has spent more than $400 million in developing the first new motor plant in Australia in 30 years. It will now export vehicles to six Middle East countries on behalf of the worldwide corporation as well to South-East Asia.

Restructuring their economy has not turned Australians away from their enjoyment of life. Sport has flourished in a continent where outdoor activities are possible all year, and Australia has a deserved reputation for community participation in all forms of sport. It is one of only three countries to take part in every Olympic Games since their inception. Melbourne, capital of the State of Victoria, hosted what became known as "the friendly games" in 1956. Sydney, Australia's oldest and largest city, will play host to the world for the 2000 Olympics and the Paralympic Games.

Australia is now an increasingly popular location for international tourists. More than 3.5 million entered the country in 1994. Many visited more remote areas, particularly the Great Barrier Reef in north Queensland and the spectacular Ayer's Rock in central Australia, now know by its Aboriginal name of Uluru.

The many changes that have taken place in Australia in the past half century have produced a vibrance and sense of exploration that will take it into the 21st century with confidence and enthusiasm.

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