Inevitable transformation of forest economics

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Inevitable transformation of forest economics

Wschodnioeuropeiskie Czasopismo Naukowe (East European Scientific Journal)

Chochaev A.Kh

FGBNU Soil Institute named after V.V Dokuchaev, Moscow, Russia

Annotation

ecological forest complex

This article analyzes the complex problems of development of Russian forest complex, involing social, environmental and infrastructure issues, the solution of which is impossible without the state participation.

Considered causes of poor adaptation of the market economy of the forest complex to the long period of development, as well as the environmental impact of economic activities, including environmental pollution, depletion of natural resourcesto, loss of biodiversity, harmful to human health.

It is shown that the compensation of environmental damage by cash payments or fines is not an effective way to solve the environmental problems of the market economy of Russian forest complexand.

Analysis features market economy wood complex formed at domestic and foreign examples, a serious diadvantage is the isolation process on the selected ROI directions economic development that can lead to the loss of forest biosphere properties.

Forest rejuvenation thus leads to a reduction or even loss of Biosphere of forests to regulate surface runoff of precipitation and the formation of groundwater water.

It is concluded that the market economy in the forestry complex of Russia must be accompanied by a system of state regulation measures, especially in solving strategic problems inherent in forestry and the whole forest complex when you need to plan for 20-50-100 years.

Identified the need for the creation centralized system of long-term planning development of the forest sector of Russia, taking into account the experience of the former Soviet Union and modern 20-30 year development plans in the European Union and the United States aimed at developing Oil and Gas alternative energy sources, including wood biofuel.

Identified necessity creation of a national information system for tracking the status of the internal and external markets of the Russian Federation timber

It is shown that in the lesah the European part of Russia have accumulated large reserves nizkotovarnoy softwood and hardwood, which has no demand for a variety of reasons.

It is shown that to be involved in the use of the timber is only necessary to change the principles of calculation one year of use, and in fact to re-develop the regulatory framework of intermediate use of the Russian Federation forest wood resources.allocated four block forest management in a market economy, the forestry complex: (1) gosuDonated forest management and implementation of medium-term and long-term planning of all types of work in the forests, taking into account the materials state forest inventory and assessment of the status and trends of development of the internal and external markets of forest products, (2) safety and protection of forests from fires and other adverse environmental factors (insects, fungi, pollution), (3) the implementation of planned logging with a differentiated use of all types of wood, and (4) organizing and conducting reforestation taking into account the diversity of growing conditions and land use possibilities State Forest Fund of Russia.

It has been shown that the development of forest resources without public funding the construction of transport, housing and social infrastructure, It has no commercial benefit for the enterprises of the forest complex.

The existence of worldwide problem to find a balance between participation in the economic development of the state and to minimize its impact on private enterprise the use of the private sector, the state of forest resources. In Russia This problem still has not found the optimal solution.

It is advisable to create economic incentives to develop mechanisms all enterprises and institutions Russian forest complex transition to new environmentally sound technology works in the forest, including a flexible economic mechanism of inclusion in the cost of timber harvested costs forest management for the restoration of the environmental, economic, social and cultural characteristics of forests. Reasonable and quite realistic creation of standard models of forest management, recommended for specific forest areas, taking as an example the system format of forestry standards in Canada and the Scandinavian countries.

Keywords: economy of the forest sector, forestry, choice of a technological model of development of the forest sector, novoe direction of the forest economy, forest assets, the value of all types of work for the protection and reforestation.

No country in the world has not yet established a sufficiently sustainable forestI economy. relying on the action of market forces aloneBecause they are not omnipotent. The main problems. which can not solve the market economy is the forest complex without state participation. linked to social. Environment and infrastruc- tureGOVERNMENTAL issues of economic development. CCAcially. if their solutions require long periods of time. special scientific knowledge and substantial investments. Ill-adapted to the market economy, long periods of development. in environmental the effects of economic activities and a lack of infrastructure forest areas. It has long been known and described by science industrialized countries (Sills et al. 2003).

With regard to the environmental impact of economic activities of the business world-MESSAGEsoci- eties proposed to compensate its cash payments or fines. Sort of -you die or become disabled. but you pay for it. and the company. is pollutedFor example, water, that you were poisoned- fined. Almost immediately it became clear. what This principle of the "polluter - pays" does not solve the problem. It does not eliminate the cause (pollution) what, of course, anyone not satisfied. especially the victims of poisoning (Scherr & Bennet 2011).

Initially, the market economy is not developed as a global system. yato the local and nationalWhen the main task - maximize profit. In this case, the market economy has demonstrated its benefits for short-term interests - for the period of return on investment (10-20 years maximum). But this is the grayozny lack of a market economy: investments-it pays off. and the direction of economic development - or incorrectly selected go detrimental to the public, Ie for consumers(Sills et al. 2003).

A typical example - providing raw materials (cel- lulosic balanceE) pulp-paper mill (PPM) Where-some- where in the populated part of the country (infrastructure and working capital). Plan out a short rotations (40 years) on raw materials for pulp and paper mill. And soon, suddenly left without water supplies. moreover not only for the production of. but also for drinking. Because it is old (read ripe) Forest - this is the biotic pump timber. which determines the water cycle on land and regulate runoff of precipitation (Biotic Pump 2010). Without water tsellyulozy wood you do not get. While there is no such technology. And if you clean the used water and let reuse (closed cycle) the cost of your pulp tipped the scales and throw you from this market. For similar etc.Ichin rolled pulp-paper industry in the developed countries (European Union, Canada, USA). Demand for continuously growing cellulose. but the pulp from Brazil and Indonesia - cheaperAnd its water cleaner. You can already catch fish in the once most polluted PPM works by the rivers of northern Europe (Scherr & Bennet 2011).

Therefore, the market economy in the forest complex of our country must be accompanied by a system of state regulation measures. especially in solving strategic tasks. inherent forestry householdsyaystvu and around the forest complex. when you need to plan for the 20-50-100 years. After all, the forest grows long. and new mature and undeveloped forests no longer exists. Yes, and they can not be cut down - We break down the "forest" pump (Biotic Pump 2010).

In the days of the former Soviet Union. the legal successor of which is the Russian Federation. there was a centralized system of long-term planning, and it was called Gosplan. true. environmental impacts are not taken into account. because it was thought. that environmental problems inherent to capitalism. and under socialism and planned economy, they can not be. Now capitalism has come to us and revealed. that in many of our rivers, the fish is no longer sexually. Nevertheless. after our country's turn to capitalism, the old system centerlong-term planning has been rejected alizovan- nogo. as a child of the ruined state - the former USSR [2, pp 58].

But in the planned economic system has been developed many effective directions. who found the development in eachtheir countries. in particular in the USAnd in the European Union, but we did not get the creative development of the new Russia. Just look at the 20-30Summer energy development plans (EU energy strategy. US energy strategy) to develop Oil and Gas alternative energy sources. including wood biofuels (Demirbas 2009).

In many countries, local and regional environmental problems of forest complex is successfully solved by centralized decision-making on the basis of medianonurgent and long-term territorial development plans. In our country, the dominance of the lands of the state forest fund (Further - GLF) occupying 65% of the total land area of the country in the structure of land allocated to the categories Russia [1, P. 72] It determines the absolute necessity of the state. in the face of the federal authorities and the authorities of the Russian Federation subjects. organize effective conservation and protection of forests from fires and other natural unfavorable factors (insects. mushrooms. mikroorganizwe) because they are in the modern environmental situation compulsory and a prerequisite for effective forest management. This is the basic problem of Russian forest complex [2, pp 61].

But to protect and defend the forest - it is Not all. All you need to plan the work in the forestry sector of the country real terms forest life. rather than the fiveyear or ten-year.

Medium-term and long-term forest management plan is the subject of the activities of state forest management. also used the materials of the state forest inventory. State,He is the owner of the SFF, And is interested in obtaining forestry income and sustainable economic development without harming the environment. There are harsh laws of the market: Effectivnost property management are determined by the size of the profit from the management of. In this case, it does not matter

- the private company or the state owns forests. The main thing - the effective management of. and therefore

- high forest income. pays off all the costs of the management of this property. Therefore, the state simply must have an information system for tracking the status of the internal and external markets of forest products [2, pp 39]. Correlating these markets with Produk- tcionnyjand capacity of forest ecosystems. depending on the their geographical location and the respective vehicle hauling costs for subsequent processing. determines the direction and the pace of modernization of private enterprises of timber industry complex.

In Mr.GENERAL This time the SFF on the European part of Russia saved from years of industrial largescale logging softwood. conducted both in the post-war years. and in recent decades. As a result, forests have accumulated large stocks nizkotovarnoy softwood and hardwood. which does not have the demand for various reasons. But given virtually unlimited European demand for wood biofuel in the form of pellets (pellets) And briquettes, produced of the a variety of wood waste. due to the implementation of the EU energy strategy. there is a possibility of utilization of these stocks over the next 15 years. Russian foresters study in conjunction with the European Forest Institute in Joensuu (Finland) In 1995-2001, the results of which collective monograph "The development of the forest resources of the European part of Russia" [1, S. 136] show that there is an unused forest resources. Them is the annual natural losses wood in the forest growth and development. which is evaluated at the interval size 350-400 million m3 / year [1, S. 148]. It is only necessary to include in the scope of work on forest inventory tool. rather than the visual account of the annual volume of naturalwood tpada. On the basis of the need to change the principles of the annual use of calculations and actually re-develop the regulatory framework of the intermediate use of forest wood resources.

In a market economy it advisable Forest Com- plexThe off not forget about a number of constant and unavoidable types of work on forest management as the property of the state: (1) State forest management and implementation of medium-term and long-term planning of all types of work in SFF. taking into account the materials gosudarsTwain forest inventory and assessment of the status and trends of development of the internal and external markets of forest products(2) conservation and protection of forests from fires and other adverse environmental factors (insects. mushrooms. pollution), (3) holding the planned forestworkpieces with a differentiated use of all types of woodAnd (4) organizing and conducting reforestation, taking into account the diversity of growing conditions and the possibilities of using the SFF land [2, pp 116].

Experience of the forestNogo complex of Russia shows. that the development of forest resources without public funding the construction of transport. housing and social infrastructure. It has no commercial benefit for private capital. The overwhelming importance also untillstatok in Russia economically independent people. who could engage in business without state participation; and moneyso they will not find. Therefore, to successfully develop only the big timber companies.

At the same time. for many yearslandmark experience. that in a market economy, there is need for state regulation, first of all, the main directions of economic development. Without government regulation is impossible to solve the environmental problems of economic development. Consequently. it is impossible to build a sustainable socially oriented capitalist state; and it is impossible to preserve the forest for future generations [3, pp 57]. There is a worldwide problem to find a balance between the participation of Mr.States countries in economic development and minimize its impact on private enterprise. It should honestly admit. that the example of solving this problem in the use of the private sector, the state of forest resources in our country is still nop is not gained optimal view.

The forests in the world. and Russia is an important natural capital in the presence of an effective system of protection. protection. reforestation. forest management. and processing of harvested wood resources. Therefore, your country ofin any capitalist country is the same market participants. as well as private entre- preneursAs responsible for the preservation of forests.

Modern Russian forest legislation is the most advanced in respect of the admission of private business to the state forest resources. Almost all restrictions on logging removed. except arbitrariness of local officials. However, the Russian forestry legislation did not take into account the inertia of the forestry and forest ho- zyaystIslands as a whole.

The reason is, wood resources that are a constant feature of commercially attractive forests and. when properly organized forest management. they are a renewable natural capital. Moreover, the forest area. uses forest resources which has commercial appeal. not so great in Russia. as one might assume. based on the total area of the SFF or even square wooded land [1, P. 82].

Still IUher 50 Russian Federation has a substantial income from the forestry sector of the country. and in these areas it is best to understand. that the problems have accumulated at the intersection of the interests of three important forest stakeholders [2, pp 160]:

(1) the interests of private businesses and the local community - get in use under the lease and purchase of plantations for harvesting forest resources. in volume. sufficient for long-term profit from the use of state property - forests. and get well-paid jobs to the local population;

(2) interests of the Russian Federation in the sphere of authority delegated to them by the State Property Management - Forest Foundation- get their share of the profits from the disposal of the statennym property;

(3) interests of the owner of forests - state. in the face of the federal bodies of executive power. authorized for federal property management - the State Forest Fund- make forestry bezdotatsionnyh; interests the

three main characters of Russian forest market people are under the influence of internal - Russian. and external - global factors. At the present stage of development of Russia there is no reason to expect much-any major changes in the structure of the Federal Authorityin the executive. because it will increase public spending on the property management system - forests. With the current and future composition of the legislature should not expect any radical changes in forest and environmental legislation in the country. Therefore, the Russian Federal Agency for Forestry for a long time will act as a state authorized observer of the processes taking place in the woods. and the state forest management bodies in the subjects of the Russian Feeration will long to justify the increase in the subventions for the execution of state powers transferred to them in the field of forest relations. as other interest they have in accordance with the Forest Code. Consequently. standbye growth harvesting volumes in Russia is problematic due to the low capacity of paid- up demand in the domestic Russian market. In the end, the trend of gradual growth of illegal logging [2, pp 126].

Should be considered. that are external to the Russian factors will play an increasingly important role. as Russia seeks to develop a market economy. open to the world market. A projected global trends in demand and consumption of forest products is not favorablefollowed by increased commodity production in the forest sector of Russia. and therefore hopes for the influx of investment and rapid modernization of wood processing industries is quite illusory.

Ability to mobilize financial resources from a variety of sources for investment in the forest industry of Russia depend on the conditions of mutual understanding between potential investors and the forestry complex enterprises. List of the main: (1) the value of forest products and services. which can be prepared by investment; (2)appropriate investment promotion policies. which should generate the state structures. guided only by scientific knowledge. rather than primitive balance of short-term costs and income; (3)understanding. that forest requires Chromeie more space and time for growth and development of the order 120 years for the complete reproduction cycle. This is only for Central Russia. And this means that the appropriate amount of money - investment: long-term investments in forest assets in order to obtain arrived.

It would be correct to provide for fixation in the forest legislation pursuant to the standards of logging. skidding, Bucking, loading removals. timber transport. reforestation. forest protection. To ensure these polozheny legislation is necessary to develop methodological approaches to optimize decision-making mechanism for the application of:

? technology logging, including various methods of reforestation. for logging operations (deckhouse. Skidding. raceskryazhovka, Loading, removal, Transportation), by tree species. including clearcutting. to achieve biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of forest ecosystems;

? technologies accounting of harvested wood. including at all stages of its ZagotApplicationSorting, removals, Transportation;

? reforestation techniques, Including by type of cutting, by species, sources of seed material. on ways of. on the care and protection of the organization from adverse factors;

? detection technologies. localization and liquidation of forest fires. mass reproduction foci economically dangerous drevoyadnyh insects and pathogens;

? detection technologies. recording and reporting of illegal logging of timber. including procedures for mutualodeystviya with law enforcement.

To ensure the effectiveness of the proposed improvements to the forest legislation it is advisable to create a social atmosphere. backed by economic mechanisms to encourage the renunciation of the use in the lesleep on the farm and timber harvesting equipment. which can destroy the habitat of flora and fauna. and disrupt the biodiversity. In addition to this, it is advisable to create economic mechanisms to stimulate the activity of all prefriyaty and forest sector institutions of the country to transition to new environmentally sound technologies in forest work. It is advisable to do it in conjunction with a flexible economic mechanism of inclusion in the cost of timber harvested management costs forests for ecological restoration. economic. social and cultural characteristics of forests.

We stand on the threshold of global changes. when humanity from all over the world need to resource position of shifting the center of gravity of the forest management (wood as SOURCEuk market goods and services) on the environmental position (forests as a means of providing ecosystem services to humanity). It is obvious. that in a number of subjects of the Russian Federation, the primacy of environmental and social benefits of forests over the resource neospOrim. that confronts forest management bodies entirely new challenges.

The historical experience of forest management in Russia. and the experience of foreign economic development showThat the concept of management, which is based on only the maximization of the forestFoot income without taking into account the maintenance of ecosystem services of forests. It can lead to a radical change of landscapes and species composition of forests. to the general impoverishment of the natural environment. loss of biological diversity and a sharp decline of biological forest sustainability. We need long-term program of forest policy. aimed at the use of the market mechanism in forest. The market mechanism should be combined with measures of government regulation. including forest management plans. Ekonomiches Kie incentives and sanctions. and legislation. In Russia. and given its federal st and diversity of lifestyles. great practical importance is the invariance mnogoresursnogo forest management strategy, taking into account the prospects of the organizationvnogo land balance of the Russian Federation. Creation of standard models of forest management. recommended for specific forest areas. It is quite real in the moment and as an example we can take lesohozyays system formatidents standards in Canada and other northern countries, [3, pp 90].

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