Composition (for a region of Salyan) of the saline map by paying attention to a quantity and a type of the salt in the meliorated soils

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Institute of soil Science and agrochemistry of ANAS, Baku, Azerbaijan

Composition (for a region of Salyan) of the saline map by paying attention to a quantity and a type of the salt in the meliorated soils

M.G. Mustafayev, cand.of sci.of agr., assistant professor

Аннотация

В данной статье представлена информация, о количественном и типовом составе солей в почве, глубине залегания и минерализации грунтовых вод в Мугано-Сальянском массиве Сальянского района, который является центрам древнего орошаемого земледелия.

На базе полученных данных, была составлена карта засоления почв Сальянского района в масштабе 1:100000. На основе этой карты были выявлены ареалы почв различной степени засоления, а также была предложена система мероприятий зависимости по степени и типу засоления данных почв.

Annotation

We were based on consequences of the complex investigations carried out by being involved a zone of Salyan which had ancient irrigative agriculture in the massif of Mugan-Salyan and gave information about quantity of salt ,its type in the soil ,placement depth and mineralization of the subsoils in the article.

According to the got information a saline map in a scale of 1:100000 was composed for the region of Salyan and the areals of the saline soils to a different degree were given according to the map ,a system of the measures were suggested depending on type and degree of salinity.

Introduction. Developing the agrarian area in order to meet the Azerbaijan population's need for agricultural produce is the focus of attention of our state. The plan of «Sosial-economical development of the regions of the republic of Azerbaijan »which has been signed by the president of the February 11,2004 and diminishing the poverty in 2008-2015 years in the republic by a disposal of number 3043 with date of September 15,2008 and durable development of receiving of «State Programme»require to increase the responsibility of the agricultural specialists.

As is obvious the soils have been devided into forms of the state, municipal and private propertyi after agrarian reforms which have been carried out recently in our republic. From this point of view the soils of the region of Salyan where we have carried out investigations are devided into the same property forms. Thus, the sum of the soil area which enters in a reform is 75473,62 h. From it 6883,00 h has been givev to the state, 32775,65 h to the muni-cipal and 35814 h to the private property. 48562 h of the soil area of thezone of the district have been intended for a pasture. Beside it 336 h of the soil area in the region are under forest/ the rest part of the region soils (55628,38 h) has been given to ”Shirvan National Park“. 46150 h from the area of 88713 h which are good for agriculture are irrigative soils. But 9735 h are used in the areas of the yard.

As is obvious learning the salt type and quantity in the soil, defining their influence on productivity of the agricultural plants and composing the saline map by carrying out the complex soil investigations are actual problems and are of practical importance. Thus,on the basis of the composed saline map the areas of the saline soils and soil type in the research zone are known and application of the required agro-meliorative measures are specified for improvement of the same areas.

During the investigation the complex researches have been carried out by paying attention to all the soils of the district of Salyan, the got results have been investigated in comparison with consequences of the carried out researches in the same zone in the past. The got results show that the soils of the region oxposed to salinity to a different degree and repeat salinity process happened in some areas as a results of antropogen influence. From this point of view studying of the acoligical changes whoch took place in the same zones and preventing from them are of scientific practical importance.

The research object and method. All the zone of Salyan which is one of the largest agricultural districts in the lowland of Kur-Araz has been taken for a research object. With the purpose of studying of the change of the salt quantity and type the soil cuts have been put, the samples have been taken from soils and subsoils over the horizons. The salt quantity, subsoil mineralization, soil water-physical characters have been carried out according to method which is received generally (Arinushkina, 1970). soil salinity agricultural lowland

While composing the saline map for a research zone the classifi-cation by V.R.Volobuyev (1965) was used ,middle values and salt type were taken onto consideration for 0-100 sm of the layer. The areas and types of the soils which are salinized to a different degree are given on the map. The percentage which chloring takes from a quantity of total salts, Cl/SO4, HCO3 are taken into account while defining the salt type in the soil.

Analysis and discussions. The carried out long-term researches show that some ecological chan-ges have occurred in soil lately as a result of antropogen and natural effects. From this view point studying a meliorative situation in meliorated soils (salt quantity in soil,change of mineralization of subsoil waters and their placement depth,an activity of collector-drainage systems and etc) is ur-gent. With the purpose of learning the contemporary situation of the soils in Salyan the consrquences of the researches which were carried out before are investigated comparatively. The last investigations show that an area of the saline soils becomes wider to o different degree as a result of antropogen ef-fects in the melio-rated soils. The relief of the zone mainly consists of plains. The total stope is in the southern-east direction and it is observed weakly. An influence of the river Kur is clearly arrested one's attention. Thus microhollow and macro-hollow and sometimes the lakes are met in some parts of the zone. Many parts of the zone consists of lowlands from hyposemetric point of wiev and they are situated below the world ocean level. The subsoil waters are near yhe surface because the relief is below the sea level. As result of this a lot of soils pf the zone exposed to salinization to a different degree and it made diffucult the soil assimilation. The diffuculty and bogging process goes usually strictly in negative elements of the relief. The north and northern-east part have got high relief. But river valleys, irrigation canals were a cause for relief shattering here. This rises a little towards north and this rising is clearly obsefved in the areas of debris cone of the rivers. Though an area is plain the little holes are met in some places.

The soils of the district are formed on the alluvial rocks which are created as aresult of activity of the river Kur. At the expense of the brought materials of the river Kur the silty deposits priodacally filled its river-bed and as a result a level of the running waters raised, water of the rivers flooded surroundings, flood-lands weer coverd by silty deposits. A lot of soils which spread in the zone posseess alluvial character. It can be explained by the characters of soilforming rocks. The clayey profile of the soil in some areas show that the same soils develop on delluvial-proluvial heaps on debris cone of the river Kur and other small rivers. A lot of soilforming rocks are rich in salts and carbonates that's why developed soils are salinized to a different degree side by side with carbonatic soils.

A climate of this zone belong to semidesert, dry and steppe type of the climate (here the summer is moderate hot).This type of the climate is characterized by its little and weak humidity, moderate winter and dry-hot summer. The coldest months are january, february and the hottest months are July and August for this zone. The summer of this zone is dry and hot, and influences on plant cover and soil forming process (Eyubov,1968; Shiklinsky,1969). The annual temperature of the air in the zone changes by 1,8-2,5 of degree. The average monthy temperature of the hottest month (july,august) is 26,1-26,5;average monthly temperature of the coldest month (january-february) is 1,8-2,5;187-309 mm of the rain falls in the region during a year. Cenerally, maximum rainfall is observed in the spring mo-nths, but minimum rainfall in the summer months. The average yearly relative moisture of the relative moisture of the air changes by 72,3-75,0.Maximum quantity of the relative moisture is observed in the winter months ,but minimum quantity is observed in the summer months. As is obvious a climate in here is very droughty and hot. That's why agricultural plants need irrigation in the summer months. The droughtness of the climate has influence on soilcover, too. Thus, natural vegetation can't develop well here. This is areason for gathering of little humus element in the soil. The repeat salinization occur in the places where the subsoil water is near the surface because an evaporation from surface is very strong in hot summer days. A level of the subsoil water is in the different depth and it depends on relief. The time of the subsoil waters near the surface is may-june, beggining from the end of the june month a level of water begins to decrease. October is considered a time when the subsoil waters are in the deepest depth. The subsoil isn”t met in the part of the north and northern-west of the region (Babayev,2005; Behbudov,1977). Studying the subsoil waters shows that their total slope does for inclination of the surface. Raising ofsurface of the subsoil waters along the river if Kur and big irrigative canals is noted. It proves the influence of surface flows on formation of surface of subsoil waters and on nourishe-ment of them. Besides it, the rise of the surface os subsoil waters is observed in the areas mud-volcano waters influence. The placement depth of the subsoil waters is different in this plain, the subsoil waters which are in 3-5 m of the depth from surface of the zone of Kurside, stretch as a strip from north-east the village Karimbayli to Bankaya. The subsoil waters of which the slope depth is little strech as astrip along the Caspian shore. The subsoil waters which have 2-3m of depth are met in Seyidsadikhly, Cuychu, Arbatatn, Dayikand and shersulu (Azizov,2006; Mus-tafayev,2008).The investigations show that a change of the placement depth of the subsoil waters vibrates in 1-0,5 m. a quantity of salts and mine-ralization of watersin the soil are more in the places where a level of the subsoil waters is near the surface (1,0-1,5 m). The subsoil warent degree in the investigative zone. A quantity of the residue vibrates in 0,59-119,73g/l in the samples pf the subsoil waters pf the zone, this is corr-esponding to weak, average, high mineralization and salinized level. The subsoil waters are rich in chloric and sulphatic chloric salts on chemical side.such mine-ralization of subsoil waters makes a danger of repeated Sali-nization. that's why decrease of the level of subsoil waters is one of the important problems (Cafarov, Hashimov, 2002;Volobuyev, 1965).

We can divide vegetation into the following groups according to investigations and observations: hallofyt plants-a meaning of hallofyt is salt-tolerant and salt sensitive. They form main natural vegetation of the re-gion. They exist in the virgin and areas during the whole vegetative period; xerofyt plants-are drought-enduring plants. They don”y take a large area and don't influence on soilforming process. Wormwood and others include in such plants. Xerophyts are considered irreplaceable forage for agricultural animals; efhemer plants-shoot early in spring and perish quickly. After early autumn rainfalls ephemers begin to shoot. These plants don't occupy a larger area; hydrophyl plantssuch plants are green the whole year round, they develop in surplus humid condition. These plants spread around the rivers, takes in the region; different types of the soils spread in the region. The superior soils aremea-dow-grey, grey-meadow, meadow-bog-ging, saline and others (Mammedov,Khalilov, 2004 ).

Study of soil cover of the region of Salyan shows that a colour of the soils is grayish in upper part, but it is yellowish in the deep layers. Dark grey, grey colours are met in some places. The subsoil waters are formed from their movement towards upper layers through soil porosity and that''s why a colour of the upper layer of the soil is grayish, hunus is little, they are yellowish in the deep layers. Generally a quantity of humus is little in these soils and vibrates in 1,2-2,8%.The soils are clayey, mean clayey, loamy, sandy according to their mechanical structure., that's why water-conducting coefficient is estimated by a weak and mean degree. The water-conducting coefficient is estimated by a weak and mean degree. The water-conducting coefficient is very high in the north and east part where clayey sands and sandy subsoils spread, but the water conducting of the rocks is very weak in the hollows of inter river-bed formed from loam. The water-covducting of the rocks is characterized by mean values in the south part of Akushachay delta. A special attention is paid to sali-ne problemi in our research. As it is known that salinization of the soils is very serious problem, and afighat withit is very difficult. Salinization damage on agriculture of the country as a trouble of the nature. The productivity of agricultural plants decreese,so-metimes a product isn't got from stroung saline soils depending on degree of Salinization. That's why every head of economy, every farmer must know methods of application of the recommendations about place, area, salinized degree, depth of the salinized layer of the salinized soils which spread in the zone of economy and about improvement of such soils.

During irrigation which is applied for a long time, as a result of re-gular disturbance of the rules, penetration from canals, not conforming to the agrotechnic rules. Some parts of the soils in the region expose to some and other degree of salinization.It is obvios from our last investigations that an area of the soils which exposed to salinization to some and other degree is 149489,34 ha, it is 83,04% of the total zone. A saline of the soils is dis-tinguished according to the classification by V.R.Volobuyev non-salinized-<0,25%;weak salinized 0,25-0,50%;mean salinized-0,50-1,00%; strong salinized-1,00-2,00%;very strong salinized 2,00-3,00% and saline >3,00 %.

Unsalinized soils.The researches show that 30510,66 h or 16,95% of the total area are unsalinized. These soils spread as large massives in the zones under tillage of the villages of Seyidsadikhli, Baydili, Arbatan, Marishli, Guy-chu,Varli-1,Varli-2, Khalaj, Karimbayli, Bashirbayli and Yenikand, but they spread as spots in the weak salinized soils of the different zones. As is obvios from the table a quantity according to dry residue of salts in the u8nsalinized soils is 0,145-0,393 % in 0-30 sm of layer, 0,115-0,246 5 in 0-100 sm of layer, 0,145-1,458 5 in 100-200 sm of layer. Salts are chloric-sulphatic, sulphatic-chloric, sulphatic according to chemical structure. Weak salinization os observed in some places of the soils (tab.1; Ric.1) (444 cuts have been used in a map composition).

Weak-salinized soils. 45041,77 ha or 25,02 % of the total area of the weak salinized soils spread in the zone of Salyan. These soils spread around Sal-yan, and in the village of Shoruslu, Seyidlar, dayikand, Sarvan,gizilagac, Al-chali, Ashagi and Yukhari Nokhudlu, Chikhanli, kutsengi, Gahramanlar,Vali-1,Yolustu. As a obvios from the information a quantity of salinization according to dry residue in 0-30 sm of layer under tillage of the soils is 0,157-0,56 %, 0,256-0,502 % in 0-100 sm,0,164-01,115 % in 100-200 sm. There is weak solonchak in some places of the soils.

Mean salinized soils. From 45640,97 ha or 25,36 % of the total area of the soils which are salinized to an average degree in the region. These soils spread in the villages of Sarvan, Borankand, Dayikand, Seyidsadakhli, Yolus-tu, Yenikand, Duzanlik, Hajigahramanli. Xidirli and in the winter pastures. The salinity degree in 0-30 sm of layer of the soils is 0,203-2,025 % for dry residue, 0,531-1,010 % in 0-100sm of the layer and 0,221-2,380 5 in 100-200 sm of layer. There is no solonchak sign in the soil.

Strong salinized soils. Are 42330,36 ha or 23,52 % of the total area in Salyan. Such soils spread in Seyidsadakhli, Duzanlik, khidirli, Yolustu, Yeni-kand, Khalaj, Beshdali, Arabgardashbayli, Cuychu and in the zone of munici-pal villages and winter postures and Shirvan national park. As aobvios from the investigations a quantity of salts in upper horizon of 0-30 sm is 0,231-2,971%, 1,061-1,998% in 0-100 sm of layer and 0,179-2,891 % in 100-200 sm of layer. The saline of the soil is sulphatic and chloric-silphatic solon-chak signs are observed.

Very strong salinized and saline soils. Very strong salinized and saline soils form 16431,24 ha and 9,15% of the total area in the region of Salyan. These soils spread in the municipal of Kursangi, Khidirli, Alchaly, Shorsulu, Duzanlik and in the zone of “ Shirvan National Park”. But saline soils spread widely in the zone of “ Shirvan National Park”, in the south and north end and winter pastures as spots. A quantity of salts in 0-30 sm of the layer of these soils changes 0,234-3,580%, in 0-100 sm of layer 2,024-2,836 % and in 100-200sm of the layer 0,577-3,919%.

A map of saltness of the soils of the region of Salyan ( M 1:100000 ) National Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan Republic Institute of Soil

Science and Aqrochemistry Composed Mustafayev M.G.

Tabl. 1 A quantity and a type of the salts in the soil

Note: xs - xloric-sulphatic, sx - sulphatic-chloridic, s* - partial, sulphatic, x - chloridic ; the parameters of the characteristic cuts are given in the table.

Weak solomchak is ob-served in the very strong salinized soils. A salinized degree of the saline soils is 3,432-7,552% in 0-30 sm of upper layer,4,031-6,285% in 100 sm of the layer, 2,071-4,751% in 100-200 sm of the layer. An area of the saline soils is 6093,0 ha (3,38 ) in the zone of the district. There is weak solonchak in these soils.

Siggestions and conclusions. 1. It was determined that salt quantity was 0,115-6,285%, mineralization of subsoil was 0,59-38,73g/l; their placement depth was 0,85-3,80 m in the soils of the investigative zone and the salt type changed to chlorine-sulphate, sulphatic-chlorine and sulphatic type.

2. The results of the investigations show that humus quantity in the soil is 1,2-2,45%,a quantity of physical clay is 18,48-84,66%, pH 7,6-8,9; a special mass is 2,60-80gr/sm2 voluminous nass is 1,33-1,47 gr/sm2

3. According to a map in the investigative zone 30510,66 h unsalinized soil; 45041,77 h weak salinized soil;45640,97 h mean salinized soil42330,36 h strong salinized soil; 10338,24 h very strong salinized soil; 6093,00 h saline soils spread.

4. On of the important problems is carrying out of agro-meliorative mea-sures in the research zone of the soils as is obvious from the map. The superiority must be given to acceleration of carrying out of leaching processes in the places where a quantity of salts is more than 1,0-2,0 % and to planting of salt enduring cultures in the same places (grain, lucerne, sorqo).Application of organic and mineral fertilizers must be provided according to plant need in the same zones.

Literature

1. Arunishkina E.B. leadership on chemical analysis of soils.M.pub. MSU, 970,p.488.

2. Azizov G.Z. Water-salt balanse of meliorative soil-grounds in Kura-Araks valley and scientific analysis of its conclusions.Baki,«Science», 2006.p.258.

3. Babayev M.P.. «Face to face with the truth of XXI century» volume 10, the first part, Baku, 2005, p. 18-15.

4. Behbudov A.K. Experimental bases of carried out melioration of salted soils of Kura- Araks Lowland. Baki, 1977.p.180.

5. Eyubov A.D. Agroclimatic division into districts of Azerb. SSR. pub. AS Azerb. SSR, Baku, 1968, p.168.

6. mammadov G.Sh, Khalilov M.Y.Ecology and environment.Baku,«Elm», 2004, p.504.

7. Mustafayev M.Q.Meliorative condition of the soils in Mugan-Salyan massif and methods of their improvement. Baki State University, Azer-baijan Geography Society. Contemporary problems of Geography works of BSU branch of Azerbaijan Geography Society. Baki, 2008, p.122-124.

8. Safarov Kh.F.,Hashimov A.S. Melioration of salty soils of Kura-Araks Lowland and appraisals of their fertility for assimilation. Mater, of. scien.pr act.confer. Baki, 2002, p. 44-52.

9. Shikhlinsky E.M. Climate of Azerbaijan. «Elm», Baki, 1969.

10. Volobuyev V.R. Genetic forms of salinity of the soils of Kura-Araks Lowland. Baki, pub. As of Azerb. SSR.1965, p.246

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