Investigation of the hydrothermal-metamorphosed rocks of the north-east part of the small Caucasus
Types of alunite according to the alunitization character. Processes of alunitization and kaolinization in the North-Eastern part of the Lesser Caucasus (Zaglik alunite Deposit). Analysis of Zaglik and chemically pure alunite. Secondary quartzites.
| Рубрика | Геология, гидрология и геодезия |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 29.12.2020 |
| Размер файла | 1,1 M |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/
INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDROTHERMAL-METAMORPHOSED ROCKS OF THE NORTH-EAST PART OF THE SMALL CAUCASUS
alunitization kaolinization lesser caucasus
Afandiyeva Z.J.
Afandiyeva Zarifa Jahangir - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Рт/essor,
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL DEPOSITS, EXPLORATION FACULTY, AZERBAIJAN STATE OIL AND INDUSTRY UNIVERSITY, BAKU, AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC
Abstract: in the Lesser Caucasus, hydrothermal-metamorphosed rocks include secondary quartzites, alunitized, pyrophyllitized, and hematitized tuffs. Along with these processes, sericitization, chloritization, calcitization, pyritization, and epidotization took place.
Processes of alunitization and kaolinization in the North-Eastern part of the Lesser Caucasus (Zaglik alunite Deposit). they are considered to be of hydrothermal origin. The deep ingredients are SO2, H2S, and H2O, which in epithermal conditions were transformed into sulfuric solutions among the tuff thickness, producing pyrometasomatic changes.
Our research has shown that these secondary quartzites of the Ordubad region of the South of the Lesser Caucasus (Paragachay, Gyumushlug) are genetically different from the North-Eastern part of the Lesser Caucasus (Gedabek).
The main contributing factor in their rising is kontaktnogo process of metamorphism, caused by the formation of granitoid interesoval Meghri Ordubad batholith. Features of the geological position of mineral compositions and conditions of formation testify to the manifestation of the process of formation of secondary quartzites.
Keywords: hydrothermal metamorphosed rocks, secondary quartzites, alunitized tuffs, quartzitization process, kaolinized minerals.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГИДРОТЕРМАЛЬНО-МЕТАМОРФИЗОВАННОЙ ПОРОДЫ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЧАСТИ МАЛОГО КАВКАЗА
Эфендиева З.Д.
Эфендиева Зарифа Джахангир - кандидат технических наук, доцент, кафедра геологии и разработки месторождений полезных ископаемых, геологоразведочный факультет,
Азербайджанский государственный университет нефти и промышленности, г. Баку, Азербайджанская Республика
Аннотация: на Малом Кавказе к гидротермально-метаморфизованным породам относятся вторичные кварциты, алунитизированные, пирофил литизированные и гематитизированные туфы. Наряду с этими процессами имел и место серицитизация, хлоритизация, кальцитизация, пиритизация и эпидотизация.
Процессы алунитизации и каолинизации в северо-восточной части Mалого Кавказа (Загликское алунитовое месторождение). считаются гидротермального происхождения. Глубинными ингредиентами являются SO2, H2S, H2O которые в эпитермальных условиях среди туфовой толщи преобразовались в сернокислые растворы, производившие пирометасо-матические изменения.
Наша исследования показали, что месторождений вторичные кварциты Ордубадского района юга Малого Кавказа (Парагачайское, Гюмушлугское) генетически отличают от северо-восточный части Малого Кавказа(Гедабекское).
Основным решающим фактором в их оброзовании является процес кантактого метаморфизма, обусловленный формированием гранитоидных интиризувов Мегри Ордубадского батолита. Особенности геологического положения минерального составов и условия образования свидетельствуют о проявления процесса формирования вторичных кварцитов.
Ключевые слова: гидротермальные метаморфизованные породы, вторичные кварциты, алунитированные туфы, процесс кварцитизации, каолинизированные минералы.
INTRODUCTION
Hydrothermal metamorphosed rocks include alunitized, kaolinite and pyrophyllitized tuffs, tuffbreccia, porphyrites and quartz plagioporphyrs, secondary quartzite, as well as ferrous (hematitized and limonitized) tuffs.
Most of them as mentioned above common rocks are aluminized, pyrophyllitized, hematitized tuffs (Zaglik alunite deposit, Fig.1) and secondary quartzite's in the Small Caucasus.
Zaglik alunitized tuff and tuff rocks of upper Jurassic age are located 35 km south-west of Ganja near the village Zaglik composing the mountain Sharu-Kar. Here, the alunite stratum is composed, as if, of individual strata differing from each other in structure, quantitative ratio of constituent minerals, and coloring [1, c. 3].
Fig. 1. Geological map of Zaghlik deposit of alunite 1-alluvial, elluvial and delluvial formations (Q);
2-diabase porphyry (K-J1); 3- upper suite - tuffs and tuffites (J3 km); 4-lower suite - alunite stratum (J3ox);
5-hornstones (J2-J3ox-km); 6 - skarn iron ore deposit; 7 - Campaign Maastricht limestone (J3ox-km);
8 - argillite and sandstones with inter-beds of marls (J3kl); 9-porphyrites (J2); 10 - gabbro and granitoids;
11 - dikes of vein-rock; 12- lines of tectonic ruptures;
13 - occurrence element In addition to aluminum raw materials
Alunite in these rocks occurs from the microscopic size of scales to large inclusions (up to 6 cm), in the form of tonsils, buds, lenses and stratum, as well as performs small cracks in the rock like kaolin. [2,3, c. 4]. In schistose varieties, alunite buds are located on schistosity. The color of the alunite rocks is different: pinkish-purple, red, dirty-brown, cream, whitish and gray. The color of pure homogeneous alunite is whitish with a cream shade, sometimes green. Among the alunite rocks, seven types are distinguished by the nature of alunitization.
Secondary quartzites of Gadabay under the microscope, its grains often have a bipyramid shape with oval curves and bay-like depressions. Sometimes they are found in the form of acute-angled debris, located in stripes quite often. Unlike the primary quartz, the grains of the secondary quartz have no distinct limitations, the border of their contact is represented by a jagged line. They do not contain inclusions of glass and liquid, but are often filled with small scales of sericite, kaolinite and grains of zoisite.
TYPES OF ALUNITE ACCORDING TO THE ALUNITIZATION CHARACTER
The microscopic research of alunite showed that it forms pseudomorphs in feldspars and dark- colored components. In addition, alunite fills cracks or represents a cementing mass, which indicates hydrothermal formation. In thin sections, alunite has the form of small leaves or needles with a yellowish interference color of the second order, or forms thin aggregate up to cryptocrystalline. Indices of refraction are: Ng = 1.5953; Np= 1.5831; Ng-Np= 0. 012. The specific weight of alunite is 2.7; the specific weight of alunitized rock is 2.81.
The chemical and spectroscopic composition of alunite is given in Tables 1 and 2.
Converting the chemical analysis into the mineralogical composition gave the followings:
K20 * 2.5 A1203 -3.5 S03 * 4H20 - potassium alunite - 56%;
Na20 * 2.5 A1203 * 3.5 S03 * 4H20 - sodium alunite - 44.
Table 1. Chemical composition of alunite
|
Components |
Spectroscopically |
|
|
Ca |
0.005 |
|
|
Sn |
not found |
|
|
Pb |
not found |
|
|
Cu |
weak lines |
|
|
Mg |
midline |
|
|
Ca |
midlines |
|
|
Cr |
weak lines |
|
|
Zn |
not found |
|
|
Cd |
not found |
|
|
Ag |
not found |
|
|
Ni |
weak lines |
|
|
CO |
not found |
Table 2. Spectroscopic composition of alunite
|
Components |
Weight , % |
|
|
SiO2 |
1,81 |
|
|
Ti O2 |
traces |
|
|
A1203 |
36,41 |
|
|
Fe2O3 |
0,06 |
|
|
FeO |
0,23 |
|
|
MnO |
0,02 |
|
|
BaO |
0.04 |
|
|
CaO |
0.13 |
|
|
MgO |
0.08 |
|
|
K2O |
7,51 |
|
|
Na2O |
3,89 |
|
|
H2O-1100 |
0,41 |
|
|
H2O+1100 |
9,90 |
|
|
SO2 |
38,79 |
|
|
C02 |
traces |
|
|
Sum |
100,28 |
Comparing the analysis of Zaglik and chemically pure alunite (table 3), only increased content of Na2O is observed in the first when the same amount of alkali in both Si02 is not characteristic for alunite at all. This component in the form of quartz is finely dispersed in the body of the latter.
Table 3. Analysis of Zaglik and chemically pure alunite
|
Alunite composition |
AI2O3 |
SO3 |
KO |
HO |
||
|
Theoretical Zaglik alunite |
37,00 36,41 |
38,60 38,79 |
1,40 1,40 |
12,00 10,3 |
Thermal research of Zaglik alunite showed that when being heated from 20 to 320°C, alunite does not undergo any changes, an intensive endothermic reaction occurs at 520-525°, after which, at 735-753°, it is exothermic, and subsequently endothermic reaction is observed immediately,ending at 804-8150 After this reaction, the sample, heated to 1100°, did not give any effect. In the first endothermic reaction, water is released, however, in the second one S03 is released and the substance is decomposed [4, c. 6].
SECONDARY QUARTZITE
Secondary quartzites are widely spread in Shahdag-Murovdag zone. They are formed either in the areas of tectonic faults generating in this case “the stripe of quartzitized and limonitized rocks, in which barite deposits (Chovdar, Gushchy, Zaglik, Shamkir), kaolin and fireclay (Chanlibel, Garabulag, Mirzik, Hoshyal Polad-Bulag and others), sulfur pyrite (Chiragdere, Gadabay, Gyzyljin, Shekerbey and others) are often timed, or in the periphery of granitoid massifs with enclosing rocks, forming halos of highly quartzitized rocks. Such quartzites are less common and are found in separate areas along the contacts of Dashkesan and Tovuz granitoid intrusions [5, 6, c. 6 ].
Secondary quartzites were formed mainly due to Alennichebay quartz plagiopor- phyres, to a lesser extent, due to lower and middle Jurassic and insignificantly upper Jurassic porphyry, their tuffs and tuffbreccia.
The process of quartzitization proceeded with varying degrees of intensity, and therefore the followings are observed:
1) rocks with a small quantity of quartz;
2) the rocks are silicified, where the secondary quartz already constitutes a significant part, but does not replace its main components and mask its character;
3) secondary quartzites, where the main component is secondary quartz.
In quartzites with porphyroblastic structure, quartz grains (porphyroblasts) with their size (1.56.5 mm) are well distinguished among the fine-grained (0.02-0.25 mm) cementing mass. At a large quantity of cement, quartz grains are not in contact. When there is little cement, quartz grains have complex lines and their jagged edges protrude into each other and into the cementing mass.
According to the size of quartz grains, secondary quartzites can be divided into thin-grained, fine-grained (0.06-0.28 mm), medium-grained (0.15-0.55 mm) and coarse-grained (more than 0.75 mm). Brecciated differences of secondary quartzites that were formed as a result of quartzitization of tectonic breccia of quartz plagioporphyries, porphyrites and their tuff rocks are also found.
Fine-grained quartzites are found in small quantities (Chovdar, Gyzyljin). They were formed due to the metamorphization of tuffs. These are gray to greenish tinges of dense crypto and finegrained rocks. The mineralogical composition is mainly represented by quartz and a very small amount of iron hydroxides and clay mud, located mainly along cracks in the rock. Sometimes scales of chlorite and sericite, fine grains of magnetite and calcite are found.
Quartz in secondary quartzite occurs in two types. The first type of quartz is primary, relic, sometimes with idiomorphic shapes, but often corroded and broken by small cracks. These quartz grains are enveloped in sericite and kaolinite flakes, intertwining with each other and rarely enclosing prism of apatite. The second type of quartz is secondary with two generations:
a) first generation quartz composes the main part of the rock and has a xenomorphic shape;
b) quartz of the second generation composes veins intersecting quartzite mass in different directions.
When quartz grains sharply protrude into each other, there is a gradual transformation of the mosaic addition of secondary quartzite into cataclastic. In this case, the quartz grains are broken by cracks, fragmented and have a strong wavy extinction.
CONCLUSION
The process of alunitization and kaolinization in the Zaglik alunite deposit is associated with post-volcanic activity of Dashkasan granodiorite intrusion. Numerous rock cracks (tuffs, tuff breccia and tuffites) subjected to alunitization and kaolinization, were the supply channels for gaseous and hydrothermal fluids. Further, the process continued along the schistose planes, where intense alunitization is observed.
Secondary quartzites of Gadabay field are mostly fine-grained, dense, usually massive, light- gray colored rocks. Mostly they have a relic structure. Primary quartz differs from the secondary one for greasy luster and flat-conchoidal fracture.
In the area of ore occurrences, secondary quartzites are dark gray to black with sky-blue phenocrysts of quartz to pea-sized. There is no sharp boundary between the ore body and secondary quartzites.
The secondary quartzites of the Small Caucasus have long attracted the attention of researchers as possible refractory raw materials. To this end, investigations were conducted to identify the most prospective deposits.
REFERENCES / СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Efendieva Z. J., Khalifazade Ch.M. Economic problems and enviro- mental challenges in ore mining in Azerbaijan. Journal of mining science. Vol. 54. № 1, 2018. P. 166-172.
2. Kashaya M.A. Physical-chemical conditions of alunite. Baku, 1972. Elm. 81 p.
3. Babaev I.A., Achmedov D.M. Genesis of the Alunites of the Zaglik deposit. Baku, 2000: Bilik daryasi. 4, 70-78.
4. Salimxanov N.M. Secondary quartzites of Azerbaijan. Baku, 1960. Scholarly notes ADU. 6. Р. 3-16.
5. Afandiyeva Z.J. Information guide on the mineral deposits of Azerbaijan. Baku. Azerbaijan. Reference Guide. Baku, 2016: ASUOI. 57 p.
6. Sharifov M.Y., Kofman P.Q., Rayzman B.E. Distribution of vanadium and strontium in the Zaglik alunite deposit. Baku, 1960. AMEA Azerbaijan SSR. 6. Р. 14-16.
Размещено на Allbest.ru
...Подобные документы
Max Petroleum Plc as company, which is engaged in the exploration and production of oil. Familiarity with the peculiarities of the formation of oil deposits in the Caspian basin. Features analysis of historical exploration work on a regional scale.
презентация [448,3 K], добавлен 30.06.2014Месторождения Каспийского моря: Кашаган, Тенгиз, Каламкас-море, Кайран, Актоты. Геологические запасы нефтяных месторождений. Прогнозируемый объем геологических запасов нефти и попутного газа. Операционная компания North Caspian Operating Company.
презентация [448,8 K], добавлен 18.02.2015North Carolina: map, state flag, seal. The Dogwood as state flower. Humid, subtropical climate of the state. Top industries in North Carolina in 2000 year. Famouthe North Carolinians: Dolley Payne Madison, Thomas Clayton Wolfe. Cherokee Beer Zoo.
презентация [3,6 M], добавлен 02.12.2011South West England. South-East Midlands. North-East England. Leinster and Greater Dublin. Dialects and accents amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom. The traditional dialects of Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire and south Northamptonshire.
курсовая работа [45,1 K], добавлен 19.02.2012Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. The ruins of Linlithgow Palace in the Scotland, famous people. The Isle of May in the north of the outer Firth of Forth. The geographical position of England. The main attractions of the country.
презентация [759,9 K], добавлен 25.01.2014Типи даних, які використовує Mpeg-4 Visual: статичні текстури, рухомі зображення. Застосування формату стиснення H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10. Аналіз програми MSU Video Quality Measurement Tool. Особливості формату Visual part 2, функції. Основні умови праці.
дипломная работа [7,0 M], добавлен 05.04.2012The process of scientific investigation. Contrastive Analysis. Statistical Methods of Analysis. Immediate Constituents Analysis. Distributional Analysis and Co-occurrence. Transformational Analysis. Method of Semantic Differential. Contextual Analysis.
реферат [26,5 K], добавлен 31.07.2008Scottish Weddings, main customs. The name "kilt". The Sporran as a traditional part of male Scottish Highland dress, main types. The Balmoral as a traditional Scottish hat that can be worn as part of formal Highland dress. The Great Highland Bagpipe.
реферат [22,1 K], добавлен 12.02.2012Present-day issues of foreign language teaching at secondary school. Current concepts in secondary school graduates EFL. Psychological analysis of Gardner's Theory. Learning environment in teaching English conversation.
дипломная работа [71,5 K], добавлен 20.11.2004In William Faulkner's short story "A Rose For Emily" he had described Emily using five adjectives. These five adjectives were identified in Part IV of his story. "Thus she passed from generation to generation - dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and
сочинение [4,8 K], добавлен 07.02.2004Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. History of European colonization of Canada. Government and politics.
курсовая работа [1,3 M], добавлен 06.05.2010The study of the history of the development of Russian foreign policy doctrine, and its heritage and miscalculations. Analysis of the achievements of Russia in the field of international relations. Russia's strategic interests in Georgia and the Caucasus.
курсовая работа [74,6 K], добавлен 11.06.2012The development of American English pronunciation. English changes in which most North American dialects do not participate. Eastern and Southern American English. Australian speech as a subject to debate. Long and short vowels. Canadian pronunciation.
реферат [62,2 K], добавлен 14.05.2011Canada as the largest country of the North America. Geographical position of Canada, its climate, relief and environment. The population, religion and moving types. History of development of territory. A state system, the basic provinces of Canada.
реферат [20,6 K], добавлен 17.02.2010Ancient Egypt as an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa. Several history periods of Egypt according to the dynasty of the ruling of each pharaoh, their main traditions, climate, the main influence in art, architecture, religion and economy.
презентация [1,7 M], добавлен 07.05.2011The problem of the backwardness of the Eastern countries in the development of material production, its main causes. Three periods of colonial expansion and its results: the revolution of prices in Europe and the destruction of civilization in the East.
презентация [79,1 K], добавлен 15.05.2012For years of the development the Kuban university on all basic parameters has left on the second place among universities of Northern Caucasus and now becomes the center of formation, a science and culture in edge.
реферат [9,5 K], добавлен 20.02.2006Modern English vocabulary from the point of view of its etymology (origin) may be divided into 3 great groups. Words belonging to the set of native word-stock are for the most part. Periods of French borrowings. Assimilation of borrowings and their types.
презентация [41,4 K], добавлен 20.10.2013The principal types of banking in the modern world are commercial banking and central banking. The provision of safe deposit facilities for money and valuables. Establishing a bank account. Cashier’s checks. Characteristic of the central bank in the UK.
презентация [1,1 M], добавлен 23.03.2015A returning twenty year old veteran is not young; his youth was mutilated by the war. Youth is the best part of our life. Our youth are a future of our nation. War is a cancer that threatens to eat this future up. It should not be allowed.
сочинение [6,8 K], добавлен 21.05.2006
