New York City

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Министерство образования Московской области

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования Московской области

«Орехово-Зуевский социально-гуманитарный колледж»

Реферат

по страноведению и лингвострановедению стран изучаемого языка

на тему:

«New York City»

Подготовила студентка 41 группы

Колесова Анна

Специальность 050303

«Иностранный язык»

2012 год

Contents

Introduction

New York City History

Manhattan

The Bronx

Queens

Brooklyn

Richmond

Sights of NYC

Conclusion

List of literature

Introduction

New York is one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is over 11 million people. Although New York is not the capital of the United States, it is the biggest and most important city of the country. New York is situated on the Atlantic coast, in the North-East of the country, in the state of New York at the mouth of the deep Hudson River. It is the biggest sea port in the world. It is the financial and media capital of the world, the centre of the American cultural life and the national leader in fashion and entertainment. The “Big Apple” is nickname of the city. In companion with such ancient historical cities as Rome, London and Paris, New York is quite young. It was founded in 1613 by Dutch settlers. A Dutch-man Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island from the Indians for 24 dollars and a barrel of rum. The Americans say that this was the best business deal ever made in New York. In 1613 the Dutch had built only four small houses in Manhattan. «New Amsterdam» was the first name of the city. After the English had taken over the city in 1626, it was renamed New York after the Duke of York who was commander of the army.

During the War for Independence New York was an important political center and for 5 years from 1785 - till 1790, the capital of the USA. It is a multi-national city, the people that live in it, speak seventy-five different languages.

New York City History

The colonial city

Europe's desire to open trade with the East inspired the explorations that discovered the New World. Giovanni da Verrazzano (1524) and Henry Hudson (1609) were part of that long effort, and they were among the first Europeans to visit and gaze at the vast expanse of New York harbor. The primary result of Hudson's voyage, and his report of a protected anchorage near good farmland, was the Dutch West India Company's decision to place a trading post on the southern shore of Manhattan Island; by 1626 a settlement called New Amsterdam was established. It was not the first Dutch settlement in North America, but the advantages of its location made it immensely valuable. In May 1626 Peter Minuit arrived with orders to secure title to the land. He quickly negotiated the real estate deal of the millennium, purchasing the area from a band of Native Americans who probably did not own it for trade goods worth the equivalent of 60 guilders (converted to the legendary $24). Minuit and his successor governors knew that expanding Dutch access to furs and trade were their primary tasks, and commerce fueled city development. In 1638 a new governor reported that one-fourth of all buildings were “grog shops” devoted to sailor demands. Despite revelries and intermittent clashes with local Native American tribes, the settlement gradually moved northward, laid out farms, and expanded trade with New England and the world.

The most famous governor of the Dutch period was Peter Stuyvesant, director general of New Netherland in 1647-64. Stuyvesant's military background enabled him to spruce up the disorderly town, and he soon granted it recognition as an independent city (1653). The religious orthodoxy he attempted to impose on his already multicultural domain, however, soon led him to clash with the Quaker population of Flushing (1657). Ultimately, Stuyvesant was ordered by his superiors to “shut his eyes” to dissenters so long as they did not disrupt society or trade. The governor found such official blindness difficult, and his imperious nature continued to alienate town burghers. When a British fleet sent by James, duke of York (the future James II), appeared off Gravesend in August 1664, Stuyvesant discovered that no one would fight for his colony. “Old Peg Leg” was forced to surrender on September 8 without even firing a shot. Interestingly, he chose to take an oath of allegiance to the English crown and lived out his life in the city. Despite a brief Dutch reoccupation in 1673-74, the destiny of the colony (which had been renamed in honor of James) had shifted to London. Within the conquered city, resident Dutch and incoming English merchants got along quite well, and representatives of both groups constituted city elite into the 19th century.

A series of English governors ruled New York and hoped that its commerce would make them rich. New York held the flour-bolting monopoly for the area (1680), was declared the sole port of entry for the colony, and its active community of merchants carried on a world trade. Thomas Dongan, a Roman Catholic governor, granted a royal charter of incorporation to the city in 1686 and furthered religious toleration and representative government within the colony. Following the Glorious Revolution in England (1688-89), the brief tenure of Jacob Leisler marked a period of intolerance new to the city and left a heritage of class factionalism that endured for several decades after his execution for treason in 1691. By 1700 the city had nearly 5,000 residents and was connected to the mainland for the first time by the construction of the Kings Bridge to the Bronx.

Tensions between merchant aristocrats, who sought to avoid imperial trade regulations, and venal governors, who were willing to turn a blind eye if they were suitably rewarded, were abundant. Class and ethnic conflict was present, and in 1712 and 1741 public fear of African Americans led to repression and numerous executions. Indicative of a growing spirit of independence was the libel case of John Peter Zenger, a journalist whose weekly journal criticized the political machinations and cupidity of Governor William Cosby. In 1735 a jury of his peers found Zenger not guilty, determining that he had published the truth. The decision was a signal victory for freedom of the press and demonstrated growing civic disobedience within New York during pre-Revolutionary decades. By 1756 assembly leaders humbled royal governors by forcing them to accept annual salary appropriations. The city hosted the Stamp Act Congress (1765), and the Sons of Liberty used violence to prevent the use of excise-tax stamps. New York's merchant community led the no importation program that forced repeal of the measure in 1766, even as the assembly refused to deliver food and cider to British soldiers quartered in the city. Clashes between the Sons of Liberty and soldiers were unending, and the first “battle” of the American Revolution was fought on Golden Hill (south of present City Hall) in January 1770. New York's “tea party” took place in April 1774, months after Boston's famous depredations, but it was held in daylight and without any disguises. New York issued the proclamation calling for a Continental Congress, and its citizens forced the resident royal governor to take refuge on a ship in the harbor long before independence was declared.

Almost one-third of all the battles in the Revolution occurred in New York state, but the city's role was less than heroic. George Washington recognized the “infinite importance” of strategic New York, but in battles between August and October 1776 he was unable to defend the city. For seven years the city was occupied, during which its population declined and two fires destroyed many of its structures. Washington eventually returned to New York after the British evacuation in 1783. Quickly rebuilt, the city served both as state capital (until 1797) and as capital of the Confederation (1785-90); it hosted the inauguration of Washington as president, in April 1789. As the first capital of the United States, New York entertained the first meeting of Congress and the first sessions of the Supreme Court. When the capital was moved to Philadelphia for political reasons, Abigail Adams left the city in despair, for her new

New York City consists of 5 large boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Staten Island (formerly Richmond), each of which comprises a state county.

Manhattan

Manhattan is the name of an island which forms the heart of New York. The island is 13 miles long, 2 miles long and lies at the mouth of the Hudson River. The population of Manhattan is about two million people. Here is the heart of America's business and culture. Most business is centered in Manhattan Island. Over than 5 million come here to work from all parts of the city every day. Manhattan is also divided, with less exactness, into Lower (Downtown), Midtown and Upper (Up-town) Manhattan. Manhattan is divided into the East Side and the West Side.

Once known as the 'Silk stocking District', it retains its position as one of the most affluent neighborhoods of New York City. Like other capitalists cities New York is the city of deep social contrasts.

More than 30 million tourists visit New York annually, but most of these rarely see much beyond the 22.6 square miles (58.5 square km) of Manhattan Island, the smallest city borough. Divided by 12 north-south avenues and crossed by 220 east-west streets, Manhattan is easily understood and infinitely alluring. It is the original New York, boasts the world's largest collection of skyscrapers, and is overloaded with cultural institutions and places of enduring interest. Even to residents of the other boroughs, Manhattan is “the city,” the administrative, business, and financial centre of the metropolis and the basis of their renown. In no other part of New York are there such stark contrasts between rich and poor. The high-rise elegance of Park Avenue and the Upper East Side rapidly gives way to the teeming streets of Harlem to the north and to the crowded bohemian existence of the Lower East Side and Greenwich Village to the south. This cruel modern dichotomy echoes the 19th-century city, where industrial millionaires lived in luxury in Fifth Avenue mansions (now largely converted into cultural centers) far from the immigrant masses on the Lower East Side (whose sufferings the Tenement Museum now honors).

Within this formidable historical imbalance, Manhattan is really composed of neighborhoods that offer peaceful havens to contented residents. Many areas of the island are world famous, among them such ethnic enclaves as Chinatown, Yorkville, Little Italy, and Spanish and Black Harlem. In the streets snaking north from the ancient Dutch Battery, twisting lanes remind walkers that Manhattan was a trade centre before Boston, Philadelphia, or Williamsburg existed. Wall Street, the financial centre of the globe, was originally a Dutch fortification (1653) against feared British or Native American attacks that never came. The jumble of pre-Revolutionary streets continues up to Houston Street, where the grid pattern becomes dominant and continues up the island. Soho (short for “south of Houston”) covers much of the old immigrant East Side and now has been matched by a Noho neighbourhood. To the west is Henry James's Washington Square and beyond that Greenwich Village, formerly a haven for artists but today home to the affluent and professional classes. In 2003 the first section of Hudson River Park opened. Scheduled to extend from Battery Park to 59th Street, the park will cover some 550 acres (223 hectares) of renovated piers and waterfront land when it is completed. Chelsea and Gramercy Park offer diverse attractions before one reaches Times Square, the “Crossroads of the World,” recently transformed from a sleazy strip to a centre of tourism. At Columbus Circle visitors may enter Central Park, some 840 acres (340 hectares) of greenery created by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in the mid-19th century to serve as the “lungs” of the city and defended with vigour against all commercial encroachment. The Upper West Side is filled with brownstone blocks and high-rise apartments and is home ground to the liberal, Democratic Party politics long identified with the modern city. East Harlem is Hispanic, as is Washington Heights, but the two are separated by Black Harlem and the academic bastion of Columbia University on Morningside Heights. At the far north of the island--where Manhattan actually spills into the Bronx--Irish influence predominates. Only in the few blocks of Marble Hill is Manhattan part of the mainland United States.

No area of New York demonstrates change and dynamism as fully as Manhattan. Millions enter it daily to seek their fortunes, and additional millions come to marvel at their efforts. It is Manhattan that they label a “great place, but I wouldn't want to live there.” More than half of the buildings in the world with 50 or more floors are located there, but its storied past can be partly recaptured by visiting South Street Seaport, riding the Staten Island Ferry, or walking through its distinctive neighborhoods. Manhattan means Tammany Hall, the archetype of the political machine, as well as the reformers that overthrew the “Tiger.” It is supremely cosmopolitan, boasting the world's best restaurants and a myriad of cultural institutions, yet folksy enough to have block parties. Manhattan's variety and pace make New York the number one tourist city in America.

The whole area is very small, that's why the sky-scrapers were invented in New York and, especially, in Wall Street. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Manhattan. To protect themselves from attacks, they built a sturdy wooden wall. Although it`s now long gone, this wall gave its name to a street in Lower Manhattan and the street, in turn, became synonymous with American capitalism. Wall Street is a narrow street with big houses, but it is well known all over the world as the busiest street in the USA. People do business there. There are two more world-famous streets -- Broadway and Fifth Avenue. Broadway is the centre of the theatres and night life. It is known as “The Great White Way” because of the electric signs which turn night into day.

It is the city that never goes to sleep. Buses and sub-way run all night. There are many drugstores and restaurants which never close their doors. There are cinemas with films that start at midnight. Fifth Avenue is the great shopping, hotel, and Club Avenue.

New York is the largest port in America. More than half the trade of the United States goes through this city.

The Bronx

The Bronx is the northernmost borough and (except for a tiny sliver of Manhattan) the only part of New York on the mainland. It was first settled by farmers and for centuries remained rural. Originally tied to Manhattan only by the King's Bridge across the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, it was the scene of much conflict during the American Revolution, but afterward it became the area where wealthy politicians and merchants established summer homes. In the late 19th century it was home to a racetrack where the Belmont Stakes were run until 1889. Railroads, additional bridges, and commerce gradually bound the Bronx to the lower city, and in 1874 the towns of Morrisania, West Farms, and Kingsbridge were annexed by Manhattan. Elevated rail lines soon entered two new wards of the city, and vast parks were authorized; the modern borough, 42 square miles (109 square km) in area, is still one-fourth parkland. When additional land from the Bronx was added to New York in the consolidation of 1898, the modern borough was created. Prior to 1910 subway lines snaked their way north to facilitate population growth in the former farmland. By the time Bronx county was established in 1914, it had large groups of Italians, Jews, Irish, and Armenians. Many found work on public works projects, such as those that built parks, the Bronx Zoo, the New York Botanical Garden, or the Jerome Park Reservoir. Others laboured on the uptown campus of New York University, which is home to the country's first Hall of Fame (for Great Americans), expanded the subway system, or constructed Yankee Stadium (1923), the house that baseball legend Babe Ruth reputedly built. Fordham Road became a major shopping street, and the Grand Concourse won favour as one of the most prestigious addresses in the city. The borough still has the greatest number of Art Deco buildings in the world.

An old Broadway song informed Americans that “the Bronx is up,” but few areas of the country experienced such a precipitous drop from prosperity. For a decade after the mid-1960s, the Bronx became the scene of classic urban decay caused by crime, drug dealers, renegade landlords, and the strain of accepting wave after wave of immigrants. Puerto Ricans won political power when they elected Herman Badillo as borough president; they later sent him to the U.S. Congress. However, the reputation of the borough came not from enlightened ethnic advance but from the fires that consumed its buildings and the drug and gang wars that destroyed its young people. Although fully linked to the metropolis by railroads and such bridges as the Robert F. Kennedy (1936; formerly called Triborough), Whitestone (1939), and Throgs Neck (1961), the South Bronx became a place to leave as quickly as possible. Internally, Jewish residents fled the Grand Concourse to live in Co-op City, a housing complex near Eastchester Bay whose more than 15,000 apartments made it the largest such development in the country. The spread of slum conditions northward from Mott Haven, Hunt's Point, and Morrisania threatened to turn the entire borough into a blighted area.

During the last quarter of the 20th century, the tide of decay reversed, and the Bronx rebounded in remarkable fashion. Laws that limited insurance payouts sharply reduced acts of landlord arson, and vacant lands were filled with single-family and row housing. Thousands of apartments were rehabilitated or restored with city funds, and hundreds more were saved by individuals who refused to give in to lawlessness. Tensions between competing populations--the borough is one-third African American, one-third Hispanic, and one-third Asian and white--have eased, and attendance at the universities in the borough has increased. The population was rising by the mid-1990s, and the upper-class enclaves of Riverdale and City Island once again ranked as sought-after housing areas for the city elite. Political power has remained in the hands of Hispanic voters, but the entire borough has benefited from a historic recovery.

Queens

Queens county would constitute a major American city were it not a part of New York. Its 120 square miles (311 square km), more than one-third of the city, feature a primarily middle-class population owning private homes, although in such areas as Forest Hills apartments predominate. During colonial times a significant battle for religious freedom, the Flushing Remonstrance (1657), was fought in Queens; it was a first victory for the tolerance necessary in an urban centre. In the 19th century Queens had several racetracks and two shorelines that attracted the wealthy, and it served as the final resting place for deceased New Yorkers. Its Calvary Cemetery is still the largest in the nation, while 7,000 veterans of the American Civil War are buried in Cypress Hills on its border with Brooklyn. The Long Island Rail Road (1836), originally intended to shorten the trip from New York to the Boston ferry, traversed land that was largely agricultural. That situation changed after 1870 when what essentially were company towns were established by William Englehardt Steinway (pianos) and Conrad Poppenhusen (rubber); the later development of the Newtown Creek area brought heavy industry and drew many immigrant workers into the county.

In 1894 the communities of western Queens endorsed the creation of Greater New York, but parts of its eastern territory ultimately became Nassau County. The borough grew rapidly once the Queensboro Bridge opened (1909) and the Long Island Rail Road was connected to Manhattan's Pennsylvania Station (1910), and subway service was established soon thereafter. A pleasing mix of the urban and the rural, Queens was the centre of the silent-film industry until displaced by Hollywood in the late 1920s. The growing borough had more than a million people even before it was lashed to the Bronx by three bridges and to Manhattan by the Midtown Tunnel (1940). Pioneer aviator Glenn Curtiss flew from Albany to New York City in a little less than three hours in 1910, thus issuing in the age of domestic aviation, and the flat, open spaces of Queens became popular for airfields. It became an international arrival centre when La Guardia Airport opened in 1939 and Idlewild International Airport in 1948, the latter subsequently renamed to honour President John F. Kennedy in 1963. Access to transportation and a lower-density population made Flushing Meadows in Queens a natural site for the two world's fairs held in New York City in 1939-40 and 1964-65. The borough also annually hosts the United States Open Tennis Championships.

In a diverse and cosmopolitan city, Queens ranks as the most ethnically varied of all the boroughs. It is perhaps too simple to refer to Irish Woodside, Greek Astoria, Polish-Lithuanian Maspeth, or Italian Corona, but those groups do predominate. Vast numbers of Chinese, Koreans, and East Indians have transformed Flushing into the largest of New York's three Asian centers and revived a once anemic local economy in the bargain. More than half of the city's Latin Americans, from more than a dozen nations, live in Queens, and their restaurants and travel agencies dominate entire neighbourhoods. African Americans are more fully integrated in Queens than elsewhere in the metropolis, residing primarily in areas such as Hollis, Cambria Heights, St. Alban's, and Springfield Gardens. The borough has no visible slum area, and its residents are united in rejecting low-income housing and high-rise apartments.

Brooklyn

The most populous borough of New York, Brooklyn occupies 81 square miles (210 square km) to the east of Manhattan on the western fringe of Long Island. Sections of the area were first settled by the Dutch in the 1630s, and six largely agricultural towns--Brooklyn, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, Bushwick, and Gravesend--soon thrived. Consolidated as Kings County in 1683, the region grew modestly as an appendage of Manhattan. During the American Revolution, Brooklyn was the scene of the Battle of Long Island (August 27, 1776). After the British occupied New York, their notorious prison ships were anchored in Wallabout Bay; a memorial to the thousands who died stands in Fort Greene Park. Early in the 19th century, Brooklyn became the world's first modern commuter suburb, and Brooklyn Heights was transformed into a wealthy residential community. Modern-day entrepreneurs have restored ferry service across the East River, and the esplanade along the heights rewards visitors with an unrivaled view of Manhattan's shore and skyline.

To the chagrin of New York, Brooklyn became an independent city in 1834 and soon adopted the grid form of street layout. By the 1880s it had about 20,000 industrial jobs and handled more waterborne tonnage than its rival; during the American Civil War the Monitor had been constructed at the Continental Iron Works in Greenpoint. Brooklyn had its own Academy of Music (1859) and Historical Society (1863) and, in Prospect Park (1870s), an urban green space that represented a more mature version of Olmsted's vision across the river; it ranked among the largest cities in the country in the last four decades of the 19th century. However, the construction of John Roebling and Washington Roebling's Brooklyn Bridge to Manhattan (completed 1883) doomed its independent existence, as business interests craved closer ties to the metropolis. Overcoming the opposition of the local Democratic machine, Brooklyn accepted consolidation by a margin of only 277 votes and became a part of Greater New York in 1898.

Contemporary Brooklyn retains much of the independent character it displayed as an industrial city. It has its own shopping mecca (around Flatbush Avenue), a Civic Center, and even a Chinatown in Sunset Park. Additional access to Manhattan came with the construction of the Williamsburg (1903) and Manhattan (1909) bridges and later through Battery Tunnel (1950). In the 1920s full subway service was extended as far as Coney Island, and in 1931 the borough became home to New York's first airport, Floyd Bennett Field (now part of Gateway National Recreation Area). Brooklyn had something that Manhattan could never match, a beloved baseball team, the Dodgers, playing in a wonderfully intimate ball park, Ebbets Field; many hearts were broken when the team decamped to California in 1957, and the field was subsequently demolished. Brooklyn remains famous for its multiplicity of houses of worship serving neighborhoods as varied as Brighton Beach and Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge and Ridgewood, and Canarsie and Cobble Hill. Although the borough has many private homes, the majorities of its people live in apartments, mammoth housing projects, or upgraded row housing. Bedford-Stuyvesant and Brownsville have some of the worst slums in New York, with blocks of burned-out and abandoned buildings. Tensions between African Americans and Hasidic Jews in the biracial area of Crown Heights led to a prolonged conflict in the 1990s, and their relationship has remained strained. On the other hand, careful use of landmark protection legislation has enabled several historic neighbourhoods to restore their viability. The originality of the borough is visible in the creation of new areas such as DUMBO (Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass) and the revitalization of underused piers for shipping.

Richmond

Geographically isolated at the juncture of Upper and Lower New York Bays, Staten Island is 5 miles (8 km) removed from Manhattan by ferry and a mile from Brooklyn across the Narrows. Its 60 square miles (155 square km) are still the least densely populated, most rural part of the city, even though it ranks as the fastest-growing county in the state. When the English conquered New York in 1664, they decided that Staten Island would remain part of that province despite its proximity to New Jersey. A century later, in 1776, British troops launched their conquest of the city from the island. After independence, Richmond borough (later Staten Island) held forts to protect access to New York, quarantine stations for sick immigrants, homes for aged seamen and orphans, and railroad terminals for Manhattan's freight. When its voters chose to become part of the greater city, its population was slightly more than 65,000.

After 1900 a civic centre and borough hall were constructed in St. George near the ferry ramps. Water-system real estate speculators attempted to start a boom when Richmond was connected to the city, but the prospect faded away once direct subway access failed to materialize. Until the 1930s the borough experienced slow industrial and population growth, and only after the Goethals (1928), Outerbridge Crossing (1928), and Bayonne (1931) bridges were built did stagnation cease. Construction of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (1964) finally opened the borough to rapid development and made it a functional part of city life. Truck farming has ended and factories have closed on the island, but borough residents have managed to retain the integrity of their nearly 3,000-acre (1,200-hectare) park, the Greenbelt, the largest such amenity in the metropolis.

Staten Island is the most homogeneous borough in New York; it has the lowest proportion of ethnic minorities and is the youngest and most politically conservative. Its politicians call the borough underserviced, its residents feel under attack by environmental pollutants from New Jersey, and everyone resents being home to New York's largest garbage disposal site. A dumping area since 1948, the Fresh Kills site will ultimately reach an elevation of 500 feet (150 metres), the highest point on the East Coast. In 1990, when the U.S. Supreme Court ordered a reduction in borough power, Staten Islanders endorsed a move to study secession from New York to become an independent city.

Sights of NYC

There are a lot of places of interest in New York. The most famous of them is The Statue of Liberty, given to the USA by France in 1886. Its torch towers about 200 feet above the harbor and can be seen at night for many miles. It is the largest statue in the world.

The Empire State Building used to be the first, but now it is only the third tallest building in the world. It is a 102- storied building with an observatory on the 86 floor.

There are a lot of famous streets which known nationwide. The main street is Broadway. It is the longest street in the world. It is 12 miles long. It is the centre of entertainments. Wall Street is famous for finance. Madison Avenue means advertising, and Fifth Avenue is famous for world-class shopping. It has the best houses, hotels and fashionable shops. There is a famous crossing Times Square. Times Square is known as New York's theatre land, there are more than thirty theaters there, and every evening they play their plays.

Most famous among the city's many museums are the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the American Museum of Natural History. The city's extensive system of public parks includes Central Park in Manhattan. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is the most famous art museum in New York. It has great collection from all over the world. It is by now probably the richest museum in the world in painting and other objects of Art, due to what had been bought from Europeans after World War Two. Besides, we can see the works of American painters there It's located in Central Park. The Central Park is the largest park in the world. . There you can see people walking their dogs, having a rest or playing games.

The city may be described as a collection of many neighborhoods, each with its own character and life-style. New York City is the heart of the mass media in the United States. Printing and publishing are also of great importance, and most of the nation's major publishing houses are based in midtown Manhattan. The city's economic life also depends on the great diversity of its numerous small businesses and manufacturing establishments. The Rockefeller centre belongs to the Rockefeller family. It is 15 skyscrapers housing several large corporations. It is also known as “Radio City”. There is a theatre, too. The United Nations Headquarters was built in 1952. The building and the grounds contain sculptures and other works of art, donated by member nations.

The artists of New York City exhibit in a wide variety of forms, ranging from traditional crafts to the most avant-garde work, flavored by complex blends of ethnic and national influences. Theatrical arts and entertainment are also widespread: Broadway is the synonym for musical comedies and legitimate drama; Carnegie Hall is one of the most famous concert halls in the world; and Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is the home of the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Opera, the New York Philharmonic, and the New York City Ballet. Though the importance of Broadway has declined, theatre is very much alive in the more venturesome Off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions. The city has numerous motion-picture theatres, among which are many revival and foreign-film houses.

The New York Public Library is one of the best research libraries in the world.

New York City has an extensive public university system. Outstanding private colleges and universities in the city include Columbia, New York, Rockefeller, and Fordham universities, numerous medical schools, the New School for Social Research, and the Juilliard School.

Conclusion

new york city history

In the conclusion one can say that New York is the host city of the United Nations, the country's most international metropolis and one of the world's foremost tourist destinations.

New York City is a centre of world trade and finance, communications, art and entertainment, and fashion. The city is the financial capital of the United States and holds the headquarters of many of the world's largest corporations. Besides, it is one of the most exciting cities in the world.

List of literature

1. Britannica.com.

2. http://english-language.chat.ru/

3. http://englishtopic.narod.ru/

4. http://www.homeenglish.ru/

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/

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