The development of the British Parliamentary Monarchy
The final withdrawal of the Roman legions from the province of Britain as the reason for the development Anglo-Saxon kingdom. The struggle for the crown and the establishment of the Lancaster dynasty in the person of Henry IV in the 15th century.
| Рубрика | История и исторические личности |
| Вид | контрольная работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 03.11.2016 |
| Размер файла | 28,5 K |
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The Queen takes a keen interest in all the Armed Services both in the United Kingdom and in the Commonwealth. She keeps in touch with the work and interests of the Services through the Chiefs of Staff and her Defence Services Secretary (a serving officer who is also a member of the Royal Household, who acts as the official link between The Queen, through her Private Secretary, and the Secretary of State for Defence). The Queen is regularly briefed by her Ministers. As Princess Elizabeth, she joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service in 1945 and thus became the first female member of the Royal Family to be a full-time active member of the Armed Services. Many royal Princes have received training in the Services; The Duke of Edinburgh and The Prince of Wales have served in the Royal Navy (The Prince also trained in the Royal Air Force as a pilot), and The Duke of York is a serving officer in the Royal Navy.
The Queen and various other members of the Royal Family hold appointments and honorary ranks in the Armed Services, both in the United Kingdom and in the Commonwealth. Such appointments include “special relationships” with certain ships, honorary colonelcies in Army regiments and corps, and honorary ranks connected with Royal Air Force stations.
These links are maintained by regular visits by members of the Royal Family to Service establishments (on occasions such as passing out parades and the presentations of new Colours) and to ships (usually when they are in port), to meet Servicemen and women of all ranks and their families, both in this country and overseas.
Queen and Church.
The Church of England and the Church of Scotland are established Churches. This means that they are recognised by law as the official Churches of England and Scotland, respectively. (There are no established Churches in Northern Ireland nor in Wales - they were disestablished in 1869 in Northern Ireland and 1920 in Wales.) In both England and Scotland, the established Churches are subject to the regulation of law. The principle of religious toleration is fully recognised both for those of other creeds and for those without any religious beliefs.
There is no established Church in any Commonwealth country of which The Queen is monarch; in the United Kingdom, The Queen's title includes the words “Defender of the Faith”.
Church of England.
The Church of England, and the monarch's relation to it, was established through a series of Parliamentary Acts in the 1530s,which brought about the English Reformation. Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church by denying papal claims to ecclesiastical or any other jurisdiction, and by declaring, himself rather than the Pope as Supreme Head of the Church in England. The Preface to the 39 Articles of the Church of England ascribes the monarch as “being by God”s Ordinance, according to Our just Title, Defender of the Faith and ... Supreme Governor of the Church of England'. The monarch must be in communion with the Church of England (i.e. a full, confirmed member) and, in his or her coronation oath, the monarch promises to maintain the Church.
There are many examples of the relationship between the established Church and the State. Archbishops and bishops are appointed by The Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister, who considers the names selected by a Church Commission. They take an oath of allegiance to The Queen on appointment and may not resign without royal authority. The connection between Church and State is also symbolised by the fact that the “Lords Spiritual” (consisting of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and 24 diocesan bishops) sit in the House of Lords. Parish priests also take an oath of allegiance to The Queen.
The General Synod (including the bishops, elected representatives from the clergy and the laity) is the supreme authority of the Church of England. The Queen opens the Synod after the elections in the dioceses every five years. Since 1919, the Synod (formerly called the Church) has had the power, delegated by Parliament, to pass Measures on any matter concerning the Church of England. Following acceptance of the Measures by both Houses of Parliament (which cannot amend them, nor - by convention - initiate or discuss ecclesiastical Measures, as members of both Houses do not belong to the Church of England) the Measures are submitted for Royal Assent and become law. In addition to legislating for the Church by Measure, the General Synod has the power to legislate by Canon in its own domestic affairs such as worship and doctrine, but The Queen's assent is required for the promulgation of such Canons. Such assent is given on the Home Secretary's advice.
Church of Scotland.
In Scotland, the monarch is required by the 1707 Treaty of Union to preserve the Church of Scotland (Scotland's established Church). The monarch takes an oath to preserve the Church of Scotland at the meeting of the Privy Council immediately following his or her accession. The Queen is not the Supreme Governor of the Church of Scotland, but an ordinary member. In Scotland, there is a division of powers by which Church and State are each supreme in their own sphere; the Church is self-governing in all that concerns its own activities. Its supreme authority is the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, presided over by a Moderator chosen each year by the Assembly itself. The Crown is represented at the Assembly, sometimes by the monarch in person, but more often by a Lord High Commissioner appointed each year by The Queen. Provided that it acts within the law of the land, the Assembly has the power to pass resolutions which can have effect without Royal Assent.
So the function of the monarch is first of all symbolic. Still, it is politically important. For as someone who reigns but does not rule, the sovereign separates the `magic' of sovereignty, publicly visible in many ceremonies, from the power of the executive head of state.
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