The "Prosvita" society’s activities in Drohobych land during the interwar period of the ХХ century

Analysis of the activity of "Prosvita" in Drohobych in the interwar period of the ХХ century. Characteristics of the counteraction of the Polish authorities and local political structures, which tried to nullify and devalue the work of the institution.

Рубрика История и исторические личности
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 28.12.2017
Размер файла 20,1 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

UDK 37.014(477.83)“1918/1939”

The “Prosvita” society's activities in Drohobych land during the interwar period of the ХХ century

Ivan Zuliak

Annotation

prosvita drohobych political institution

Ivan Zuliak. The “Prosvita” Society's Activities in Drohobych Land During the Interwar Period of the XX Century.

The article analyzes the activities of the “Prosvita” in Drohobych land in the interwar period of the XX century, focusing on the counteraction on behalf of the Polish authorities and local political structures that tried to undermine and devalue the society's work amid wide circle of Ukrainians.

Анотація

Іван Зуляк. Діяльність “Просвіти” на Дрогобиччині в міжвоєнний період ХХ ст.

У статті аналізується діяльність “Просвіти” на Дрогобиччині у міжвоєнний період ХХ ст., основна увагу звертається на протидію польської влади і місцеві політичні структури, які намагалися звести нанівець і знецінити працю інституції серед широкого загалу українства.

The progress of the independent state of Ukraine at the present stage is innately connected with the previous stages of historical development of the Ukrainian people which objective research plays a considerable role in the national historiography. The interwar period, in which the activities of the “Prosvita” society in eastern Galicia (Halychyna) was a most remarkable compound, makes up a very important point in the consideration of its role in the national- cultural movement and suggests informative and practical tasks for researchers.

The “Prosvita” society's role in the national history can hardly be overestimated, as the “Prosvita” (“Enlightenment”) units, albeit in quite unfavorable political, social and economic conditions, formed a basis of moral tempering of the Ukrainian being, so, they made up an important factor to play in the formation and establishment of the national consciousness, struggle for realisation of the people's national aspirations, and practical embodiment of the ideas of sovereignty and statehood.

The restoration of the “Prosvita” society's functioning in the interwar period was felt as an objective requirement and a natural display of the national development, the historical and cultural progress of the nation, which became an ideological pivot and a social development motive power of the Ukrainian case, that would be impossible without the society's activities.

A special role belongs to the “Prosvita” society as what concerns the cultural and educational movement in the interwar was period. Providing harmonious and an all-around development of the Ukrainian matter, it assisted the formation of national elite with the state-formation thinking and substantiation of the nonviolent foundations of the national state creation. Properly considered, the society's functioning was directed on the preservation of the national unity of the people in contrast of the assimilating policy conducted by the regime's power and the political structures absolutely hostile to the society's activities.

Under the conditions of Polish government's certain discrimination, in interwar period the “Prosvita” society managed not only to restore its function, but also to develop an active educational work in the region. It played a foreground and leading part in eastern Galicia's (Halychyna's) cultural and educational life and was an enough influential force which with its branched out network of centers covered almost all the counties (povity).

On July, 8th, 1924 the members of the society appealed to the governor with a petition to create in Drohobych the “Prosvita” society's branches. Its members who put their signatures on this document are known to be Volodymyr Chapelskyi, Victor Patslavskyi, Father Theodore Popel, Stefan Sasyk, Mykola Bairak, Stanislav Kmitkovskyi, Ivan Blashkevych, Julian Drozdovskyi, Volodymyr Ilnytskyi, Mykhailo Terletskyi, Volodymyr Dydynsky, Lazar Pan'kiv (all were Drohobychers); Olena Susiuk (fron the village of Uniatychi); Father Ivan Valiukh (from the town of Truskavets); Father Ivan Lishnians'kyi (the town of Boryslav); Father Ivan Shevchyk (the village of Bolekhivtsi); Father Mykola Ivantsiv; Father Dmytro (the village of Hubychi); Jats Oleksovskyi; Levyts'kyi. The aforementioned names appear as founders of the “Prosvita” centres in Drohobych district1. Despite the counteraction of the Polish occupational power, before 1939 68 reading rooms of the “Prosvita” functioned in Drohobych land, four of them in the town of Drohobych2.

In the interwar period the “Prosvita” society was in opposition to the power, though in its nonviolent form. The variety of the “Prosvita's” activity centres manifested itself in carrying out such artistic performances as the concerts dedicated to poet Taras Shevchenko, to the Ukrainian folksong, celebrities in honour of writers Ivan Franko and Lesia Ukrainka, hetman Ivan Mazepa, Mother's Day, spring concerts, festivals etc. The concert life's chronology of the “Prosvita” centres found publication in the society's organ “The Bulletin” that was edited during the activization of the “Prosvita” society in Drohobych land (1933-1939). The considered activization of the “Prosvita” society was demonstrated in the way of organization of the assembly dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the society's branch (1934) that turned out to become a holiday of the Ukrainian song, on which allegedly 11 choirs and over 400 individual singers took part. The holiday was a good evidence of the growth of cultural and artistic life, particularly, of the choral art in the district. The repertoire policy of the “Prosvita” choral centres concentrated on the creativity of Ukraine's musical composers. It demonstrated the elevation of the status of Ukrainian song, braking up of the denationalisation processes and testified to the heroic activity of art and cultural workers even under stateless conditions3.

In particular, the celebratory gathering on the occasion of the 10 anniversary of death of Symon Petliura was organized by Drohobych branch of the “Prosvita” on June, 7, 1936 which was opened by its chairman S. Vytvytskyi. D. Burko read the report on the life and deeds of S. Petliura and student M. Humennyi recited the verse “You, the nation, do you hear?”4.

The county committee composed of the persons in charge of the commemoration of the 20th anniversary of Ivan Franko's death announced the Ukrainian dwellers of the Drohobych land that on September 20th, 1936 in Drohobych the 20th anniversary of I. Franko's death would be celebrated. The agenda included a celebratory meeting and a solemn procession from Narodnyi Dim (The People's House) to the gymnasium where a commemorative plaque was to be unveiled5.

Actually, organization of celebrities in the interwar period required considerable moral efforts and material means, that was why special anniversary committees were created for that purpose and many other Ukrainian institutions assisted the “Prosvita” society in coordination of actions, designing the general plan of celebration an anniversary which was of all-national character6.

The active work of the “Prosvita” centres brought in the appearance of new collective bodies by such cultural-public and sport societies as the Ridna Shkola educational society, Silskyi Hospodar agricultural society, Association of Ukrainian Women, the Plast scouting association, the Sokil society, the Sich self-defense organization, etc. Each of them had its choir and some had amateur theatrical clubs and string orchestras7.

The “Prosvita's” branch in Drohobych informed the district libraries that they should rent their reading rooms out only to those wandering theatres which had the branch' permission, because an unknown theatre “Riznoridnosti” (“Miscellanea”) was touring the county then and some libraries leased their rooms to it8.

Another important deed in the functioning of the “Prosvita” society was providing financial support to the Ukrainian community. Collecting endowment funds for pecuniary aid was also carried out by separate educational and economic institutions. For example, on April 30, 1932 band “Perebendia's” charity performance in the “Prosvita” library in Lviv resulted in collecting 70 zlotys for the needs of the Hutsul region and for Ukrainian political prisoners, having sent victuals worth 150 zlotys to twenty two prisoners in Drohobych' jail9.

In 1935 the “Prosvita's” branch in Drohobych collected from 80 communities 709.49 zlotys, however, it did not present in time the data on receiving funds from 17 persons. In 1937 the Drohobych branch gifted 1135,38 zlotys10.

Eventually, money played a dominant role in the “Prosvita” society's functioning. It was not seldom that some branches returned the calendars edited by the “Prosvita” despite the reduction of their price to 4 zlotys. In particular, the branch in Drohobych returned 17 copies11. On October 11, 1929 consumer co-operative “Narodna Torhivlia” (“National Tade”) addressed the “Prosvita” with a petition to send calendars to it in 1930 at the price of 3 zlotys per copy, with the profit of 25 % on each. All in all, the “National Tade” received 305 calendars for realisation, of which the branch in Drohobych received 10 copies12.

From time to time the “Prosvita” was provoked to involve in certain political actions against its statutory law. In particular, such provocations were frequent in 1926-1931, when the communist activity was stirred up. The “Sel'rob” tried to gain management of libraries and to direct their basic work on social struggle. However, the society's members were representatives of different parties and people of different political orientations, which fact brought about a certain negative tinge in the functioning of the “Prosvita”. M. Halush- chynskyi so referred to this fact in his article “At the Crossroads”: “Whoever is but in general acquainted with the present educational movement, sees, how speakers and education representatives carry on a difficult struggle amongst adult population for what the content of educational work should concern.

The essential features of this contest result from political discrimination which grows amid our citizens.

This unhealthy phenomenon impacts also the cultural life outside of education process. In recent time certain circles make appeals for “class education” as antidotal to the “noble”, “bourgeois”, or “petty bourgeois” education.

Even if we accepted the fact that there really are great class differences among us and that we have a ground for class struggle, we would yet have to consider this problem: what it is more important for us in such a state and in the conditions under which we live, - class consciousness or national consciousness for the safety of the nation and for elevating it onto a certain cultural stage? And what if such class differences do not take place at all and if, actually, there exists only one class, namely, that of peasantry, mercilessly exploited and oppressed socially because it is ethnically distinct from the dominating nation and all the classes within this nation, then no intranational class-political struggle will have any slightest justification whatsoever13.

So, when in December 1922 the chairman of Drohobych branch of the “Prosvita” society V. Chapelskyi held a meeting at which lawyer R. Skybinskyi (1886-1966) was recommended for the post of the society's chairman, a complaint from some Drohobychers was received by the central administrative board of the society in Lviv reporting that the meeting was “onesided”, because the majority of those who took part in it belonged to the Ukrainian social- democratic party, a member of which R. Skybinskyi had been since 1909. Nevertheless, at the repeated meeting in January, 1923 the participants voted for R. Skybinskyi for the second time, - allegedly, because he had again tried to gather into the reading room the majority of “his people”. R. Skybinskyi, however, took care of the restoration of reading rooms and of the “Prosvita” society's economic condition, but he evidently tried to use it in his party's interests. In particular, on his initiative that the assembly in commemoration of Ivan Franko in Drohobych ended in singing of the “International” and, also, it was not without R. Skybin- skyi's “connivance” that during a celebration in honour of Ivan Franko in his native village of Nahuievychi on May 31, 1936 the communists created a “red-banner uproar”14.

According to M. Halushchynskyi's opinion, the “Prosvita” society should be “not merely a sentiment of the past; actually, we need the “Prosvita”, but not as the organizer of casino and club life; we need the “Prosvita”, though not as a foot-bridge for various party and partisan ambitions...”, but, by far, as “... the self-education of all those who by their own lives and deeds crave to create the history of their people, and their people itself to make historical...”15.

In M. Hulei's view, the library as an especially national establishment should bring up fair and conscious citizens who, first of all, would recognize themselves as the Ukrainians, and already then see themselves as the UND members (the Ukrainian national democrats), radicals, or socialists16. And M. Halushchynskyi underlined that the “Sel'rob” and communistic movement did not purpose so much to create its own institutions, but rather to take possession of those already in existance, and, therefore, it must by no means be admitted any possible access to the national establishments, moreover, it had whenever possible to be eliminated altogether17. In Hulei's opinion, it is the duty of the “Prosvita” society to destroy at any cost every attempt of distribution in its libraries of the “Sel'rob” and bolshevic propagation or any other party influence, even to liquidate the reading rooms as such18.

On June 23, 1930 the Drohobych county council informed the library affiliation in Nahuievychi on the discrepancy of its actions with the statute, because on February 23 of the same year in its reading room the local “Sel'rob-Unity” held a meeting at which they chose their party committee which members included also two workers of the library. The “Sel'rob- Unity”, having organised a group of 300 persons, blocked the road with carts and did not allow the export of wood from the suburbs of Sambir gmina. On March 7, 1930 about 30 persons from Nahuievychi attacked the carts. In accordance with the decision of the gmina's chief, the library's property was transferred to the central administrative board of the society19.

On May, 28 1936 in the village of Nahuievychi the festive assembly took place on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Ivan Franko's death. The organizer of this all-national holiday was the unpopular and structurally weak Ukrainian social-democratic party, which was then headed by a 53-year-old lawyer Lev Hankevych... The wooden scene and a tribune were constructed on the very place where there was once the house in which Ivan Franko was born and grew up. The people, who did not stop arriving from everywhere, expressed their indignation about the red flag of the “Working community” from Drohobych above the portrait of the great national poet. The communistic symbolics was also seen here and there in the crowd...

However, it was not yet the end of communistic excesses on that day of May. The majority of those “workers” who had already felt taste for blood in Nahuievychi, came back to a small town of Skole and decided to continue the orgy. To begin with they first moved to the local “Prosvita” society library and started to smash its windows, and - being under an obvious influence of alcohol - to destroy everything that was close to hand. Then they turned to injure other Ukrainian establishments and, eventually, scattered away like evil spirits at dawn...20.

Nevertheless, despite the like actions of various political groups and the Polish power, the “Prosvita” society managed to organise its work, engaging conscious patriots-Ukrainians on the participation in the society.

Literature

1 Чава І. С. Українські громадські товариства та організації Дрогобиччини міжвоєнного періоду / І. С. Чава // Гуманітарний журнал. - 2014. - № 1-2. - С. 88.

2 Шалата М. Століття Дрогобицької “Просвіти” / М. Шалата // Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність. - Випуск 19. - 2010. - С. 291.

3 Булка Ю. Музична культура Західної України // Історія української музики. В 6-ти т. / Ю. Булка. - Т. 4. - К.: Наукова думка, 1992. - С. 545.

4 Святочні сходини з нагоди 10-ліття смерті С. Петлюри в Дрогобичі // Бюлетин Філії Товариства “Просвіта” в Дрогобичі для Читалень “Просвіти” міста й повіту Дрогобича. На правах рукопису. - Рік IV. - Ч. 8-11. - Дрогобич, 1936. - С. 5.

5 Центральний державний історичний архів України, м. Львів (далі - ЦДІАЛ України). - Ф. 348. - Оп. 1. - Спр. 86. - Арк. 7, 9.

6 Зуляк І. С. Діяльність “Просвіти” у Західній Україні в міжвоєнний період (1919-1939) / І. С. Зуляк. - Тернопіль: “Воля”, 2005. - С. 437.

7 Папура І. І. Вплив громадських та просвітницьких товариств на культурно-мистецьке життя Дрогобиччини першої половини ХХ століття / І. І. Папура // Наукові записки Рівненського державного гуманітарного університету. - Том ІІ. - Випуск 18. - 2012 - С. 65.

8 Бюлетин Філії Товариства “Просвіта” в Дрогобичі для Читалень “Просвіти” міста й повіту Дрогобича. На правах рукопису. - Рік IV. - Ч. 5. - Дрогобич, 1936. - С. 4.

9 Збірка голодній Гуцульщині // Гарт. Часопис гуртка молоді “Перебендя” при читальні “Просвіти” на городській дільниці. Бюлетин філії “Просвіти” ім. Т. Шевченка у Львові. - Ч. І. - Р. І. - Львів, 15 травня 1932. - С. 7.

10 Бюлетин Філії Товариства “Просвіта” в Дрогобичі для читалень “Просвіти” міста й села повіту Дрогобич за місяць січень. - Рік IV. - Ч. 1. - Дрогобич, 1936. - С. 3.

11 ЦДІАЛ України. - Ф. 348. - Оп. 1. - Спр. 476. - Арк. 9.

12 ЦДІАЛ України. - Ф. 348. - Оп. 1. - Спр. 476. - Арк. 9.

13 Галущинський М. На роздорожжі / М. Галущинський // Діло. - 15 квітня 1928. - С. 6.

14 Шалата М. Століття Дрогобицької “Просвіти”... - С. 290.

15 Галущинський М. В освітній день! / М. Галущинський // Життя і знання. Ілюстрований популярно-науковий журнал. Рік ІІ. Видання товариства “Просвіта”. - Львів: з друкарні видавничої спілки “Діло”, грудень 1928. - Ч. 3(15). - С. 69.

16 Гулей М. Гонім, сельробівсько-большевицьку гниль та руїнницьку партійність з наших читалень / М. Гулей // Бюлетень філії товариства “Просвіта” в Ходорові. Виходить що 3 місяці. Під редакцією Ю. Герина. - Рік ІІ. - Ходорів, в березні 1932. - Ч. 5. - С. 2.

17 Галущинський М. Політика в освіті, чи освіта в політиці? / М. Галущинський // Діло. - 20 квітня 1930. - С. 3.

18 Гулей М. Гонім, сельробівсько-большевицьку гниль та руїнницьку партійність з наших читалень. - С. 3.

19 ЦДІАЛ України. - Ф. 348. - Оп. 1. - Спр. 3941. - Арк. 1-1 зв.

20 Андрусяк М. Як Франкова ідея показувала мускули. - [Електронний ресурс] / М. Андру- сяк. - Режим доступу: http://www.galychyna.if.ua/publication/culture/iak-frankova-ideia- pokazuvala-muskuli/print.html.

Размещено на Allbest.ru

...

Подобные документы

  • Trade and industry of the England in the 16th century. Houses, its construction. Food in England in the 16-th century. Clothes for rich and poor people. Education in the country. A petty school. Oxford and Cambridge universities. The age of the marriage.

    презентация [992,5 K], добавлен 28.04.2015

  • An analysis of the prosperity of the British economy in the 10th century. Features of the ascent to the throne of King Knut. Prerequisites for the formation of Anglo-Viking aristocracy. Description of the history of the end of the Anglo-Saxon England.

    реферат [20,5 K], добавлен 26.12.2010

  • The dynamics of the Cold War. The War and post-war period. The Eastern Bloc, Berlin Blockade and airlift. NATO beginnings and Radio Free Europe. Crisis and escalation: Khrushchev, Eisenhower and destalinization. Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution.

    реферат [81,7 K], добавлен 25.03.2012

  • Imperialism has helped countries to build better technology, increase trade, and has helped to build powerful militaries. During 19th century America played an important role in the development of military technologies. Militarism led to the World War I.

    контрольная работа [20,2 K], добавлен 26.01.2012

  • The world political and economic situation on the beginning of the twentieth century. The formation of the alliances between the European states as one of the most important causes of World War One. Nationalism and it's place in the world conflict.

    статья [12,6 K], добавлен 13.03.2014

  • Biographical information about the life of Soviet and Azerbaijani state, party and political figure Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev. Becoming a political career and work as Russian President Vladimir Putin. Angela Dorothea Merkel is a German politician.

    реферат [24,6 K], добавлен 20.10.2014

  • Russia Empire in the XX century entered into a complex economic and political environment. Consequences of defeat of autocracy in war with Japan. Reasons of growing revolutionary motion in Grodno. Events of revolution of a 1905 year in Byelorussia.

    реферат [9,4 K], добавлен 14.10.2009

  • The most important centers of the Belarusian national revival. Development of public libraries in Byelorussia. Value Hlebtsevicha as a great researcher of library science, his contribution to development of network of free libraries in Byelorussia.

    статья [8,2 K], добавлен 14.10.2009

  • Farmers and monument builders. The foundation of St. Andrew`s University. Mary the Queen of Scots. Political and cultural life after merger of Scotland and England. The Jacobite Rebellions. The main characteristics of Scotland in the modern era.

    курсовая работа [69,4 K], добавлен 20.09.2013

  • The Industrial Revolution was a period in history when mankind found innovative and efficient ways of producing goods, manufacturing services and creating new methods of transportation.

    реферат [15,7 K], добавлен 28.04.2002

  • Kennedy is first president USA catholic, first president born in the XX century. The almost three-year presidency of Kennedy, interrupted by his enigmatic murder, is marked the Caribbean crisis; by serious steps on equalization black-skinned in rights.

    доклад [5,7 K], добавлен 28.07.2012

  • The period from 1799 to 1815 is often referred to as the "Napoleonic Wars". These years and the two following decades became one of the most difficult episodes of the British history. Great Britain after Waterloo. The Reform Bill. The Poor Law of 1834.

    реферат [21,2 K], добавлен 23.10.2002

  • Practical aspects of U.S. security policy from the point of view of their reflection in the "Grand strategy", as well as military-political and military-political doctrines. The hierarchy of strategic documents defining the policy of safety and defense.

    статья [26,3 K], добавлен 19.09.2017

  • The formation of the Bund as the organization was laid union of the circles of the Jewish workers and artisans Russia empire, basis of the organizational structure. Creation of striking funds. Evolution of the organizational structure of the Bund.

    статья [8,6 K], добавлен 14.10.2009

  • Middle Ages encompass one of the most exciting and turbulent times in English History. Major historical events which occurred during the period from 1066-1485. Kings of the medieval England. The Wars of The Roses. The study of culture of the Middle Ages.

    реферат [23,0 K], добавлен 18.12.2010

  • Russian history: the first Duke of Russia; the adoption of Christianity Rus; the period of fragmentation; battle on the Neva River with Sweden and Lithuania; the battle against the Golden Horde; the reign of Ivan the Terrible and the Romanov dynasty.

    презентация [347,0 K], добавлен 26.04.2012

  • Activities of the King of England and Ireland, Henry VIII, scholar, linguist, musician, first with monarchs brought up under the influence of Protestant doctrines of the Renaissance. Political and theological alliance with the German Lutheran princes.

    реферат [20,0 K], добавлен 07.05.2011

  • Sir Charles Barry as an English architect, known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster in London during the XIXth century. Works of Charles Barry. The Travellers club as the most beautiful building in the Italian renaissance style.

    презентация [22,2 M], добавлен 23.04.2014

  • The process of establishing the authority Tokugawa. The establishment of Tokugawa authority. The history of Japan during the power of this dynasty. Attention to the history of Japan during the reign of the Tokugawa. Features of the Bakufu-Han System.

    реферат [23,9 K], добавлен 27.11.2011

  • Humphrey McQueen's life. The mid-1960s: the moment of the radical student movement led by Maoists and Trotskyists. ASIO and state police Special Branches as record-keepers. H. McQueen's complex intellectual development, his prodigious literary activity.

    эссе [60,0 K], добавлен 24.06.2010

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.