Military-administrative reform of XIX century in the Russian empire: features and impact in social history of Ukraine

Мезеря О.А. Військово-адміністративна реформа ХІХ століття у Російській імперії: особливості реалізації та вплив на соціальну історію України

У статті міститься дослідницько-аналітичний матеріал щодо проведення царатом військово-адміністративних реформ у губерніях України, що входили до складу Російської імперії у ХІХ ст., та визначається їх вплив на повсякдення українського населення у контексті соціальної історії України.

Ключові слова: армія, реформи, соціальна історія.

Мезеря А.А. Военно-административная реформа XIX века в Российской империи: особенности реализации и влияние на социальную историю Украины

В статье содержится исследовательско-аналитический материал о проведении царизмом военно-административных реформ в губерниях Украины, входивших в состав Российской империи в XIX в., и определяется их влияние на повседневную жизнь украинского населения в контексте социальной истории Украины.

Ключевые слова: армия, реформы, социальная история.

Army - one of mirrors of society that represents totality of human vices is this. Realization of public reforms always after itself means positive consequences are certain in development of state mechanism, but their embodiment must come true with the special carefulness, meaning more vulnerable social consequences, that certainly will have an influence not only on public changes but also on changes in consciousness, deformations of public values and mental and ethical transformations, that in a result determines the further fate of whole people and him the historical future.

A permanent crisis that overcame Ukraine results endlessness of process of reformation of all links of life- support of citizens, as then economic, political, social, military spheres and others like that. To Tom, experience of large reforms of ХІХ of century, in spite of their imperfection, must assist making of clear strategy and algorithm of overcoming of the similar crisis phenomena, that in the basis will have social changes in society, providing of social consent, and in the result of creation of civil society.

An author goes out from that Ukraine of ХІХ of century entered in most, in the complement of the Russian empire. Therefore fundamental principles of daily occurence were formed on the basis of imperial principles, though had the features.

At determination of aims and tasks of research an author leaned against the scientific revisions of predecessors, that is determined by sentinel space on two stages: research to acquisition by Ukraine of independence, and also will blow about the modern stage Ukrainian historical science. They are many-sided and ambiguous, but must be taken into account at development of problem. Majority from them is presented in the list of sources and literature.

Coming from properties of predecessors, an author defined for an aim to investigate the internals of military-administrative reform of the Russian empire of ХІХ of century in the context of social history of Ukraine.

Reforms are conducted by Oleksandr II, played an enormous role in history of the Russian empire. At its these reforms touched practically all basic spheres of state and social life of Russian society of that period, inclusive and the Ukrainian provinces. The state of prereform army was determined by socio-economic position, that folded in Russia on the fracture of XVIII-XIX of century the Recruit system of completing of army answered феодально-кріпосницькій social basis of tsar's Russia by then. Peasants, workers and other податні states of society, supplied with ordinary composition, noblemen - officer. However next to positive lines the recruit system had substantial defects. Created absence of the taught supply chronic некомплект of regiments not only in military but also in peaceful time. Thus, the recruit system limited possibility to get quickly, and, mainly, addition taught in good time.

The second lack of the recruit system was that at the protracted tenures of employment an army constantly had in the composition more soldiers of older, than young, healthy and sharp warriors. Experience of elders is soldier did not change other internalss that had young soldiers: to endurance, to mobility etc. The third lack of this system of completing were numerous exceptions from execution of military service. From military service it was exempt almost 20% masculine population of country.

An of central vehicle of army was bulky and inflexible. The of state of officer corps was one of the most weak points of pre - reform army. Greater of part of officers did not have not only special military education but also general qualification.

Ordinary composition service in an army examined as human недолю. It is explained by not only long tenure of military employment but also mode set for ordinary in tsar's army on the Prussian standard.

In the second half of XIX of century in the Russian empire there were substantial changes as bourgeois reforms, that touched all spheres of activity of the state. Bourgeois reforms changed a traditional line-up and public norms of the of that time Russian empire. Yes, on serfdom was February, 19, 1861 anniented. This event became a new page in history of country and did a push in development of the state and society.

The feature of military reform 60-70th of XIX century consisted in the cardinal updating as of army. In her step the task of creation of skilled army decided on bourgeois basis, fundamentally different from the armed forces of epoch of feudal.

Noticeable changes in an army began after setting the secretary of war on November, 9 in 1861 general D. Miliutin, prominent public and state figure, highly educated man. Both in past and in modern historiography he is considered the best secretary of war for this history of Russia. Before the secretary of war stood extraordinarily difficult task - to reorganize all system of military management in an army. Researchers in reform distinguish a few directions: a

1) reorganization of management;

2) reforms of military-educational establishments;

3) changes of the system of completing of the armed forces are by introduction of conscription;

4) transformations of courts martial;

5) rearmament of army.

All these measures were conducted in two periods. First period -- 1861 to 1874 maintenance of him consisted in preparation of material terms and military management for creation of mass army. Second period -- from 1874, characterized by completion of soldiery transformations of 60th and creation of mass army on the basis of the accepted new charter about conscription.

Mainly, a general D. Miliutin wrote, consisted in that, to «drive all building to the slender kind and simplify all difficult mechanism her, and for this purpose it was confessed by useful to unite parts homogeneous on the circle of actions together, and to destroy superfluous growths that during time appeared more or less by chance, without every plan».

Beginning to formation of supply of the armed forces was fixed. Reduction of tenure of military employment in some measure allowed to decide the problem of forming of the taught addition.

Defence of empire was provided by two luingins of the armed forces: permanent troops and militias that was called in a gun the special Higher manifest. Permanent troops were divided on: Land and Marine.

In the project of order of secretary of war from December, 20 1870, the substantive provisions of that were expounded in The highest the manifest 1874 about introduction from January, 1 of 1874 р. General conscription», the following was talked:

§1. Defence of Fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian national

§4. A receipt on service decides a lot. From an appeal those persons that for confessed disfigurations forever by unapt at military service are freed only. All other men must pass drawing by lot. §6. Replacement or tax farming from military service is shut».

All system of military management of Russia was managed by an emperor. He managed an army and fleet, «gave out decrees and commands in relation to distribution of troops, translation of them on a martial law, studies, passing of service characters of army and fleet and in general all, that behaves to the armed forces and defensive of the Russian state».

Central military management, or Military ministry, the appointed was for «...co-ordinations of activity of all troops, establishments and managements» and showed by itself a supreme government «body from the management of empire» all military-land forces. A local military government knew creation of recruit sets for annual addition to the army, and «in concert, by an account and call of ranks of supply for her addition during mobilization». A combatant military management led «...by the field and reserve troops, according to their basic quality - mobility and permanent readiness to the battle actions». Next to the marked organs a new organ that does not exist in a peace-time appears in a wartime, is the Field management troops, that accepts the direct participating in battle actions.

In summer in 1862 instead of the First army were founded Warsaw, Kyiv and Віленський territorial departments, and at the end of 1862 - Odesa.

In 1864 6 territorial departments were created yet: Petersburg, Moscow, Finland, Riga, Kharkiv and Kazan. In next years were formed: Caucasian, Turkestan, Orenburg, Western Syberian and Eastern Syberian territorial departments.

The Ukrainian provinces entered in the complement of the Kyiv, Odesa and Kharkiv districts. Founding and opening of many soldiery schools, academies, marine schools began also; rearmament of army by new military-technical facilities.

In a lecture to Oleksandr ІІ after 1862 Miliutin very shortly stopped for reorganization of the system of military education, specifying only on the necessity of expansion of the cadet schools created at cabinet-type and divisional staff for preparation to the officerships of cadets et al freely subject. Except it he talked about the changes of teaching in cadet corps with the aim of improvement of preparation of future officers.

On territory of Ukraine 2 academies operated: the Mykolaiv engineer and Mykhailiv artillery, that were formed in 1855 from the higher forms of corresponding schools. On August, 30 of the same year these formed 2 academies the Emperor's military academy. At the head of the accrued academy there was a leader of the Main staff from military-educational establishments.

Thus, during the first 8th years to the Military ministry it was succeeded to carry out considerable part of the set reforms in area of organization of army and management troops. In area of organization of army there was the created system capable in case of war to increase the quantity of troops, not succeeding to the new forming.

Reformation of military schools, that small on the aim of improvement of the system of formation of officer and ordinary composition, and also reorganization of cadet corps and creation, was carried out on their base of new soldiery academies.

Acceptance of Charter about conscription in January in 1874 became the logical consequence of equalization in the civil laws of all states and abolition of serfdom.

By the prime example of violation of current legislation the dated to February, 4 points the archived document public servants in 1989. So, in a complaint to the Odesa governor general of habitant of Tiraspol Ivan Chepalyha the following registers: “So to elect people as secretary Tiraspol and Volyn local government can only in Turkey or Bulgaria. He takes from all who is called to implementation of conscription and returns the got money only to those, who is accepted on military service, for this purpose he have agents that drive on a district. All habitants of city know about his predatory, on the statement of local gendarme colonel verification was conducted, but a chairman favours him local government leader of the nobility, that is in a love-affair with wife Stemlikovsky. Even colonel Баранов, that arrived on your command paid attention to predatory of Stemlikovsky, but all to no purpose. Leader of the nobility Dmitriev holds him for the sake of wife. Characteristic next message: displace Your excellency attention on such lawlessness and deprive a poor population from a furious robber, the wife of that on the dresses spends no less as 5000 roubles on a year, at that a man gets salary 800 roubles on a year. All citizens of city can lead to it”.

In a next document see that a situation remains without changes, but inquisitional actions are conducted by power in further validified facts expounded in denunciation.

Thus, it is possible to draw conclusion from the above-mentioned documents, that situation around on actual service was difficult enough. Before the breach of law many citizens were succeeded sufficiently from the different layers of population, because, the protracted existence of the similar phenomena without an implicit agreement and support of population would be impossible.

In support of the marked idea it follows to point another business that caused resonance in society. Yes, in a letter to the temporal Odesa governor general from the public prosecutor of the Odesa trial chamber from February, 7 in 1889 it is reported that at the end of 80th ХІХ of century on the south of Russia exists шайка jewries and other persons that carry out large abuses on the release of lower ranks from military service through inoculating to them of artificial illnesses : erection of feet, under the guise of coalfaces and dislocations, inguinal hernia, temporal illness glanced aside, and others like that. Lower ranks fall ill these illnesses, in most cases, in transit, being on leave, or during a call to the justice's courts, or in a business trip. A call as a plaintiff or witness is done with the aim of temporal removal of lower rank from a command. Examples of criminal activity of group are in business made farther, jewries carry out guidance that Kosach and Mozus Idrus, that live in Mykolaiv on a street Velyka, 56.

Thus, existing in society demand on similar abuses, through an unwillingness to execute conscription, created favourable terms for the origin of suggestion from active and shifty persons.

A stay of military subdivisions was of frequent occurence in the підконтрольних Ukrainian provinces, related to the defensive of borders of empire and necessity locations of military subdivisions, the quantity of that grew. In an order to decide the problem of розквартирування troops in cities and small towns a government for a certain pay розміщав a personnel in one cases on apartments and houses of locals, in other - the barracks were built due to taxes from a population. So, for example, in a period from 1830 on 1878 in Chernivtsi money on розквартирування troops took from payments of petty bourgeois, that not always wished to give apartments to soldiery. For determination of sum houses divided into five categories. And already in 1879 from a conflict with suburbs charges on living of soldiers it was decided to reckon to the city charges.

It is reported in the report of staff of the Odesa territorial department of Katerunoslav governorate to Governor, that in the second half of March of 1905 р will arrive 2 regiments of the Don cossack army for an assistance in support of public peace within the limits of the Odesa territorial department and it is suggested to place in Katerynoslav governorate one in Katerynoslav, other in the district of Yuzovo-Luhansk. Thus on arrival of regiments of hundred 7th cossack regiment are within the limits of Katerynoslav governorate will be recalled to the staff of regiment in Mykolaiv.

Guidance of enterprises and mineries began to underpay to the workers, explaining it the necessity of maintenance of cossacks, that caused agitation among workers and without that warmed-up revolutionary events. In the environment of cossacks impermissible, insanitary housing and domestic terms, from what, discipline goes down there is blown up a moral spirit of soldiery ranks.

Local and plant power: the Luhansk municipal chairman and director of the Novorossisk joint-stock company, not wishing to engage in arrangement of cossacks in numerous reports to the governor, asked to call troops off in Bakhmut in connection with the lack of need and concentrated placing of hundreds. Guidance of cities Luhansk and Mariupol vice versa sued a governor for introduction to the cities of troops in connection with disturbances on enterprises and it put citizenry and enterprisesunder a threat. Commander 23rd Don cossack regiment reports that hundreds are quartered badly and does not have bedding for sleep of lower ranks. population life tsarist reforms ukraine

Thus, the problems of location of military subdivisions, taking into account the positive enough consequences of soldiery reforms, so not were worked out till about beginning of ХХ of century the Unendurable domestic terms, terrible barrack orders, created terms for the display of девіантної behavior of all special composition.

With military service in a barrack the constrained feelings and experiencing of hero of story «Earth» of O. Kobylyanska, that, probably, were inherent to not only the literary hero but also many peasants called to the army : «Weeks passed, as Mykhajlo abandoned his earth. Strictness that dominated here and pressed everything, виблискувалася against him every minute, languages sharp brilliant knife. Then cried, as if a child. Some from his camerades laughed and it is said that at first all is dimly, but later adopting to everything. He lost itself». One of sharp questions that determined the mutual relations of soldiery and populations of the Ukrainian provinces there was their work. It is necessary to admit that employment of soldiery depended on such factors, as belligerency, stay or the world in a garrison or on soldiery manoeuvres on a ground, execution of service in a guard, stay on duty or in a dress, implementation of planned studies of combatant or battle preparation and others like that.

Ordinary combatant soldiers had the considerable loading and quite not had a spare time. The bright enough picture of everyday life of domestic soldier of the Russian army points the modern Russian researcher P. Shcherbinin «soldier had quite not much time, to conduct him in the family. From a morning he was busy at studies, combatant employments and only on dinner got possibility to come on an apartment to the family. Visit there hour two-three, he again had to hurry in a company on employments that proceeded till about a supper. Having dinner at home, soldier again hurried in a regiment to eight evening on evening verification. Only after it he could appeal to the commander after permission to become free from a company for spending the night with the family».

What touches private life of soldiery, then it was clearly regulated by a military apex. In particular, it was not allowed to marry during the conduct of military service: «In the letter of Ministry of internal affairs to Mister it is marked the Kyiv, Podolsk and Volhynia governor general, that in an order on a military department after 1866 №62 about limitation of right to enter lower ranks into marriages to giving a permanent holiday and to the lower ranks permitted the noncommissioned officers to enter into marriage only on qualifying five years in this rank. However a military ministry gets information, that in some localities heterodox clericals and for a present tense accomplish marriages of temporally-vacation lower ranks without the receipt of permission of the authority».

«The Kyiv province military chief reported in the Kyiv spiritual consistory, that governed contrary, the stated in orders on the Military department of 1866 г. за №173 and 1872 after №1, one priest Uman district, on November, 9, 1875 married accepted the same November on military service and discharged temporally. In investigation what and in order to avoid similar marriages circular, through благочинных, to prescribe to the priests of the Kyiv diocese, that they did not crown the recruits».

Thus, prohibition to marry during the conduct of military service became military regulation that fully concentrated attention of soldiery on military business.

The aim of soldiery reforms was enhancing the military prestige and spirit of army. On territory of the Russian empire severe prohibition operated on the visit of drinkable establishments by more subzero characters, but she did not spread to all districts, that is why for an order in each the governors answered of them.

However in the further reports of the Kyiv governor from 10.09.1868 №9006, 16.10.1868 №6690, 31.05.1869 №5301 it is reported that in the district of location of field engineer brigade near-by Kyiv in a field engineer suburb an open sale is conducted alcoholic to late night, and also a card game and quite often patrol detains more subzero ranks with public women.

Except it, guidance paid attention to, that had become the substantial problem of military environment syphilitic illness. In resolution from 5 January in 1862 attention applies in relation to verification of houses of debauch and ladies of easy virtue: “...it is talked that among lower ranks syphilitic illnesses are strongly widespread, in investigation what, it is recommended carefully to carry out constabulary-medical verifications of public women. As a result of verifications revisions were subjected: soldiers, at that lower ranks, maids of potatory establishments, maids, gather in the location of troops, women are resident to two versts in the nearest villages. In the Podolsk province for February is March a month is educed patients 227 public women. In the Pechersk district of Kyiv in the syphilitic separation of the Kyiv combat hospital a 1000 soldiery treated oneself in 1861. From data of authorities in the Podolsk province of patients venereal illness was 1859-1251 persons, 1860 are 1179 persona, 1861 are 1075 persons. It is known on denunciation of the Kyiv military commandant, that resident in a dug-out after the Vassilievski strengthening people sell vodka and hold debauch women, in investigation what the number of lower ranks of patients made eighth part of all patients venereal illness in the Kyiv combat hospital”.

Thus, military apex, trying to heave up prestige of army blundered upon a deeper problem, such as falling of moral norms in an army. Alcoholism and dissolute life became the norm of their daily occurence for soldiery.

Being long time in the hard physical and psychological terms of military service, in the moment of the «disciplinary softening» soldiers begin to engage in a «drinking-bout» and public nuisance.

Thus, the aim of soldiery reforms 60-70th of XIX of century were not only administrative innovations and new armament but also enhancing the prestige and moral spirit at soldier. A state apex converted soldier not into the instruments of war, as be before, and in a man a chance was given that on further development and construction of the life in peaceful civil society. From one side the state gave possibility military to get education and take the deserving place in society, and from other exposed large psychological defects in an army, as a debauch and alcoholism. Trying clearly to regulate all spheres of life of soldiery, the state was not able to stop moral decomposition of this social stratum.

Such changes in a military environment influenced on everyday life of other layers of that time society. There were cases of military ugliness, that revolted the ordinary habitants of territorial departments. It became an enormous problem not only for a police and military apex but also for a peaceful population.

Й without that unsweet life of ordinaries soldier got worse abuses of local officials, that had to provide the supply of foods, clothes, food, for постоялих troops. The numerous archived documents testify to it. Yes, it is reported about abuse of officials, at the purveyance of rusks for an army. In denunciation from the habitants of the Berdychiv district marked the Kyiv governor general about abuse of Karanovich, that due to that during taking of rusks over a population on each threw down 50 poods of rusks 10 poods, as a result for three years руб. amassed by robbery to 30 thousands roubles. Besides habitants adduce proofs about the receipt of grafts for 100 roubles for hiding of deserters.

Will mark that the peasants, paying belonged to for baking of rusks 1 rouble 25 cop. for a pood, but the criminal acts of officials resulted in the frequent cases of невиплат, when locals nothing was gotin general.

Except rusks a population had to carry out a purveyance and supplying with firewoods to the troops. But abuses were inherent and to this type of activity. For example, rural head of village of Sytniaky of Radomysl district Hryhorij Zdolnyk complained about an underpayment to the peasants of pence for supplying with firewoods to the troops in size of 54 roubles.

Habitants of cities were in the a bit best position - for a grant to the troops підвід, horse and foods the so-called контрмарки due to that they could pay taxes for the real estate were given out them.

A burdensome duty for villagers was a supply to the soldiery horse of feed-stuff, or selection for them of pastures. Therefore circular the ministry of internal affairs were the worked out elucidations in relation to Charter about large duties, where rules are marked in relation to the selection of pastures for soldiery horse. In obedience to elucidations the military authority must call to the citizens in good time and not later one month prior to producing of horse on pasturage, however on occasion when troops stay too long on manoeuvres, then soldiery have a right to require from a population 30 poods of hay and 60 poods of grass in a day during necessary time.

It is necessary to mark that розквартирування regiments in villages and small towns of Ukraine not always carried after itself negative consequences. The numerous archived documents in that there are addresses of citizens to the province authority with a request to turn troops to the settlement after their departure testify to it. It can be explained by next reasons: firstly, living of troops in settlements brought in their slow, grey life a dynamics, emotions; secondly, in spite of numerous enough duties and duties, the stay of troops always carried with itself additional funds and profits, both for peasants and townspeople and for the higher layers of population that was not if by what stimulus for both parties.

The prime example of mutual relations of population with the quartered troops a request serves as to the governor general of count Ігнатьєва from the habitants of the Podolsk province Літіна noblemen, merchants et al. In him it is reported that during many years in city was army units -- 12 artillery brigade and 36 Dragoon Akhtyrka regiment. Marked, that «gifted by nature the принадами locality, surrounding forests, gardens, large meadows, of high quality water, air, hygienical terms and closeness to the different stations of the South-west railway. Enough feed-stuff and foods and besides kind mutual relations, both from the side of society to the troops located here and from the side of the last to society. Assisted standing and over that, society always tried all facilities to satisfy the necessities of troops and in these kinds calculating on duration of standing, public built here and on the suburbs of city bridge and an enormous accommodation and cold building on what spent many tens of thousands of roubles».

By another substantial cause for bringing in of troops in a population points are implementation by them protective functions in a fight against criminal elements and help to the local police. So, for example, on the border of the Podolsk province from Бессарабською, by the Kherson and Kyiv provinces in Балтському district often there were thefts, robberies, robberies. A local police accepted the proper measures, but at the limited nature of facilities required a substantial help. Criminals hide in Balti and separate villages: Benzary, Kozaky, Myrony, Borschy. For getting things put in order the Kyiv, Podolsk, Volyn governor general comes to the commander the troops of the Kyiv territorial department with a request to quarter the squadron of the Belgorod Uhlan regiment. A request was satisfied.

Coming from the given facts, will mark that not paying attention on inconvenience in a stay and розквартируванні troops in the settlements of the Ukrainian provinces, locals kindly enough took to soldiery, understanding both their necessities and own benefits. In support of this idea, will give an example a few meeting of постоялих troops to the local populations.

Similar actions took place at meeting 2 and 4 battalions of the 18th infantry Vologda regiment in city Березне on September, 9 in 1879.

Thus, realization of soldiery reforms of ХІХ of century considerably influenced on position of soldiery both ordinary and officers. Considerable changes that took place in the order of complecting of army affected daily occurence soldier and officers and citizenry of the Ukrainian provinces. The problem of location and workplace of troops became sharp. Cost effectiveness by a government and unwillingness to build the sufficient amount of barracks, lay down weight on a local population that had to give apartments to the troops, sometimes to feed, to carry out the purveyance of rusks, firewoods, supply with bedding belonging, carry out the purveyance of grass and hay for soldiery horse and others like that.

Will mark that similar inconveniences for a local population not always carried after itself negative consequences. In majority cases citizens kindly took to soldiery. It can be explained by next reasons: firstly, workplace of troops in settlements brought in a dynamics in their slow, grey life, emotions, impressions, new timetable in a daily occurence; secondly, in spite of numerous enough duties and duties, the stay of troops always carried with itself additional funds and profits, both for peasants and townspeople and for the higher layers of population that was not if by what stimulus for both parties.

Numerous researches of bourgeois reforms of the second half of ХІХ of century determine them as halved, imperfect. It was not an exception and military reform, what numerous abuses testify to, corruption from the side of both soldiery chiefs and from the side of civil officials, that in turn did not could designated position of ordinary citizens, namely. influence of девіантної behavior of servicemen is on everyday life of citizens.

Further research of problem, in opinion of author, it maybe to execute after next directions:

- A deep study is in the plan of everyday life of the Ukrainian population with the representatives of army;

- Essence in the historical context of mutual relations of Ukrainians and other representatives of empire on a level of coincidence and divergence of permanent characters and others like that.