On the question of the freedom of the peoples of Bessarabia

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On the question of the freedom of the peoples of Bessarabia

Bessarabia, as an independent territorial association of various nationalities, repeatedly changed from Romania to Russia from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, being in the interim between these historical events in the power of the Moldavian principality, which in its turn led to prolonged oppression, violence, humiliation and extermination of Bessarabia people. The people of Bessarabia experienced the greatest cruelty from the boyar Romania.

At the heart of the aggressive policy of boyar Romania the intrigue of the Romanization of the freedom-loving people under the rule of the political elite and the royal court of Romania was exploited. For much of the historical time span it will of the multinational people of Bessarabia could not be realized due to a number of political, social and economic developments. The ways of liberation of the people must be elected by the people themselves through the integrity and not a fake democracy. The problem is that the loss of freedom of entire generations of people can happen at any time of its historical way of development and lead to a reduction of national consciousness and national dignity of an entire people. Today, in the process of radicalization of the world community, manifestations of extremism and aggressive policy of foreign territories, the leadership of the Russian Federation can lead to irreparable consequences of the redistribution of territories of sovereign states, the enslavement of peoples in the center of Europe.

The study of the fundamental historical works of M. I. Meltyukhova «The Bessarabian question between the world wars of 1917-1940» [6], A. I. Mikhailova «The struggle of Bessarabia against the Romanian invaders» [7], the memoirs of the descendants of the seers of the described events, as well as modern materials of the historians of Moldova and Ukraine, the Internet edition of the «Moldavskie Vedomosti» [8] and the materials presented on the websites of such authors as S. Skorik, G. Kukhaleishvili, P. Shukshinov [5; 9; 14], which reflect the contemporary life of the former Bessarabia within the borders of the Ukrainian State, allowed through the prism of the historical events of the 19th - early 20th centuries show the new events and facts from the life of Bessarabia, as well as indicate the main political-territorial problems of contemporary Ukraine.

Methods for studying the topic under study were carried out from the viewpoint of an integrated approach using chronological, analytical and logical analysis of events.

The main purpose of the article is the triumph of the historical truth of life and the struggle of the Bessarabians for their independence and freedom; debunking false speculation about the aspirations of the peoples of the former Bessarabia to split off and create a separate state outside the borders of Ukraine; to show the normalization of relations with neighboring Romania today, where there were certain differences in the issues of natural resources and territories. At the heart of all these misunderstandings was the echo of the legacy of boyar Romania, which was used by certain nationalist circles and parties, and it was only thanks to the collective intelligence, good neighborliness and joint mutually beneficial economic projects that many negative phenomena were localized.

During the Russian-Turkish wars, Bessarabia was ruled by a Moldovan divan, which was headed by the Russian administration, which was subordinate to the commander- in-chief of the Russian army. Based on the results of the Bucharest peace treaty of 1812, Bessarabia was annexed to Russia and in 1818 Bessarabia Region was formed on its territory, and in 1873 - the province.

After Russia introduced troops to the Moldavian principality in 1853, which further led to the Crimean War and after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which ended this war, the southern part of the region, adjacent to the Danube and the lower reaches of the Prut, became part of the Moldavian principality, and Russia ceded Moldova Cahul district towns Izmail and Bolgrad, which was founded by General Inzov.

As a result of the unification of Moldova and Wallachia in 1859, Southern Bessarabia became part of the new state of Romania, and according to the decision set forth in the Berlin Treaty of 1878, southern Bessarabia without the delta of the Danube again moved to Russia, but soon after the February 1917 revolution in Bessarabia, as in many regions of Russia with a predominantly non-Russian population, the national movement revived and, on the model of the Ukrainian Central Rada, the regional national parliament Sfatul Tarii was formed on November 21, 1917, and after the October Revolution on December 15 1917 the Moldavian Democratic Republic was proclaimed [1].

The desire of most of the nationalities to gain independence and the desire for a new happy life contributed to the entry of Bessarabia into the Moldovan Democratic People's Republic, but the policy of the Romanian state was clearly projected to capture Bessarabia, an intrigue was prepared under the guise of helping the young republic (a profitable purchase of food), and further proposals were made in obtaining a foreign loan, protecting strategic facilities and putting things in order.

On December 7, 1917, under the guise of purchasing food, several regiments of the Romanian army occupied the village of Levo and nearby villages. The Chisinau Revolutionary Committee cut off the way to the Romanian military units by its militarized formations for further advance into the borders of Bessarabia. At that time in the young proclaimed Moldavian Democratic Republic, not without the participation of Romania, looting, violence, disobedience to authorities began. The internal political struggle between the revolutionary-minded population and the prosperous peasantry led to a fatal decision. On December 28, 1917, Sfatul Tarii, initiated by the Peasant faction, consisting of junior officer ranks and supported by the chairman of the council, P. Erkhan, introduced Romanian troops to combat riots, for protection of railways and food stores. An important role in the adoption of this decision was played by the promises of the attraction by the Romanian administration of a profitable foreign loan for the young republic.

Hiding behind his adherence to Great Russia, the leadership of Sfatul Tariy became a path of betrayal and deception. Even before the decision was taken on December 28, 1917, on December 20, 1917, officially asked the Romanian authorities to send troops to Chisinau: «To the Minister of War of Romania. According to the decision of the General Council of Directors of the Republic of Moldova, we ask you to order an urgent dispatch to Kishinev of the regiment of the Ardalyans... Signatures: Chairman of the Council P. Erkhan, General Director I. Pelivan, General Director of the Interior V. Christie» [6].

Romania immediately responded to the appeal of the top of the Moldovan Republic, sending the 11th Infantry Division of General Brochtianu through Ungheni to Chisinau. The massive intervention by the Romanian troops of Bessarabia caused a widespread rebuff to the aggressor of the poorest population and the revolutionary-minded progressive intelligentsia. Speaking about the invasion of Romanian troops in Bessarabia, we must admit that the intervention was prepared in advance and was organized simultaneously from the northern and southern borders of the republic.

The revolutionary committees, which headed the defense of the entire region, courageously fought for the freedom and independence of the young republic with their revolutionary detachments of sailors, workers and peasants. The forces were not equal, it was impossible to resist the military machine of Romania and the allied White Guard army. Danube towvs of Bessarabia: Reni, Izmail, Vilkovo were subjected to massive artillery bombardment, the ships of the revolutionary flotilla, headed by the legendary sailor Zheleznyak, moved to Vilkovo, where, with the support of the local population, they enlarged their supplies with food and drinking water and left for Odessa.

After a series of manipulations in Sfatul Tariyi with the support of his agents, the Romanian authorities forced the supreme body of the republic to accept the shameful decision to join Bessarabia to the Royal Romania. The information of that time in the central organ of Sfatul Ceriy, the Izvestia newspaper, truthfully reflected the events that were taking place: «But under the barrels of Romanian machine guns, representatives of the peasant faction and a group of ethnic minorities refused to vote for joining Bessarabia to Romania» [1]. Enlightenment of the peasant faction, came at the very last moment of the existence of Sfatul Tariy.

In Bessarabia, the post of general commissioner was established, the appointment to the post of ruler of Bessarabia was received by General Voitian. On November 25, 1918 by order of the King of Romania was convened an emergency session of Sfatul Tariy who decided to join Bessarabia to Romania. At the time of joining, 2 million 393 thousand people lived in Bessarabia: Moldavians - 47.6%; Ukrainians - 19.75%; Jews - 11.8%; Russians - 8%; Bulgarians - 4.6%; Gagauz - 2.6%; The Germans - 2.3%. Northern regions of Bessarabia were inhabited mostly by the Ukrainian population, southern, especially the Danube cities, - the Russian population, in the central part to the southern borders were Moldovans. The history of the region does not know a single event of national discord, internecine nationalist speeches. At that time in Bessarabia, sympathy for Russia prevailed, even the overthrow of the tsar and the October Revolution could not worsen these sentiments. The oppression of boyar Romania over the peoples only increased the gravitation of Bessarabians to Russia. Bessarabia massively began to leave the Russian population and part of Ukrainians in the Soviet Republic, foreseeing the impending adversity of the Romanian occupation.

The enslavement and humiliation of the freedom- loving people of Bessarabia intensified the revolutionary mood among people. On January 18, 1919, an uprising against the Romanian enslavers broke out in the Khotyn district, organized by the National Union of Bessarabians and the committee «In defense of Bessarabia». The main requirement of the residents of Khotynsky Uyezd was the accession to Russia and not the consent with the regime of government by the local authorities of boyar Romania [7].

The Romanian occupiers sunk an uprising in the blood, spared neither children nor women, mass executions in all ten volosts of the Khotinsky county claimed the lives of 11 thousand people. In Bessarabia, the days of mass terror and intimidation of the people came, and the tax policy began to change dramatically. Peasants from the harvest of grain left 30 poods of grain, the rest was seized as a tax. There was introduced a tax on land, the tax was imposed on the activities of the Danube fishermen. Master craftsmen barely made ends meet - taxes exceeded the profits from the sale of manufactured products.

The working day of the worker in production was up to 12-14 hours, earnings per day were 60-70 lei, and a kilogram of bread in the store cost 25 lei [7].

Many peasants left without land allotments, worked for hire from wealthy peasants and landlords. Their work was estimated at 15-20 lei with three meals a day, but they worked from dawn to dusk. From the memoirs of the manager of the affairs of the landowner Vasil Marinov, Loshchinovka village in the past Karaklia: «For me there were constant complaints of the landlord to the excessively high expenses for the food of agricultural workers, he demanded a reduction in the diet at least twice». Unbearable work on the field in the summer heat had to be provided by high-calorie food, which the manager V. Marinov also did, including meat food in the workers' food ration.

In public places, it was necessary to speak only in Romanian, staying on the street after zero hours could result in beating with a pullan (rubber truncheon). Any explanation of the detainee was not taken into account by the policeman and the detainees were severely punished. No better situation in schools. According to the testimony of S. I. Daki, a resident of Izmail: «Schoolchildren were constantly beaten by teachers for the slightest fault: they did not do their homework, did not answer at the board, - immediately get a dozen strokes with the ruler on the hands. My hands were constantly bruises and abrasions».

The freedom-loving people of Bessarabia opposed Romanian expansion and cruel treatment of people, which led to the Tatarbunar uprising, which began on September 16, 1924, it swept the southern Danube villages. Revolutionary moods reached Izmail, Kiliya and Vilkovo. The Romanian authorities threw the border regiments and the Danube flotilla of Admiral Gavrilescu, thereby localizing the uprising in the borders of Tatarbunar, the villages of Chishma and Nikolaevka. Regular Romanian troops, transferred from Bolgrad and Izmail, the paramilitary units of the German colonists, the prosperous peasantry, the police, after three days of fierce battles, sunk the Tatarbunar insurrection in the blood. Unarmed rebels tortured, burned their villages. In the Tatarbunar, hundreds of defenseless people were driven to the church fence and shot from machine guns. Europe's foremost forces condemned the brutality of the Romanian authorities and demanded the trial of war criminals who took part in the killing of civilians, which was reflected in A. Barbusse, a famous French writer, public figure who wrote his historical novel «The Executioners» on the basis of the Tatarbunary events [7; 6].

The destructive misanthropic policy of the Royal Romanian government in Bessarabia led to a drop in industrial production by half compared to the pre-war level - the area under crops decreased by 100, 000 hectares, the fall in cereals was 57%, although before the war Bessarabia supplied 10% of all grain produced Russia. Having excellent pastures and a rich fodder base, the Bessarabian meat and milk producers reached 50% of the pre-war level, draft animals - horses for every 100 animals had no more than 44% of the healthy stock [7].

It can be stated with certainty that the inhabitants of Bessarabia, the arrival of the Soviet army after the signing of the bilateral Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, was perceived as the deliverance from Romanian oppression and violence. The basis of this perception was formed by good associations regarding free life in royal Russia. Of course, the repressive machine of the USSR in 1940 and up to the Great Patriotic War (WWII) did not manage to leave its bloody trace in the souls and minds of the peoples of multinational Bessarabia.

The Bessarabians were subjected to terrible and inhumane trials by the regime of fascist Romania headed by the henchman A. Hitler, Ion Antonescu. Mass extermination of the Jewish population by criminals from the Gestapo and the Cigarranis in Bessarabia deprived the lives of more than 300 thousand people. The underground organizations of the region saved from the true death of many Jewish children and women, crossing them for the front line and hiding them in Moldovan, Russian and Ukrainian families in the occupied territory [8]. All Bessarabia was captured by guerrilla and clandestine movement, 139 partisan detachments and underground groups numbered about 1500 people by 1944, the number of internationalists in these detachments was much higher, but in the open steppe area, in the sophisticated investigation of the Romanian and German gendarmerie of many patriots Liquidated. Four hundred cars, dozens of echelons were destroyed by Bessarabian avengers during the occupation period [10].

After the liberation of Bessarabia from the Nazi invaders, the Sovietization processes, which were interrupted by the war, were continued. In 1944-1945 the deportation of Bessarabians began, to a greater extent it affected the Bulgarian population, people were forcibly sent to the so-called «Labor Front». We needed cheap labor to restore the national economy after the Second World War. According to the five-year plans for the development of the USSR, factories, plants and mines in Siberia, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan began to be built intensively. The process of collectivization and dekulakization of wealthy peasants was intensified, the latter being tried and deprived of liberty for a long time [9]. In 1940-1941, 21885 people were deported by the Soviet punitive organs, and by 1949 after the liberation of Bessarabia the exiled were 35050 people, so 56935 people were expelled from the towns and villages of Soviet Bessarabia [13].

As we learned from the secret directives of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), traitors and traitors to the homeland (USSR) were subject to immediate liquidation. In Bessarabia, People's Commissariat for

Internal Affairs (NKVD) officers, who were subordinate to Beria, guided by these documents, shot innocent people. According to the testimony of one of the victims V. T. Zinchenko and her neighbours, residents of the city of Izmail, her father was unlawfully shot - a simple carpenter, the breadwinner of five children. His wife and her friends began to demand explanations from the authorities, they wrote letters and sent dispatches to all state institutions to review the case and punish the perpetrators. The authorities responded with bloody punishment, - the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) captain nicked the mother of five girls with an ax, leaving the children orphans.

1947 was the year of starvation for many residents of Bessarabia. Historians of that time are inclined to believe that hunger could be prevented by using an untapped reserve of grain stored on elevators the withdrawal of grain from peasants in 1944-1945. The authorities completely devastated the peasant farms, and the famine of 1946 that had begun was met with empty barns. There is no exact data on the deaths of people from starvation, which is why this figure is indicated in approximately 200 thousand human lives.

Using slave labor and rigid obedience to the working people of socialist legality, the economy and industry of Bessarabia developed dynamically and rapidly for the first time in the post-war decades. The totalitarian regime of the USSR was a strangler of technical progress, complete isolation from the outside world did not allow the use of modern technologies and scientific developments in industry and agriculture. The constant arms race and the maintenance of the military bloc of the Warsaw Pact were an unbearable burden for the country, all this led to an increasing shortage of the commodity mass, a decline in living standards and discontent among the population.

The fall of the state foundations of the USSR under the influence of internal and external factors predetermined the further development of Ukraine after becoming an independent state. The primary document was the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine of 16.07.1990, where it was proclaimed that citizens of all nationalities are the people of Ukraine and the created state is non-aligned and further seeks neutrality. The Act of Proclamation of Independence of Ukraine was adopted on August 24, 1991 [2].

As part of Ukraine as such, Bessarabia does not exist, there is no fixation of territorial boundaries, there is no autonomous sovereignty at the legislative level. Such constitutional provisions are not and can not be in a single and not divisible Ukraine. Unfortunately, there are attempts to exit certain territories of modern Ukraine from its composition, as a result of the redistribution of state borders, which will lead to a redistribution of natural resources between countries and the emergence of new monopolies, which is why we have a military confrontation over the territory of eastern Donbass and that already destroyed the integrity of the borders of Ukraine, as well as the loss of the Crimea peninsula, which greatly aggravated the economic state of the country and brought it out of political balance, led to huge losses among the peaceful not to mention the decline of the country's economy. This situation can be further exacerbated if this process is picked up by countries that historically included the annexed lands to Ukraine, or they themselves will announce their decision to withdraw from the territorial integrity of the Ukrainian state, which will lead to military action in most of the country.

At present, the echoes of boyar Romania find their manifestations in the great-power globalistic policy of certain radical parties in Romania, where the ideology of the «Great Romania» is based on their ideology. The views of these politicians consist in the need for Romania to join the lands from Transnistria to the Lower Danube region of Ukraine.

The constant redistribution of the drainage of the Kiliyskaya Gyro by a flow control dam to its Georgievsky sleeve in the Izmailsky Chatal area led to the ecological disaster of the Danube lakes of Ukraine, the penetrating depths of the Ukrainian channel of the Danube River were reduced. For this reason, there was a change in the course of the river, which left two Ukrainian islands aside from the fairway: Maikan and Ermakov, which immediately became the object of the Romanian side's claim. Attempts to cajole the Romanian neighbours by the conciliatory policy of the Ukrainian leadership to the detriment of their own interests did not have any success, in fact, we refused further litigation over the oil and gas shelf in the economic zone of Ukraine - the Zmeiny Island, having lost significant natural resources. Until 2014, Ukrainian ships were not handled in the ports of Romania, these discriminatory actions were carried out by Romania in order to close the Ukrainian navigable canal «Bystroe», connecting the Danube with the Black Sea [5].

Many globalistic aspirations of the Romanian side managed to be localized due to the tolerant policy of the EU. The joint Ukrainian-Romanian project of the Orlovka- Isakcha ferry crossing with the financial support of the EU and the restoration of the Berezino-Bessarabeasca (Moldova) railway line with the connection of the ports of Reni and Galati (Romania) and access to the European railways radically changed the relations of our countries in Constructive good neighbourly undertakings [11; 12].

The continuing bloodshed in the East of Ukraine with the direct participation of the Russian Federation is the most dangerous in the modern history of Ukraine. The plans of the Russian aggressor, which he does not hide, are aimed at the rejection of Ukrainian territories. The desire to create Bessarabian autonomy under Russia's protectorate was successfully suppressed by the special services of Ukraine in May 2015. The plan provided for the organization of an uprising in Odessa and the treatment of the rebels (agents of the Federal Security Service and traitors) to help the «fraternal people», which the 14th Russian army stationed in Transnistria should provide. Thanks to the successful and timely actions of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), the attempt of the insurrection was failed [3; 14].

Proceeding from the above, it is possible to draw certain conclusions: new directions in the study of historical events in the life of the people of Bessarabia as a multinational association in the struggle for their freedom and independence require a profound analysis and narration of the historical truth, in connection with current events occurring on the territory of Ukraine, with the aim of avoiding repetition of events of past centuries, which determines the relevance of further study of the proposed topic.

The globalization of neighbouring states and their desire to enslave Bessarabia for several centuries has its political and economic prerequisites. The essence of the issue raised is to understand the historical lessons learned by the multinational people of Bessarabia.

The people's striving for freedom and independence is his life position. On the example of the people of Bessarabia and modern Ukraine in this article, scientific research was carried out on the difficult historical path of the multinational people living in the south of Ukraine and Moldova. The authors of the article tried to show the intrigue and deception of any power holding the people in obedience. On the historical way under investigation, the people's wishes are really seen to emerge from the yoke of violence and to establish true democracy. Unfortunately, the hopes of the people did not materialize even today - an oligarchic clan state created unbelief and uncertainty in the future. Therefore, our way lies through the understanding of true freedom as a subtle substance of the ineradicable feeling of every freedom-loving people. The peoples of the former Bessarabia in the united family of the Ukrainian state are going through their hard historical way with the firm conviction of their happy future in the unity and brotherhood of the peoples of Ukraine.

bessarabia patriotic war revolution

References

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