The 76th anniversary of the tragedy of Babi Yar: historical and cultural aspects

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The 76th anniversary of the tragedy of Babi Yar: historical and cultural aspects

It has been 76 years since the first massacres at Babi Yar by German occupying forces. This date was widely marked in Ukraine and in the world. The memory of a terrible tragedy has not waned over the years - the new books and researches are published, the evidence of crimes emerge, a variety of conferences, round tables and exhibitions are held. Even in these difficult times for Ukraine, millions of people honor the memory of victims, they take a new look at all those horrors of war and bitter fate of innocent victims of the criminal regimes.

The people of art do not stay on the sidelines either - they continue to concentrate their creative powers around the issue of Babi Yar. Every year artists, musicians, writers, theater figures and many others increase the general treasury of creative reflection of the tragedy happened 76 years ago in Kyiv. This is not only their abstract artistic reconsideration ofthe past-this is first of all their mission and civic position. It is the creative method that often helps to achieve the most comprehensive emotional image of the tragedy, because today it is not influenced by ideological components.

The people of art quickly reacted to the tragedy of Babi Yar. However, it is important to remember that it was the socialist realism epoch. The ideology played an important role in formation of artistic images, and significantly modified stylistic and content possibilities. The memory of war remained within state ideology. But people wanted themselves to keep the truth about war for future generations.

Indeed, writers, musicians and artists are the conscience of a nation. Some of the works were masterpieces, and some of them were less successful. In some works, we see the historical truth, while others show the facts mixed with fiction and ideological stamps. Today it is still difficult to judge the motives of some authors, but the general tendency was described by A. Kuznetsov, «Everything in this book is true. When I recounted episodes of this story to different people, they all said I had to write the book» [7, p. 14]. However, «the truth» was described partially, the author writes, «The Soviet writer always faces the dilemma: not to publish the works at all or at least to publish the part free of censorship. Many people consider that it is better to bring to the reader at least something than nothing, I thought that too» [7, p. 7].

Many believed that the problem of perception ofthe Babi Yar tragedy was in inability to go beyond the ideological frames. The artists did not have a possibility to expose the paintings related to Babi Yar in public. For example, the artist Alexander Tikhomirov at his time won fame for his portraits of Lenin, but only recently, people could see his works related to Babi Yar. Why have Lenin's portraits in the size of one third of a football field appeared, and the heartfelt drawings of people's tragedy during unknown decades have been unnoticed? It is generally believed that thanks to the state order, the artist received the right to have money and a workshop, while the other works creation was a hobby, as the attempts to reflect the tragedy of Babi Yar attracted criticism.

In 1949, the first symphony «Babi Yar» of the Kharkov composer Dmitri Klebanov was strongly criticized. The archive materials show that the Ukrainian poet Andriy Malyshko strongly condemned D. Klebanov and some others, «Rootless cosmopolitans», he said, «together opposed the Soviet culture in all its forms. The cosmopolitan bastards Stebun, Adelgeim, Sanov and their company have found their supporters in Beregovsky, Heilig, Hinchina and others. Klebanov's Zionism, appeared in the symphony in the memory of Babi Yar victims is in line with the Zionism of Pervomaiskiy and Golovanivskiy» [8, p. 195]. It is hard to believe that the author of «The song about the towel» has showed such aggression. But those were «the laws of time», it was necessary to adapt for survival reasons.

Such attacks continued for a long time. The fight for the artistic right, for «the right to remember» continued up to the end of eighties ofXX century.

During the Soviet period, none of the mass massacres victims in Babi Yar were forgotten. It was an image of collective sorrow, collective tragedy of Soviet people. Who actually died, how the execution was carried out, and other facts had to pass a serious censorship. Sometimes there were mishaps. A. Kuznetsov describes one of them, «The magazine «Yunost» has been sent abroad. And many countries immediately started to translate it. I received a lot of puzzled letters from translators: they could not understand lots of content. For example, the chapter named «Profession - arsonists», was censored so much that there were no arsonists, no remark, there was not even such a word, there were only a few paragraphs about a man reading Pushkin» [7, p. 9].

To achieve a better understanding of the Soviet realities features, we can underline a few important aspects. It is important to remember that usually there were relevant authorities that regulated the formation of historical memory and its cultural reflection - they implemented the development of prevailing ideology («the party line») and strictly controlled compliance with it (tens of thousands of relevant specialists were involved for this purpose). «…three millions. This is the approximate number of the governing class of nomenclature in the USSR calculated on the basis of statistical materials. This class including children and family members constitutes less than one and half percent of the country's population. And this one and half percent therefore proclaimed themselves the leading and guiding force of Soviet society, intelligence, honor and conscience of our epoch, chief former and initiator of all Soviet victories. That's exactly that one and half percent that make noise on the foreground, acting on behalf of290-milion people and even «all of progressive humankind» [l, p. 154].

The events of Babi Yar were interpreted in accordance with «the party line», «the Soviet version» was created. Both conceptions of the first monuments and the general tendency of this event's perception were connected with this version. They did not lay emphasize on truth, but on the interests of «the Soviet people». Each art project had to pass through the relevant inspection and to comply with the specified model.

References

babi yar historical

1. Восленский M.С. Номенклатура. Господствующий класс Советского Союза. - М.: «Советская Россия» совм. с МП «Октябрь», 1991. - 624 с.

2. Герой Украины - Татьяна Маркус, выдающаяся киевская подпольщица [Текст]: (к 90-летию со дня рождения) / Нац. ист. - мемор. заповедник «Бабий Яр», Фонд «Память Бабьего Яра»; авт. - сост. И.М. Левитас. - Киев: [б.и.], 2011. - 26 с.

3. Евтушенко, Евгений Александрович (1933-). После Сталина: Наследники Сталина; Бабий Яр и др. / Евгений Евтушенко; Введ. А.М. Гурвича. - Chicago (111.): Russ. lang. specialties, Cop. 1962. - 84 c.

4. Евтушенко, Евгений Александрович (1933-). Я пришел к тебе, Бабий Яр… [Текст]: история самой знаменитой симфонии XX века / Евгений Евтушенко. - Москва: Текст: Книжники, 2012. - 141, [1] с.

5. Євстаф'єва Т.О. Трагедія Бабиного Яру крізь призму архівних документів Служби безпеки України [Електронний ресурс] / Т.О. Євстаф'єва // Архіви України. - 2011. - №5 (275). - С. 137-158. - Режим доступу: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/ay_2011_5_14

6. Книга памяти [Текст]: Бабий Яр / Еврейский совет Украины, Киевское общество еврейской культуры, Фонд «Память Бабьего Яра»; авт.-сост. И.М. Левитас; ред. кол. И.М. Левитас [и др.]. - К.: [б.и.], 1999. - 300 с.

7. Кузнецов А. Бабий Яр / Анатолий Кузнецов. - К.: Саммит - Книга, 2008. - 368 с.

8. Мицель М. Евреи Украины в 1943-1953 гг.: Очерки документированной истории. - К.: Дух і Літера, 2004. - 362 с.

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