The American Communist Party and feminism at the beginning of the Cold War
Analysis of the specific features of the position of the American Communist Party on feminism. The Bolshevik leader Alexandra Kollontai as a one of the powerful and consistent voice for the mainstream Soviet Marxist-Leninist approach to feminism.
| Рубрика | История и исторические личности |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 15.10.2018 |
| Размер файла | 27,0 K |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
At the beginning of the Cold War, the CPUSA adopted the Soviet position on the Woman Question. This position did not acknowledge that housewives belong to the class of the oppressed, or that working class men subordinated working class women. The party feared that feminism could undermine the unity of families. For the CPUSA, as for Soviet communists, whether a woman worked inside or outside of the house was the key factor that defined her as either a “toiler” or a “parasite.” This ideological orthodoxy and narrowing of the liberation agenda, along with the fact that party leadership prioritized non-feminist causes, undermined the CPUSA's influence on the future of American feminism.
The accounts of prominent American Marxist feminists (Healey, Aptheker, Inman) detailed the ways in which the CPUSA marginalized the Woman Question. Four years of work under the umbrella of the CAW by its diverse feminist members could be seen as a sincere but ineffective way to organize and represent women in their collective struggle. The well documented persecution of communists by the U.S. government further contained the activism of Marxist feminist women. However, the CPUSA's lack of support for the CAW preceded the McCarthy era and was mostly shaped within its own patriarchal ideological and organizational axes. Around 1960, a number of women's civic organizations in the U.S. (encouraged by the CIA) moved from work on global efforts to spread a peace agenda, to supporting causes that were closely aligned with the American Cold War position. Finally, the American government took control of the Woman Question by supporting individualization of the common cause, and by promoting “equal rights” and “non-discrimination” agendas [42].
References
1. Angelina, Praskovya. 1951. “My Answer to an American Questionnaire”. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
2. Anon. 1946. “Women of America Organize Own `PAC'.” New York Times 5:26.
3. Anon. 1975. Redstockings Discloses Gloria Steinem's CIA Cover-Up. New Paltz, NY: Redstockings of the Women's Liberation Movement.
4. Aptheker, Bettina. 2002. “Red Feminism: A Personal and Historical Reflection.” Science & Society 66(4):519-26.
5. Baxandall, Rosalyn. 2002. “Precursors and Bridges: Was the CPUSA Unique?” Science & Society 66(4):500-505.
6. Boucher, Joanne. 2003. “Betty Friedan and the Radical Past of Liberal Feminism.” New Politics 9(3):23-35.
7. Boxer, Marilyn J. 2007. “Rethinking the Socialist Construction and International Career of the Concept "Bourgeois Feminism. The American Historical Review 112(1):131--158.
8. Brown, Kathleen A. 1999. “The `Savagely Fathered and Un-Mothered World' of the Communist Party U.S.A.: Feminism, Materialism, and `Mother Bloor'” Feminist Studies 25(3):537.
9. Castillo, Greg. 2010. Cold War on the Home Front: The Soft Power of Midcentury Design. University of Minnesota Press.
10. Clements, Barbara Evans. 1992. “The Utopianism of the Zhenotdel.” Slavic Review 51(03):485-96.
11. Cook, Sarah Gibbard. 2011. “Feminists Differ in Second and Third Waves”. Women in Higher Education 20(8):7-7.
12. De Haan, Francisca. 2010. “Continuing Cold War Paradigms in Western Historiography of Transnational Women's Organizations: The Case of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF)”. Women's History Review 19(4):547-73.
13. Delegard, Kirsten. 2012. Battling Miss Bolsheviki: The Origins of Female Conservatism in the United States. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
14. Dicker, Rory C. 2008. A History of U.S. Feminisms. Seal Press. Berkeley, CA.
15. Dunayevskaya, Raya. 1985. Dialectics of Revolution: American Roots and World Humanist Concepts. Chicago, IL: News and Letters Committees.
16. Goldman, Wendy Z. 1993. Women, the State, and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Gosse, Van. 2002. “Red Feminism: A Conversation with Dorothy Healey.” Science & Society 66(4):511--18.
18. Horowitz, Daniel. 1996. "Rethinking Betty Friedan and `The Feminine Mystique': Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America." American Quarterly 48(1):1-42.
19. House Un-American Activities Committee. 1950. Report on the Congress of American Women. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
20. Inman, Mary. 1949. 13 Years of CPUSA Misleadership on the Woman Question. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
21. Jones, Claudia. 1949. “We Seek Full Equality for Women.” Reprint from Viewpoint Magazine. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
22. Keohane, Jennifer A. 2018. Communist Rhetoric and Feminist Voices in Cold War America. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
23. Kollontai, Alexandra. 1909. “The Social Basis of the Woman Question.” The Social Basis of the Woman Question by Alexandra Kollontai 1909. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
24. Kollontai, Alexandra. 1946. “The Soviet Woman a Full and Equal Citizen of Her Country.” Retrieved May 2, 2018.
25. Kounalakis, Markos. 2015. “The Feminist Was a Spook.” Chicagotribune.com. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
26. Laville, Helen. 2002. Cold War Women: The International Activities of American Women's Organizations. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press
27. Leslie, Irene. 1936. “Lenin on The Woman Question.” The Communist 15(3):245 Retrieved March 6, 2018.
28. Lenin, Vladimir. 1921. “International Working Women's Day.” Lenin Collected Works 32: 161-163. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
29. Levine, Suzanne and Mary Thom. 2007. Bella Abzug: How One Tough Broad from the Bronx Fought Jim Crow and Joe McCarthy, pissed off Jimmy Carter, battled for the Rights of Women and Workers, rallied against War and for the Planet, and Shook up Politics along the Way: An Oral History. London: Farrar.
30. McAfee, Kathy and Myrna Wood. 1969. Bread and Roses. Leviathan.
31. Millard, Betty. 1948. Woman Against Myth. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
32. Mitsotakis, Spyridon. 2011. “The Marxist Roots of Feminism.” Front-page Mag. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
33. Nixon, Richard M., and Nikita Khrushchev. 1959. The Kitchen Debate. Transcript. Accessed March 11, 2018.
34. Reid, Susan E. 1998. “All Stalin's Women: Gender and Power in Soviet Art of the 1930s.” Slavic Review 57(1):133-73.
35. Remennick, Larissa I. 1999. "Women with a Russian Accent in Israel." European Journal of Women's Studies 6(4): 441-61.
36. Roosevelt, Eleanor and Nancy Woloch. 2017. Eleanor Roosevelt: in Her Words: on Women, Politics, Leadership, and Lessons from Life. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers.
37. Rupp, Leila J. and Verta A. Taylor. 1990. Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women's Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
38. Studer, Brigitte and Regan Kramer. 2015. "Communism and Feminism." Clio (English Edition) 41:126-139.
39. Tarrant, Shira. 2005. “When Sex Became Gender: Mirra Komarovsky's Feminism of the 1950's”. Women's Studies Quarterly 33:334-55.
40. Vogel, Lise, Susan Ferguson, and David McNally. 2013. Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
41. Vogel, Lise. 2002. “Introduction.” Science & Society 66(4):498-99.
42. Watkins, Susan. 2018. “Which Feminisms?” New Left Review 109(1-2):5-76.
43. Weigand, Kate. 1995. “Vanguards of Women's Liberation: The Old Left and The Continuity of the Women's Movement in the United States, 1945-1970s.” PhD Dissertation. Department of History, The Ohio State University.
44. Weigand, Kate. 2001. Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
45. Weigand, Kate. 2002. “Reply to Critics.” Science & Society 66(4):527-35.
46. Weikart, Richard. 1994. “Marx, Engels, and the Abolition of the Family”. History of European Ideas 18(5): 657-72.
Размещено на Allbest.ru
...Подобные документы
The Historical Background of Cold War. The Historical Context. Causes and Interpretations. The Cold War Chronology. The War Years. The Truman Doctrine. The Marshall Plan. The Role of Cold War in American History and Diplomacy.
дипломная работа [53,5 K], добавлен 24.05.2003History of American schooling, origins and early development. Types of American schools. People, who contributed to the American system of education. American school nowadays in comparison with its historical past, modern tendencies in the system.
курсовая работа [52,8 K], добавлен 23.06.2016The history of Russian-American relations and treaties. Rise of the British Colonies against the economic oppression of the British as the start of diplomatic relations between Russia and the USA. The collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War.
контрольная работа [14,1 K], добавлен 07.05.2011Biographical information about the life of Soviet and Azerbaijani state, party and political figure Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev. Becoming a political career and work as Russian President Vladimir Putin. Angela Dorothea Merkel is a German politician.
реферат [24,6 K], добавлен 20.10.2014Aims, tasks, pre-conditions, participants of American war for independence. Basic commander-in-chiefs and leaders of this war. Historical chronology of military operations. Consequences and war results for the United States of America and Great Britain.
презентация [4,8 M], добавлен 16.02.2013Gordon Wood is Professor of History at Brown University. He is one of the leading scholars researching issues of the American Revolution in the country. Problems researching revolutionary nature of the American Revolution.
реферат [21,4 K], добавлен 27.09.2006The American Wars is an extremely complex and controversial topic. The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard. America in Great War, Korean War and Vietnam War.
доклад [53,4 K], добавлен 11.09.2012Theodore Roosevelt as the Twenty-Sixth President of the United States and passionate hunter, especially of big game. The original member of the American Institute of Arts and Letters. Electing him to the Assembly of New York State, governor of New York.
презентация [772,8 K], добавлен 12.11.2013Biography of spanish navigator of the Italian origin Christopher Kolumba. Search of sponsorship for the leadthrough of expedition to America. Acceding of trip of Kolumba to the Spanish crown. Opening of the American continent, creation of trade-routes.
презентация [1,4 M], добавлен 29.12.2014The dynamics of the Cold War. The War and post-war period. The Eastern Bloc, Berlin Blockade and airlift. NATO beginnings and Radio Free Europe. Crisis and escalation: Khrushchev, Eisenhower and destalinization. Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution.
реферат [81,7 K], добавлен 25.03.2012The birth and first interests of Soviet rocket scientists, S. Korolev. The beginning of a career aircraft designer and getting my pilot's license. He created satellites, rockets and launch it into space the first cosmonaut Y. Gagarin. He received awards.
презентация [680,9 K], добавлен 15.05.2016Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States. His campaign to represent Illinois in the United States Senate with his victory in the March Democratic Party primary. 30 interesting facts about him. Barack Obama and Nursultan Nazarbayev.
презентация [1,1 M], добавлен 20.02.2014Norma Jeane Mortenson, known as Marilyn Monroe. Monroe as one of Blue Book's most successful models, appearing on dozens of magazine covers. Her contract and appearances in Scudda Hoo, Scudda Hay! and Dangerous Years. The first film under the contract.
презентация [4,8 M], добавлен 31.01.2013Biography and short data on celebrated personalities of Great Britain. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, British statesman and politician. Charles Robert Darwin, English naturalist. Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, American and British actor.
презентация [1,7 M], добавлен 26.11.2013Biography of the world famous American inventor and businessman Thomas Alva Edison: the origin, childhood, first job. Inventions: aerophone, coal telephone membrane, microphone, incandescent, magnetic separator iron ore, peep show, nickel-iron battery.
презентация [930,6 K], добавлен 10.12.2014The totalitarian regime of control by the Soviet Union: destruction of the moral code of society, changing the mindset of people. The destruction of people during the Great Terror of Stalin's regime. The concept of "blind ideology" and "national fear."
реферат [17,5 K], добавлен 09.05.2013The national monument Statue of Liberty. History of the Statue of Liberty. Symbol of freedom of the American people, of the United States and a symbol of New York City as a whole. Large-scale campaign to raise funds. Restoration of the monument.
презентация [747,3 K], добавлен 13.01.2016An analysis of the prosperity of the British economy in the 10th century. Features of the ascent to the throne of King Knut. Prerequisites for the formation of Anglo-Viking aristocracy. Description of the history of the end of the Anglo-Saxon England.
реферат [20,5 K], добавлен 26.12.2010Imperialism has helped countries to build better technology, increase trade, and has helped to build powerful militaries. During 19th century America played an important role in the development of military technologies. Militarism led to the World War I.
контрольная работа [20,2 K], добавлен 26.01.2012The world political and economic situation on the beginning of the twentieth century. The formation of the alliances between the European states as one of the most important causes of World War One. Nationalism and it's place in the world conflict.
статья [12,6 K], добавлен 13.03.2014
