The liberation of western Poland

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1

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Ministry of Education and Science

Federal State Educational Institution of

Higher Education professiona ssionalnogo

"Vladimir State University named after Alexander G. and Nicholas G.

Stoletovs"

Essay

on discipline "Business Foreign Language"

Subject:

The liberation of western Poland

Completed: st. groupMN-112 Smirnova J.I.

Supervisor: Fedulenkova T.N.

Vladimir, 2015

Introduction

In general, the campaign of the Armed Forces of the USSR in 1945 was most thoroughly developed the January offensive, which was scheduled to deploy from the Baltic to the southern spurs of the Carpathians, in the course of its Soviet troops had to defeat the enemy in Poland to complete the liberation of the Polish people from Hitler's tyranny. The German command tried at all costs to keep Poland. On its territory, at the front of Serock to Jaslo, it had 30 divisions, two brigades and garrison Warsaw to be 4-5 fortress infantry battalions. In addition, the Polish cities as garrisons were located up to 50 separate battalions, which later were used in the fighting against the Soviet troops. Of the seven defensive lines between the Vistula and the Oder was the best prepared first - Vistula. He was closely involved in the main forces of Army Group "A". The remaining milestones were not pre-occupied by troops, they were intended to make a breakthrough in the case of the Red Army defense is consistent bleed its troops and prevent them to the Oder.

The political situation in Poland in 1944

By 1944 Poland was ruled by the German fir the occupation authorities for about five years. Of state independence of the country was face-vidrovan. Its Western and Northern regions the German leadership was annexed to Germany and Central and Eastern lands were transformed into "General goo Bernalillo". The Nazi Governor of these districts Frank declared: "Henceforth the political role of the Polish people over... We will get erased forever the concept of Poland. Never will revive the Commonwealth or any other of the Polish state". On the eve of 1944 was created Craiova Glad Narodowa -- the highest representative body of the democratic forces in the country. Craiova is Pleased Narodowa in special the Declaration outlined the programmer of national and social liberation. Was put forward the task of mobilizing and uniting all anti-fascist forces in the country to speed up its release.

By the decree of Krajowa Rada of Peoples from January 1, 1944 was established the Army Nation. Commander of the ' Army nation was assigned to General M. Rola-JI's entire. By July 1944, the Army Nation had 11 brigades, numbering up to 60 to 65 thousand people. Units of the Army Ludovit attacked German troops in the Lublin Governor as, in Kielce, Krakow and Rzeszow lands.

In the spring of 1944 the political situation in Poland was very complicated. Education Krajowa Rada Peoples has deepened the division of political forces. Serious disagreements arose in the Labour party Pol-ish socialist (since April 1943, was called the party of the Polish socialists). The left part of the party, from the beginning involved in the work of the home Happy Peoples, created in January 1944, its provisional Central Committee, which soon received the support of the majority of party members. Polish partisans were receiving from the Soviet Union a large quantity of arms and ammunition. Coming to Lublinie Soviet guerrilla groups, which established close contact with the Army of Liu leading, increased the strength of the Polish partisans and their bespo-capacity. 9--June 25, 3 thousand Polish and Soviet partisans carried out a successful combat with 30thousand strong German army coy supported by tanks and aircraft.

The guerrillas have provided substantial assistance to the Soviet forces in the creation and retention of Sandomierz Platz-Dharma. The Army Ludovit made over 200 diversions in the communications, had 120 fights, including 8 large.

In Moscow supported the Krajowa Rada Narodowa and in 1944 took her authorized representatives. The Soviet government recognized the Krajowa Rada is the only body that represents the interests of the Polish people. These negotiations have also been agreed in principle, questions about the relations between the two countries and the Soviet-Polish border after the liberation of the country. The Soviet government agreed to supply the Army Ludovit weapons and ammunition.

The Warsaw uprising

On 1 August 1944 the commanders of the home Army ordered the beginning of the uprising in Warsaw. The aim of the uprising was the mastery of the capital of Poland, the expulsion from it of German troops to approach the Soviet troops and the transfer of power was created on 26 July, in contrast to the Polish Committee of national liberation "of the Regional Council of Ministers".

The organization of the uprising took place so quickly that many units of the home Army did not know about the time of the speech. Were not warned about this in a timely manner and other underground organizations. Immediately there was a shortage of weapons and ammunition. Therefore, only a part of the detachments of the home Army were able to come up with a weapon in hand, when the uprising began. The rebels are unable to solve even for nearest-cottages uprising. It was joined by thousands of residents of the Polish capital, and was in the Army Ludovit.

This rebellion was raised without taking into account specific provisions on the front. At this time the Soviet troops advanced towards the Vistula, were exhausted by the protracted fighting. Needed a long period of pause in offensive operations to replenish the fronts of fresh forces, to regroup the troops to pull back. The rebels appealed for help to the Soviet command, but the latter was not able to provide it. Only when the uprising was defeated, the Soviet troops joined in the fight.

The command of the home Army did not accept the Soviet proposals to withdraw the insurgents on the right Bank of the Vistula. German troops continued to hold in their hands the initiative and gradually tightened the encirclement. The rebel position was hopeless. October 2, 1944 the commander of the Army.

The liberation of western Poland

12 January 1945 troops of the 1st Ukrainian front (commander-Marshal of the Soviet Union I. S. Konev) concentrated on the Sandomierz bridgehead, went on the offensive, dealing the main blow at Radom and then to Breslau (Wroclaw). In the first hours of the German defense was breached.

January 14 began to occur with Minusinskogo and Puіawska beachhead troops of the first Byelorussian front (commander-Marshal of the Soviet Union G. K. Zhu-kov) in the direction of Kutno and Lodz. Actively contributed to the onset of the 2nd Belorussian front, whose main task was the defeat of German forces in East Prussia. Thus began one of the largest in the history of the second world war, the Vistula-Oder OPE-portable radio.

The strategic goal of this operation was the defeat of the German army group

"A", located in Poland and covering the vital centers of Germany, you turn on the Oder and the creation of conditions for a strike on Berlin.

This goal was planned to achieve two deep powerful strokes on the Lodz and Czestochowa directions, so as to split the main forces of the Germans, which covered Berlin, and destroy them piece by piece. The political aim of the operation was to complete the liberation of the Polish lands from invaders and helping people to establish an independent state.

Against German army group "A", resting upon the system of fortifications between the Vistula and the Oder, and numbering about 400 thousand people, more than 4 thousand guns and mortars, and over 1,100 tanks and assault guns of the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belarusian fronts concentrated 2200 thousand people, 6460 tanks and self-propelled guns, more than 32 thousand guns and mortars, 4772 aircraft.

Disposing an overwhelming superiority over the enemy, the Soviet troops inflicted a sudden crushing blow. By 17 January, the German defense was breached a 500-km front. The main forces of German army group "A" were defeated and quickly rolled away to the West. Troops of the 1st Ukrainian front advanced on the main line at 150 km has Created favorable conditions to strike at Breslau, and mastery of Upper Silesia. Army of the 1st Belorussian front, hung over Warsaw from the North and the South-West.

On the morning of January 17, part of the 1st Polish army, which was first given the honor to join in the Polish capital, along with soldiers of the 47th and 61st armies of the 1st Byelorussian front entered the city. By 12 noon, destroyed and looted, deserted Warsaw was liberated.

In the second half of January, the Soviet offensive continued unabated. On 29 January, the OC part of the 1st Belorussian front crossed the German border.

Conclusion

During the offensive, Soviet troops seized the largest camp of mass extermination -- Auschwitz, located on Polish territory. Several thousand prisoners, whom did not manage to destroy, have been released. The Germans did not manage to remove the traces of crime. Gas chambers and crematoria, instruments of torture, thousands of pounds of human hair and bones of ground prepared for shipment to Germany, appeared before the eyes of Soviet soldiers. In Auschwitz was destroyed 2.5 million prisoners. In addition, 500 thousand died from hunger and disease. The Vistula-Oder operation ended in a major strategic success. During the 23-day offensive the Soviet troops moved 450-500 km, was liberated from German troops the greater part of Poland, entered the territory of Germany and, coming wide on the Oder front, was captured on its Western Bank a number of bridgeheads. To Berlin was only 60-70 km away.

Literature

liberation poland uprising

Sokolov I.A. «The liberation of western Poland», M.: «History», 2012. - 531 p.

Kondratov M.N.One day in history. The Warsaw uprising, M.: «Drofa», 2013. - 210 p.

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