Multidisciplinary research dedicated to the late bronze age from the space between the Carpathians and Prut (Romania)
A review of the multidisciplinary approaches applied to late Bronze Age sites and discoveries from the East Carpathian region. The use of various methods of studying the culture of Nua to form a complete picture of the life and customs of this ethnos.
| Рубрика | История и исторические личности |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 27.06.2020 |
| Размер файла | 988,5 K |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/
Multidisciplinary research dedicated to the late bronze age from the space between the Carpathians and Prut (Romania)
V. Diaconu, A. Gafincu
The current tendencies in the archaeological research involve a multidisciplinary approach on the old human communities, so that one can understand different socio-economic patterns, behaviors or relationships (beyond the study of artifacts). The environmental conditions influenced each human civilization, just as any community has had a certain impact on the hinterland in which it lived. The understanding of this connection is absolutely necessary in order to apprehend, as accurately as possible the cultural features of some prehistoric population, who lived in a certain geographic area, in a well-defined chronological sequence.
Our study aims to review the multidisciplinary approaches applied to the Late Bronze Age sites and discoveries from the East Carpathian area. The space between the Carpathian Mountains and the Prut River was inhabited during the 15th-12th/ 11th centuries BC by the bearers of the Noua Culture. The so called Noua Culture is a part of the Noua-Sabatinovka-Coslogeni cultural complex, which spread over a large territory in the Northwestern Pontic area.
Unfortunately, the multidisciplinary research of the Bronze Age in Romania does not have a very long history and things are even less satisfactorily when it comes to the Late Bronze Age; therefore the results are modest, and in some cases we have to deal with an acute lack of information.
For the above mentioned chronological segment, the multidisciplinary research consisted, for a long period of time, of studies of anthropology and archaeo-zoology. Taking into account that in the recent decades efforts have been made to study other issues related to the material remains of the Late Bronze Age communities from the Eastern Carpathian region, our goal is to emphasize these approaches in order to illustrate the current state of the research.
In the field of geoarchaeology can be counted very few contributions so far, most of them very recently. It is worth mentioning here the sedimentological analysis of some fragments of burnt clay discovered in a dwelling belonging to the Noua settlement from Topolita (Neamt County)1. Also, in the field of petrography a number of researches were carried out regarding lithic artifacts, significant being the Raman analyzes on stone axes, which highlighted the most probable sources of raw material used to manufacture such artifacts2.
Figure 1. The map of the sites mentioned in text
Although the Noua Culture communities had a strong territorial dynamic, there are very few GIS studies; such an analysis has recently been made for a narrow geographic area corresponding to an important segment of the Suceava Plateau3. In this respect we can also mention the analysis regarding the relation between the Late Bronze Age communities and the existing salt sources in the northern sub-Carpathian area of Moldova4.
When it comes to bio-archeology contributions, the archaeo- zoological studies for the Late Bronze Age presented a constant interest; there were analyzed paleo-faunistic materials from different archaeological sites of the area studied by us. Although in the area between the Carpathians and the Prut are known more than 900 settlements attributed to the Noua Culture, only 10 of them were targeted by the archaeo-zoological researches. The information provided by this analysis do not offer the most accurate picture of the husbandry and the hunt for wild animals in the Late Bronze Age. So far, paleo-faunistic remains could be analyzed from the following sites: Piatra Neamt (Neamt County)5, Dochia (Neamt County)6, Crasnaleuca (Boto§ani County)7, Valea Lupului (Ia§i County)8, Barlad (Vaslui County)9, Cavadinesti (Galati County)10, Garbovat (Galati County)11, Rate§u Cuzei (Ia§i County)12, Po§ta-Elan (Vaslui County)13, Drage§ti (Vaslui County)14. While over time different amounts of archaeo-zoological remains have been analyzed, the analysis were never exhaustive for a particular site, nor differentiated on archaeological complexes, yet, some coordinates have been established regarding the Late Bronze Age economic strategies in livestock breeding or hunting. It was highlighted that the domestic mammals have the most important share, the cattle being the best represented in the studied groups. Unfortunately, a re-evaluation of the osteological material from these sites is no longer possible, which implies the acceptance, with some reserves, of the global observations published so far.
We can also retain some data on the osseous materials artifacts, although so far, for the geographic area that we are interested in, such approaches are still modestly represented15. As far as we know, there are not so many pieces that have been researched, and the majority of them come mainly from the southern part of Moldova.
Anthropological studies dedicated to the Late Bronze Age were realized only for the cemeteries and the groups of graves from TruSeSti (Boto§ani County)16, Piatra Neamt (Neamt County)17, Doina (Neamt County)18, Letcani (Ia§i County)19, Holboca (Ia§i County)20, Balinte§ti (Galati County)21, Braie§ti (Boto§ani County)22 and Crasnaleuca (Boto§ani County). From the Late Bronze Age necropolises mentioned above, the most representative group of human skeletal remains comes from TruSeSti (103 individuals), while some of the funerary spaces listed above did not provide, considering only a partial research, more than 40 individuals.
Some of the sites of the Noua Culture located East of the Carpathians provided several artifacts which were studied through physico-chemical methods in order to identify the manufacturing technologies, the characteristics of the raw materials or their origin, etc.
Besides, the first physico-chemical analyzes of ceramic materials have been made only in the last few years and the researched artifacts came from the settlements from Save§ti (Neamt County)23 and Cumparatura (Suceava County)24. The results offered a series of indications on how the ceramic pots were build, their porosity, the temper and the temperature of burning.
In the same register we can count the metallographic analyzes of some bronze objects, coming from deposits, archaeological sites or chance discoveries. Unfortunately, although the first such investigations have been done more than a century ago, less than 20 artifacts coming from our area of interest have been studied so far, given that the Late Bronze Age metallurgy has generated important quantities of artifacts.
We mention the metallographic analyzes of some artifacts from the deposits of Mo§na (Ia§i County)25, Cotnari (Ia§i County)26, Ulmi (Ia§i County)27, as well as artifacts discovered in settlements or by chance, such as those from Mogo§e§ti (Ia§i County)28, Mihoveni (Suceava County)29 and Tibucani (Neamt County)30.
One last domain of interdisciplinarity is chronoarchaeology, which allows the establishment of certain temporal sequences concerning the evolution of the Noua Culture in the sites located East of the Carpathian Mountains.
Values for establishing an absolute dating come currently only from the settlement from Crasnaleuca (BotoSani County). There were taken four samples from the above mentioned location, of which only three formed a coherent series (3250±50 BP, 3240±40 BP and 3190±45 BP)31.
From the information presented, we note that some fields of research, especially those of bioarchaeology, have the best representation in the literature for the cultural stage we are discussing. Besides, until two-three decades ago, the studies of archeo-zoology and anthropology dominated the interdisciplinary landscape applied in archeology. The new directions of research, lately approached for our area of interest and the temporal segment considered, focus on prehistoric technologies or the spatial dynamics of human settlements.
bronze culture nua carpathian
References
1. Haitд C., Analiza sedimentologicд a unor eSantioane de chirpici ars, in Diaconu V., Depresiunea Neamt Contributii arheologice, BMA, XXVIII, Ed. Constantin Matasд, 2012, 163-168.
2. Buzgar N., Apopei A., Diaconu V., Buzatu A., The composition and source of the raw material of two stone axes of Late Bronze Age from Neamt County (Romania) - A Raman study , in ASUI - Geologie, 59 (1), 2013, 5-22.
3. Gafincu Al., Modele de locuire оn perioada tвrzie a epocii bronzului оn interfluviul Suceava-Siret-Moldova, in MA, XXIX-XXX, 131-146; idem, Some thoughts on settlement patterns. Late Bronze Age habitat in Somuzul Mare Basin, in SAA, XX (I), 2015, 9-36.
4. Diaconu V., Sources of salt and the Territorial Dynamics of the Late Bronze Age Communities in the Northern Moldavian Subcarpathian Region, in Alexianu M., Curcд R. G., Cotiugд V. (Eds.), Salt Effect. Second Arheoinvest Symposium: From the etnoarchaeology to the anthropology of salt, 20-21 April 2012, „Al. I. Cuza” University, IaSi, Romania, BAR, I.S. 2760, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2015, 199-205.
5. Haimovici S., Studiu asupra resturilor de faunд descoperite оn aSezдrile apartinвnd culturii Noua de la Bвrlad Si Piatra Neamt, in AM, II-III, 1964, 217-236.
6. Bejenaru L., Stupu M., Aspecte arheozoologice privind comportamentul ocupational al populatiei de culturд Noua din zona depresiunii Cracдu-Bistrita, оn Natura Si Omul, PloieSti, 2001, 103-109.
7. Rafailд-Stanc S., Bejenaru L., CreSterea animalelor Si vвnвtoarea la comunitдtile culturii Noua (Epoca bronzului): studiu de caz privind situl de la Crasnaleuca (judetul BotoSani, Romвnia), in PloSnitд E. et al., Conferinta Stiintificд a Muzeului National de Istorie a Moldovei (editia a XXVII-a), 19-20 octombrie 2017. Program. Rezumatele comunicдrilor, ChiSinдu, 2017, 30-31.
8. Idem, Resturi de faunд descoperite оn aSezarea de la Valea Lupului-IaSi, apartinвnd culturii Noua (Epoca bronzului), in Comunicдri de geologie, Societatea de Stiinte Naturale-Geografie din R.S.R., 2, 1963, 171-179.
9. Haimovici S., Studiu asupra resturilor de faunд..., 217-236.
10. Idem, Studiul paleofaunei de culturд Noua descoperitд оn statiunea de la CavadineSti (jud. Galati), in Carpica, XV, 1983, 97-103.
11. Haimovici S., Materialul faunistic de la Garbovдt. Studiu arheozoologic, in AM., XIV, 1991, 153-166.
12. Ionescu-Rusu V.E., Brдileanu M., Studiul resturilor faunistice descoperite оn aSezarea de la RateSu Cuzei apartinвnd culturii Noua (Epoca bronzului), in CercArh, III, 1979, 77-86.
13. Haimovici S., Studiul materialului faunistic descoperit оn situl de culturд Noua de la PoSta-Elan (jud. Vaslui), corelat cu cel gдsit оn alte situri, in AM, XXIX, 2006, 223-234.
14. Idem, Studiul materialului paleofaunistic din aSezarea de tip Noua de la DrдgeSti (jud. Vaslui), in TD, VI, 1-2, 1985, 161-167.
15. Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., NegrileSti, com. Negrileзti-Curtea Зcolii. Industria materiilor dure animale descoperitд оn campania 2014, in Cronica Cercetдrilor Arheologice din Romвnia. Campania 2014, BucureSti, 2015, 218-223; Beldiman C., Niculicд B.P., Complexul Noua de la Mihoveni-Cahla Morii (jud. Suceava), in Niculicд B.-P., Epoca bronzului оn PodiSul Sucevei, Editura Karl Romstorfer, Suceava, 2015, 394-399; Beldiman C., Ilie C., Sztancs D.-M, Cercetдri arheologice Si artefacte din materii dure animale, оn aSezarea de la NegrileSti, jud. Galati, in AMT, XII, Historica et archaeologica in honorem Eugenia PopuSoi octogenarii, 2016, 182-183; Beldiman C., Ilie C., Beldiman D.-M., Artefacte din materii dure animale apartinвnd culturii Noua, descoperite оn aSezarea de la NegrileSti, jud. Galati (2016), in AMT, XIII, 2017, 99-121; Ilie C., Beldiman C., Mandache T., Beldiman D.-M., Cercetдri arheologice recente оn aSezarea de la CavadineSti-Rвpa Glodului, jud. Galati. Date asupra artefactelor din materii dure animale, in Arheovest, V/2, In Honorem Doina Benea. Interdisciplinaritate оn Arheologie Si Istorie, Zseged, 2017, 783-802.
16. Necrasov O., Cristescu M., Йtude anthropologiques des schelettes de TruSeSti datant de la fin de l'вge du bronze (Culture Noua), in ARA, 5, 1968, 3-18; Cristescu M., Miu G., Studiul paleoantropologic al scheletelor din necropola civilizatiei Noua de la TruSeSti-Tuguieta, in Petrescu-Dоmbovita M, Florescu M., Florescu A. C., TruSeSti. Monografie arheologicд, BucureSti-IaSi, 1999, 683-695; Cristescu M., Miu G., Die palдoantropologishe Unterschund der Skelette aus der Noua-Nekropole von TruSeSti - ,,Tuguieta”, in PZ, 76, 2001, 209-220.
17. Cristescu M., Contributie la studiul antropologic al unor schelete de la sfвrSitul epocii bronzului (cultura Noua) Si оnceputul epocii fierului din Moldova, in AM, I, 1961, 130-133.
18. Cristescu M., Antoniu S., Studiul antropologic al scheletelor apartinвnd culturii Noua de la Doina, in ASUI, 2, 1962, 137-156.
19. Cristescu M., Contributie la studiul antropologic ..., 133-135.
20. Ibidem, 135-139.
21. Cristescu M., Antoniu S., Kluger R., Studiul antropologic al scheletelor de la Cioinagi-BalinteSti, in SCA, 2, 1965, 29-42.
22. Miu G., Caracteristicile antropologice ale scheletelor de la BrдieSti (jud. BotoSani) apartinвnd culturii Noua, in SCA, 1992, 17-23; Miu G., Contribution a l'йtude anthropologique des squelettes de la culture Noua en Moldavie (necropole de BrдieSti), in SympThrac, 9, 1992, 112.
23. Benea M., Diaconu V., Dumitroaia Gh., Preliminary data on Bronze Age pottery from SдveSti (Neamt county, Romania) // Studia UBB Chemia, LX, 1, 2015, 89-98.
24. Mдtдu F., Temperatura de ardere a ceramicii Noua, in Niculicд B.-P., Epoca bronzului in PodiSul Sucevei, Editura Karl Romstorfer, Suceava, 2015, 391-394.
25. Nicolescu-Otin C., Contributiuni la metalurgia anticд a cuprului in terile locuite astдzi de romani, Academia Romanд. Publicatiile fondului ,,Vasile Adamachi”, BD V, 1910-1913, BucureSti, 1913, 397-473; T. Soroceanu, Restitutiones bibliographicae et archaeologicae a dres praehistoricas pertinentes I. Contributia lui C. Nicolescu Otin la cunoaSterea metalurgiei preistorice, in Soroceanu T. (Hrsg.), Bronzefundeaus Rumдnien II. Beitrдge zur Verцffentlichung und Deutung дlterhallstattzeitlicher Mettalfunde in europдischen Zusammenhang / Descoperiri de bronzuri din Romania. Contributii la publicarea Si interpretarea descoperirilor de metal din epoca bronzului Si din prima varstд a fierului in context European, Bistrita - Cluj Napoca, 2005, 15-46.
26. Nicolescu-Otin C., op. cit.; Soroceanu T., op. cit.
27. Jungans S., Sangmeister E., Schrцder M., Kupfer und Bronze in der frьhen Metallzeit Europas. Studien zu den Anfдngen der Metallurgie, vol. 2. Berlin, 1968, 246-247; Petrescu-Dimbovita M., Depozitele de bronzuri din Romania, BucureSti, 1977, 78.
28. Popescu A.D., Un pumnal de tip rдsдritean din Moldova, in Analele Banatului, S.N., XVII, 2009, 272-278.
29. Niculicд B.P., O secerд de bronz descoperitд la Mihoveni (comuna Scheia), judetul Suceava, in Codrul Cosminului, S.N. 5 (15), 215-220.
30. Diaconu V., Repertoriul descoperirilor atribuite epocii bronzului din judetul Neamt, BMA, XXXVI, Editura Constantin Matasд, Piatra Neamt, 2016, 99.
31. Motzoi-Chicideanu I, Gugiu D., Un mormant din epoca bronzului descoperit la CarlomдneSti, jud. Buzдu, in SCIVA, 52-53, 2001-2002, fig. 11A; Laszlo A., Ьber die Beziehunghen, die kulturelle und chronologhishe lage der Bronzefunde vom typ Opaly-Uriu-Drajna de Jos-Lozova-Pobit Kamдk, in Kobal J. (Hrsg.), Bronzezeitliche Depotfunde-Problem der interpretation, Materialen der Festkonferenz fьr Tivodor Lehoczky zum 175. Geburstag, Uzhorod, 5-6 Oktober 2005, Uzhorod, 2006, 132, 143; idem, Unele probleme ale epocii bronzului din regiunile est-carpatice. Observatii pe marginea unei cдrti recente, in AM, XXXIV, 2011, 267.
32. Скржинская М.В. Северное Причерноморье в описании Плиния Старшего. - К., 1977. - С. 10; Карышковский П.О., Клейман И.Б. Древний город Тира. - С. 91; Воронятов С.В. Локализация бастарнов...- С. 149
33. Виноградов Ю.Г. Очерк.- С. 166, см. библ. прим.80.
34. Щукин М.Б. Две реплики: о Фарзое и надписи из Мангупа, о царе Артавасде и погребении в Косике // ВДИ. - 1995. - №4. - С. 177.
35. Карышковский П.О. Из истории Тиры. - С. 155; Карышковский П.О., Клейман И.Б. Древний город Тира. - С. 91.
36. Карышковский П.О. О монетах.- С. 73.
37. Карышковский П.О., Клейман И.Б. Древний город Тира. - С. 92.
38. Сон Н.А. Тира римского времени. - К., 1993. - С. 26, 27, 28.
39. Сапрыкин С.Ю. Тира и фракийские цари. - С. 54.
Размещено на Allbest.ru
...Подобные документы
The origin of the Sumerians and their appearance in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Their way of life and contribution to the history. The Sumerians culture, language and contribution to the history.
презентация [252,4 K], добавлен 15.11.2014History Semipalatinsk Medical University. The cost of training, specialty and duration of education. Internship and research activities. Student life. Residency - a form of obtaining an in-depth postgraduate medical education in clinical specialties.
презентация [509,2 K], добавлен 11.04.2015The problem of the backwardness of the Eastern countries in the development of material production, its main causes. Three periods of colonial expansion and its results: the revolution of prices in Europe and the destruction of civilization in the East.
презентация [79,1 K], добавлен 15.05.2012The birth and first interests of Soviet rocket scientists, S. Korolev. The beginning of a career aircraft designer and getting my pilot's license. He created satellites, rockets and launch it into space the first cosmonaut Y. Gagarin. He received awards.
презентация [680,9 K], добавлен 15.05.2016Great Britain: General Facts. The History of Great Britain. Culture of Great Britain. The British Education. The Modern British Economy. The Modern British Industry. The Modern British Army. The Two Lessons. "Customs and Traditions of Great Britain".
курсовая работа [38,0 K], добавлен 03.12.2002Humphrey McQueen's life. The mid-1960s: the moment of the radical student movement led by Maoists and Trotskyists. ASIO and state police Special Branches as record-keepers. H. McQueen's complex intellectual development, his prodigious literary activity.
эссе [60,0 K], добавлен 24.06.2010The Industrial Revolution was a period in history when mankind found innovative and efficient ways of producing goods, manufacturing services and creating new methods of transportation.
реферат [15,7 K], добавлен 28.04.2002What is Civilization. Ancient Western Asia, before Civilization. Who Were the Hurrians. Mesopotamian Civilization, ancient Sumer. Digging in the Land of Magan. The Code of Hammurabi. Laws of Babylon, Egyptian Civilization, the Akkadian Kingdom.
учебное пособие [161,7 K], добавлен 04.02.2012Studying the main aspects of historical development of the British Parliament, its role in the governing of the country in the course of history. The Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot. The functions of the British Parliament in the modern state management system.
курсовая работа [70,5 K], добавлен 06.03.2014Biographical information about the childhood and youth of the life of Prince William, his success in learning. Getting them to the rank of officer, participated in the rescue of Russian sailors from a sinking ship "Svonlend". Marriage of Prince William.
презентация [602,0 K], добавлен 29.10.2012Middle Ages encompass one of the most exciting and turbulent times in English History. Major historical events which occurred during the period from 1066-1485. Kings of the medieval England. The Wars of The Roses. The study of culture of the Middle Ages.
реферат [23,0 K], добавлен 18.12.2010A. Nikitin as the russian traveler, writer. Peculiarities of the russian traveler trips. An abundance of factual material Nikitin as a valuable source of information about India at that time. Characteristics of records "Journey beyond three seas".
презентация [671,3 K], добавлен 03.05.2013Farmers and monument builders. The foundation of St. Andrew`s University. Mary the Queen of Scots. Political and cultural life after merger of Scotland and England. The Jacobite Rebellions. The main characteristics of Scotland in the modern era.
курсовая работа [69,4 K], добавлен 20.09.2013Biographical information about the life of Soviet and Azerbaijani state, party and political figure Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev. Becoming a political career and work as Russian President Vladimir Putin. Angela Dorothea Merkel is a German politician.
реферат [24,6 K], добавлен 20.10.2014Characteristics of the economic life of Kazakhstan in the post-war years, the beginning of economic restructuring on a peace footing. Economic policies and the rapid development of heavy industry. The ideology of the industrial development of Kazakhstan.
презентация [1,3 M], добавлен 13.12.2014Albert Einstein - the theoretical physicist, humanist, the founder of modern theoretical physics, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. The Life and scientific activity of Einstein, discovery of Theories of Relativity, the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
презентация [948,9 K], добавлен 22.04.2013A long history of French culture. Learning about cultural traditions of each region of France is a richly rewarding endeavour and just pure fun. Customs and traditions in France. French wedding and christmas traditions. Eating and drinking in France.
реферат [51,5 K], добавлен 11.02.2011Russian folk traditions and customs are respected for centuries among rural residents and among the townspeople. Festive and ceremonial culture. Russian wedding rite. Baptism as ritual that marks the beginning of life. Russian folklore and amulets.
презентация [1,0 M], добавлен 19.03.2015Stages and types of an applied sociological research. Sociological research process. Now researchers may formulate a hypothesis – a statement of the relationship between two or more concepts, the object’s structure, or possible ways to solve a problem.
реферат [15,6 K], добавлен 18.01.2009Culture is one of the most important components, which form every nation. It is one occurrence that distinguishes and unites all the people who live in the world. But it is impossible to imagine the culture without music, a very big part of our life.
реферат [12,8 K], добавлен 26.11.2004
