Танкостроение в контексте военно-хозяйственной стратегии СССР 1930-х гг.

29. Кондрашин В.В., Корнилов Г.Е., Мельников Н.Н., Мозохин О.Б. Советское танкостроение в 1930-х гг.: проблемы становления серийного производства // Известия высших учебных заведений. Поволжский регион. Гуманитарные науки. 2017. № 1 (41). С. 40-51.

30. Мельников Н.Н. Дизель-мотор В-2: трудный путь создания советского танкового двигателя // Вестник ПНИПУ. Культура. История. Философия. Право. 2018. № 2. С. 73-82. DOI: 10.15593/perm.kipf/2018.2.06

31. Запарий В.В. Танковая промышленность на Урале в 1940-е годы. Екатеринбург : УМЦ-УПИ, 2015. 218 с.

32. Свирин М.Н. Броневой щит Сталина. История советского танка. 1937-1943. М. : Яуза ; Эксмо, 2006. 444 с.

33. Баженов А. Броня Сталинграда. Танковое производство в городе на Волге в 1931-1945 годах // Родина. 2013. № 1. С. 52.

34. Мельников Н.Н. Внедрение конвейерно-поточного метода производства на заводах наркомата танковой промышленности СССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны // Историко-педагогические чтения. 2007. № 11. С. 138-139.

35. Устьянцев С.В. Уральский вагоностроительный завод. 80 лет. Екатеринбург : Альфа-Принт, 2016. 173 с.

36. Запарий В.В., Мельников Н.Н. Становление и развитие танкового производства на Урале в 1940-е гг. // Уральский исторический вестник. 2015. № 1.

37. Малышев В. Советское танкостроение // Правда. 1946. 7 сент. № 213. С. 2.

38. Overy R. Why the Allies Won? Reading : Pimlico, 2006.

39. Мельников Н.Н. Уральское танкостроение накануне и в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Екатеринбург : УМЦ УПИ, 2016. 192 с.

40. Ермолов А.Ю. Танковая промышленность СССР в 1940-е годы: от мобилизации на нужды войны к реконверсии // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники. 2015. Т. 36, № 2. С. 300-305.

References

1. Kondrashin, M.V. (2015) Modern Russian and Foreign Historiography in the Preparation of Soviet Economy to the Great Patriotic War. Vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta - Vestnik of Samara University. 4. pp. 127-133. (In Russian).

2. Shcherbakova, O.M. (2017) Development of the Military-Industrial Complex of the USSR: Problems of Periodization in Domestic Historiography. Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. 12 (5). pp. 268-273. (In Russian).

3. Ken, O.N. (2008) Mobilizatsionnoe planirovanie i politicheskie resheniya (konets 1920-kh - seredina 1930-kh gg.) [Mobilization planning and political decisions (late 1920s - mid 1930s)]. Moscow: OGI.

4. Meerovich, M.G. (2015) Fordizm i postfordizm. Al'bert Kan i Ernst May: SShA i Germaniya v bor'be za sovetskuyu industrializatsiyu [Fordism and Post-Fordism. Albert Kahn and Ernst May: USA and Germany in the struggle for Soviet industrialization]. In: Il'chenko, M.S. & Mart'yanov, V.S. (eds) Postfordizm: kontseptsii, instituty, praktiki [Post-Fordism: concepts, institutions, practices]. Moscow: Politicheskaya entsiklopediya. pp. 171-222.

5. Harrison, M. (1988) Resource mobilization for World War II: the U.S.A., U.K., U.S.S.R., and Germany, 1938-1945. Economic History Review. 2. pp. 171-192.

6. Simonov, N.S. (1996) Voenno-promyshlennyy kompleks SSSR v 1920-1950-e gody: tempy ekonomicheskogo rosta, struktura, organizatsiya proizvodstva i upravlenie [The military-industrial complex of the USSR in the 1920s-1950s: the pace of economic growth, structure, organization of production and management]. Moscow: ROSSPEN.

7. Samuel'son, L. (2001) Krasnyy koloss. Stanovlenie voenno-promyshlennogo kompleksa SSSR. 1921-1941 [Red Colossus. The formation of the

military-industrial complex of the USSR. 1921-1941]. Moscow: AIRO-XX.

8. Frunze, M.V. (1925) “Front” i “tyl” v voyne budushchego [“Front” and “rear” in the war of the future]. In: Karatygin, P. Obshchie osnovy mobili-

zatsii promyshlennosti dlya nuzhd voyny [General principles of the mobilization of industry for the needs of the war]. Moscow: Voennyy vestnik, pp. 5-12.

9. Stalin, I.V. (1949) Sochineniya [Works]. Vol. 11. Moscow: OGIZ; Gos. izd-vo polit. lit. pp. 245-290.

10. Shearer, D. (1998) Industry, State, and Society in Stalin's Russia, 1926-1934. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

11. Kotkin, S. (2001) Modern Times: The Soviet Union and the Interwar Conjuncture. Kritika. Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 1. pp. 111-164.

12. Bugrov, K.D. (2018) Sotsgoroda Bol 'shogo Urala [Social cities of the Big Urals]. Yekaterinburg: Ural State University.

13. Zubkov, K.I. (2011) Geopoliticheskaya motivatsiya razrabotki i realizatsii Uralo-Kuzbasskogo proekta [Geopolitical motivation for the development and implementation of the Ural-Kuzbass project]. Ural 'skiy istoricheskiy vestnik. 1. pp. 22-27.

14. Jessop, B. (1992) Fordism and Post-Fordism: a Critical Reformulation. In: Storper, M. & Scott, A.J. (eds) Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development. London: Routledge. pp. 43-65.

15. Maier, C. (1970) Between Taylorism and Technocracy: European Ideologies and the Vision of Industrial Productivity in the 1920s. Journal of Contemporary History. 2. pp. 27-61.

16. Suponitskaya, I.M. (2013) Amerikanizatsiya sovetskoy Rossii v 1920-1930-e gg. [Americanization of Soviet Russia in the 1920s-1930s]. Vo- prosy istorii. 9. pp. 46-59.

17. Zapariy, V.V. (2017) Elements of “Fordism” policy as a tool of anticrisis management in the Urals tank industry in the period of the Great Patriotic War. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta -- Tomsk State University Journal. 425. pp. 131-139. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17223/15617793/425/17

18. Svechin, A.A. (1926) Strategiya [Strategy]. Moscow: Gos. voen. izd-vo.

19. Smilga, I.T. (1931) Oboronnaya rabota v promyshlennosti [Defense work in industry]. Moscow: Gos. sots.-ekon. izd-vo.

20. Mukhin, M.Yu. (2000) Evolyutsiya sistemy upravleniya sovetskoy oboronnoy promyshlennosti v 1921-1941 godakh i smena prioritetov “obo- ronki” [The evolution of the control system of the Soviet defense industry in 1921-1941 and the change of priorities of the defense industry].

Otechestvennaya istoriya. 3. pp. 3-15.

21. Kondrashin, V.V. et al. (2018) Tank Construction and “Saboteurs”: Attempts to Create in the USSR Soviet Tank Production in the Late 1920-ies. Vestnik Samarskogo universiteta. Istoriya, pedagogika, filologiya -- Vestnik of Samara University. History, Pedagogics, Philology. 1. pp. 7-11. (In Russian). DOI: 10.18287/2542-0445-2018-24-1-7-11

22. A.S. (1932) Rol ' tekhniki v budushchey voyne [The role of machines in a future war]. Leningrad: LOIZ.

23. Svirin, M.N. (2005) Bronya krepka. Istoriya sovetskogo tanka. 1919-1937 [The armor is strong. The history of the Soviet tank. 1919-1937]. Moscow: Yauza; Eksmo.

24. Klebanov, I.I. et al. (eds) (2011) Istoriya sozdaniya i razvitiya oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa Rossii i SSSR. 1900-1963: dokumenty i materialy [The history of the creation and development of the military-industrial complex of Russia and the USSR. 1900-1963: documents and materials]. Vol. 3. Pt. 2. Moscow: Terra.

25. Berkovich, D.M. et al. (eds) (1970) Mashinostroenie. Avtomaticheskoe upravlenie mashinami i sistemami mashin. Radiotekhnika, elektronika i radiosvyaz' [Engineering. Automatic control of machines and machine systems. Radio engineering, electronics and radio communications]. Moscow: Nauka.

26. Mel'nikov, N.N. (2017) Modernizatsiya tankovoy promyshlennosti SSSR v usloviyakh Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny [Modernization of the tank industry of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War]. Yekaterinburg: Sokrat.

27. Harrison, M. & Davies, R. (1997) The Soviet Military-economic Effort during the Second Five-year Plan (1933-1937). Europe-Asia Studies. 49 (3).

28. Mukhin, M.Yu. (2004) Reformy upravleniya voennoy promyshlennost'yu SSSR i tempy rosta proizvodstva v 1936-1941 gg. [Reforms in the management of the military industry of the USSR and production growth rates in 1936-1941]. In: Borodkin, L.I. et al. (eds) Ekonomicheskaya is- toriya. Ezhegodnik [Economic history. Yearbook]. Moscow: Institute of Russian History RAS.

29. Kondrashin, V.V. et al. (2017) Soviet tank building in 1930s: problems of serial production establishment. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Gumanitarnye nauki -- University Proceedings. Volga Region. Humanities. 1 (41). pp. 40-51. (In Russian).

30. Mel'nikov, N.N. (2018) V-2 Diesel Engine: Hard Way of the Soviet Tank Engine's Production. Vestnik PNIPU. Kul'tura. Istoriya. Filosofiya. Pravo -- Bulletin of PNRPU. Culture. History. Philosophy. Law. 2. pp. 73-82. (In Russian). DOI: 10.15593/perm.kipf/2018.2.06

31. Zapariy, V.V. (2015) Tankovayapromyshlennost' na Urale v 1940-e gody [Tank industry in the Urals in the 1940s]. Yekaterinburg: UMTs-UPI.

32. Svirin, M.N. (2006) Bronevoy shchit Stalina. Istoriya sovetskogo tanka. 1937-1943 [The armor shield of Stalin. The history of the Soviet tank. 1937-1943]. Moscow: Yauza; Eksmo.

33. Bazhenov, A. (2013) Bronya Stalingrada. Tankovoe proizvodstvo v gorode na Volge v 1931-1945 godakh [The armor of Stalingrad. Tank production in the city on the Volga in 1931-1945]. Rodina. 1.

34. Mel'nikov, N.N. (2007) Vnedrenie konveyerno-potochnogo metoda proizvodstva na zavodakh narkomata tankovoy promyshlennosti SSSR v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny [The introduction of the conveyor-line method of production at the plants of the People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War]. Istoriko-pedagogicheskie chteniya. 11. pp. 138-139.

35. Ust'yantsev, S.V. (2016) Ural'skiy vagonostroitel'nyy zavod. 80 let [The Ural Car Building Plant. 80 years]. Yekaterinburg: Alfa-Print.

36. Zapariy, V.V. & Mel'nikov, N.N. (2015) Evolution and Development of Tank Construction Industry in the Urals in 1940s. Ural 'skiy istoricheskiy vestnik -- Ural Historical Journal. 1.

37. Malyshev, V. (1946) Sovetskoe tankostroenie [Soviet tank construction]. Pravda. 7 September. 213. pp. 2.

38. Overy, R. (2006) Why the Allies Won? Reading: Pimlico.

39. Mel'nikov, N.N. (2016) Ural'skoe tankostroenie nakanune i v gody Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyny [Tank construction in the Urals on the eve of and during the Great Patriotic War]. Yekaterinburg: UMTs UPI.

40. Ermolov, A.Yu. (2015) The Soviet Tank Industry during the 1940s: From War-Time Mobilization to Reconversion. Voprosy istorii estestvoznani- ya i tekhniki. 36 (2). pp. 300-305. (In Russian).

Tank Production in the Context of the USSR Military-Economic Strategy in the 1930s

Konstantin D. Bugrov, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation).

Vasiliy V. Zapariy, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation).

Keywords: tank building; flow-conveyor production; “Fordism”; military strategy; industrialization; USSR.

This article analyzes the general aspects of the USSR economy militarization within the context of the military-economic strategy of the Soviet political establishment during the 1930s. The aim of the article is to identify the role and importance of military production assimilation at civilian plants using conveyor methods of production in the political and economic theory and practice of the Soviet Union of the pre-war years. The study combines the methods of intellectual history, historical analysis and synthesis. It is based on an analysis of the ideological premises of the Soviet political and intellectual elites, the processes of introducing new techniques for the production of armored vehicles, and the quantitative indicators of the USSR tank industry of the 1930s. The Soviet political elite believed in the inevitability of the new World War, at the same time recognizing the fact of the USSR's isolation and taking activities to delay the confrontation. Meanwhile, the Soviet military elite, from M.V. Frunze to M.N. Tukhachevsky, considered the military might of a nation to be a direct projection of its economic might. Stalin's theory of “building socialism in a single country” by means of an accelerated industrialization was based on the creation of an “American”-type giant plants of flow-conveyor production of consumer goods (“Fordism”), combined with the economic development of the eastern regions. The Soviet leaders sought to reduce the pressure of the army's requirements on the economy, assimilating military production at the newly created plants. The exemplary case of this strategy is seen in the tank industry. The “tankization” of the Red Army, which became an integral part of the ambitious Soviet military doctrine of the early 1930s, faced numerous difficulties (quality of armor, transmission, tracks, diesel engines). The Soviet tank industry was relatively successful in fulfilling the peace-time plans, but in the case of possible mobilization it remained a matter of concern for the leaders of the state: the defense planning suggested a sharp increase of production in the wartime, relying upon the assimilated newly-built civilian factories with conveyor lines. Evacuation of defense industry in the desperate conditions of Hitler's aggression and the subsequent development of massive tank production by the factories of the Ural region determined the course of World War II, but the authors emphasize that the winning strategy was not “programmed”: the evacuation led to the severe loss of quality of tank production. Nonetheless, the key to success was to be found within the framework of the “Fordist” strategy of assimilating military production with the civilian one, which demonstrated prominent efficiency in the organization of tank industry. The conclusion is that, in the long term, it was the strategy chosen at the dawn of Soviet industrialization which allowed the USSR and the Allies to inflict a crushing defeat on the aggressor.

Размещено на Allbest.ru