Людские потери СССР в Великой Отечественной воине

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Людские потери СССР в Великой Отечественной воине

Кубарев В.В.

доктор исторических наук, профессор Православная Русская Академия

Аннотации

На основе современных данных мы обнаружили факты прямой фальсификации людских потерь военнослужащих и гражданских лиц СССР в годы ВОВ в несколько миллионов человек. Подлог вызван деятельностью пропагандистской машины СССР и ложным пониманием патриотизма в современной России. Истинные безвозвратные потери населения СССР в годы ВОВ составляют 7,6-8,7 миллионов человек из числа военнослужащих и общие потери с гражданскими лицами 12,8-13,9 миллиона человек. Ключевые слова: Вторая Мировая Война, Великая Отечественная Война, СССР, людские потери, военнопленные, острабайтеры.

Kubarev V. V.

doctor of history, professor, Orthodox Russian Academy

HUMAN LOSSES OF USSR IN THE EASTERN FRONT

On the basis of the modem data we have found out the facts of direct falsification of human losses of military men and civil persons of the USSR within the Second World War in some millions person. Forgery is caused by activity of the propaganda machine of the USSR and false understanding of patriotism in modern Russia. True irrevocable losses of the population of the USSR within the Second World War make 7.6-8.7 million persons from among military men and the general losses with civil persons of 12.8-13.9 million people. Key words: Second World War, Eastern Front, USSR, human losses, prisoners of war, ostarbeiters.

Statement of problem: Every day events of Eastern Front of 1941-1945 leave in the past, acquiring fables, falsifications, lie and affected pride of sufferings of people. On completely not clear logic and common sense to the reasons, Soviet, and then the Russian authority were engaged in inflating of number of losses of the population of the USSR to glorify the price paid by Soviet people for victory.

Постановка проблемы: С каждым днем события Великой Отечественной Войны 1941-1945 годов удаляются в прошлое, обрастая небылицами, фальсификациями, ложью и напускной гордостью за страдания людей. По совершенно непонятным логике и здравому смыслу причинам, советская, а затем российская власть занимались раздуванием численности потерь СССР, дабы возвеличить цену, уплаченную советским народом за победу. потеря военнослужащий фальсификация

The analysis of the last of research and publications: Soon after war Joseph Stalin has declared, that the victory was gave by considerable blood - more than 7 million Soviet people were lost on fronts, rear and to captivity, protecting the Native land. In ten years Mr. Khrushchev informed, those real figures of losses make about 20 million people. In days of Mr. Brezhnev historians of the USSR "have proved" that losses of army and the population appeared 27 million persons. Now pseudo-patriots have proved madder figure - in the Second World War of the USSR has ostensibly lost 41 million people.

Анализ последних исследования и публикаций: Вскоре после войны Иосиф Сталин заявил, что победа далась немалой кровью - более 7 миллионов советских людей погибли на фронтах, тылу и плену, защищая Родину. Через десять лет Хрущев сообщил, что реальные цифры потерь составляют около 20 миллионов человек. Во времена Брежнева историки СССР "доказали", что потери армии и населения оказались 27 миллионов человек. В настоящее время псевдопатриоты обосновали более безумную цифру - во Второй мировой войне СССР якобы потерял 41 миллион человек.

Allocation unresolved before parts of the general problem: In the past in the USSR and the Russian Federation propaganda approaches dominated over history and estimations of human losses within the Second World War. In substantiation of idea of bringing of the USSR of enormous human victims on an altar of a victory, the manipulation was carried out by the statistical data and migratory processes were not taken into account.

Выделение нерешенных ранее частей общей проблемы: В прошлом в СССР и Российской Федерации доминировали пропагандистские подходы к истории и оценкам человеческих потерь в годы Второй Мировой Войны. В обоснование идеи принесения СССР громадных людских жертв на алтарь победы, осуществлялось манипулирование статистическими данными и не учитывались миграционные процессы.

The purpose of clause: The purpose of the present research is the establishment of true losses of the Soviet army and fleet, and also quantity of the lost peace citizens from the circumstances caused by war. Thus we categorically reject any attempts to impose to society of clichй according to which human losses are not born children, early died old men or consequences of famine and other fantasy the reasons of death. Besides it is ridiculous to name losses of the population the international and internal migratory processes is caused by war.

Цель статьи: Целью настоящего исследования является установление истинных потерь советской армии и флота, а также количества погибших мирных граждан от обстоятельств, вызванных войной. При этом мы категорически отвергаем любые попытки навязать обществу клише, согласно которым людскими потерями являются не родившиеся дети, рано умершие старики или последствия голода и прочие фантазийные причины смерти. Кроме того, нелепо называть потерями населения международные и внутренние миграционные процессы, вызванные войной.

The basic material: We will address to the figures known from archival documents. We shall note that the bureaucracy in Germany and the USSR was meticulous and scrupulously fixed all events occurring to the population, soldiers, captured and subjected to repression citizens. According to the official data of General Staff of Armed Forces (AF of RF) of the Russian Federation [1] is the Table No. 1:

Table 1.

Losses of military men.

No.	Kinds of irrevocable losses	Quantity (thousands person)
1	It is killed and has died from wounds (reports of armies)	5,226.8
2	Has died in hospitals (under reports of hospitals)	1,102.8
3	Noncombat losses (illnesses, failures, executions)	555.5
	In total:	6,885.1
4	Was missing or was taken prisoner	3,396.4
5	Has returned from a captivity after war	1,836.0
	In total:	8,445.5
6	On duty, but have not got regarding in beginning of war	500.0
7	Not taken into account losses in the beginning of war	1,162.6
8	Again called soldiers in army from environments	939.7
	In total:	222.9
	In total losses:	8,668.4

Let's note, that 500 thousand the mobilized men who have not reached up to place of service, will attribute later in losses of the peace population. A priori clearly, that these people have simply parted on houses or were arranged to live nearby to places of "clearing" of the draft service, caused by successful approach Wehrmacht.

At detention Soviet soldiers and officers, the German army acted according to instructions. Hitler's propagation declared that Germans are at war not with the USSR, but with "Zhyd-Bolsheviks". On this basis the captivated Jews from command structure and number of political commissars were shot on place. Political commissars did not admit as prisoners of war. Captured from among communists, were sent in concentration camp. How many was Bolsheviks in the Soviet army in the beginning of war? In total in Red army were registered 5.7 million persons. In the West of the USSR served 3,061 million persons [2]. The tenth part of staff was communists (544 thousand persons). It is logical to assume, that in the first months of war from among captured (about 1.2 million person) the tenth part has been interned to Germany or executing.

What artful Germans with other soldiers and officers created? Invaders, being guided " political and propaganda " motives, have dismissed on houses more than 300 thousand person living in Belarus and Ukraine [3, 4]. More than 1 million prisoners of war have been transferred from captivity in structure of accessories Wehrmacht [3, 4]. The staff of these parts constantly decreased due to desertion former Soviet soldiers, but replenished from among new captured. In local auxiliary forces of German army were allocated:

1) Volunteer assistants (Ost-Hilfswillige);

2) Service of the order (Ordnungsdienst);

3) Front accessories (Schutzmannschaft);

4) Police and defensive commands (Heimwehr).

In the beginning of war in Wehrmacht operated: up to 400 thousand Ost-Hilfswillige, about 70 thousand Ordnungsdienst and 80 thousand assistants in east battalions, all 550 thousand persons. In the middle of 1943 in structure Ost-Hilfswillige served already 600 thousand persons [5]. The numerical structure of noise in 1942 has reached 300 thousand persons [6]. In total Soviet citizens on service Wehrmacht reached 1 million people. Besides in structure Wehrmacht operated RLA (Army) General Vlasov in quantity of 130 thousand persons [7].

In Germany there are exact data on total Soviet prisoners of war in concentration camps, and also executing and died persons, however till now these figures are delicately held back by the Soviet both Russian historians and the propagandists describing unprecedented cruelty and bloodthirstiness of fascists.

In the Third Reich tens concentration camps function, therefore it is easily possible to collect the data on number of victims in them Soviet prisoners of war. It would seem, that according to the Soviet historians, should be executing and millions Soviet prisoners of war are killed by famine and illnesses. However in Germany there are no traces of mass burial places captured Soviet the soldier. We shall place in the Table No. 2 data on the largest concentration camps, transit camps Staglag and quantity of losses prisoners of war in them for all war [8-16].

No.	Name of concentration camp	Dead (thousand persons)
1	Citadel (Lvov), probably lost Jews	140.0
2	Darnitsky (Kiev)	68.0
3	Mauthausen - Guzen	32.0
4	Syrets (Kiev), the most part of Jews	25.0
5	Bergen - Belsen (have died of epidemic)	18.0
6	Auschwitz	15.0
7	Ouzels (Belarus)	10.0
8	Buchenwald	8.0
9	Majdanek (have died at construction)	2.0
10	Flossenbьrg	1.2
11	Hammelburg (18 thousand, the death-roll is not known)	?
	In total:	319.2
12	Belarus	810.0
13	Latvia	330.0
14	Estonia	64.0
	In total:	1,204.0
15	Staglag 301/Z Slavuta (Ukraine)	18.6-150.0
16	Staglag 308 Swiзtoszow (Poland) Poles and Slavs	20.0
17	Staglag 313 Vitebsk (Belarus)	80.0
18	Staglag 338 Krivoi Rog (Ukraine)	?
19	Staglag 355 Duren (Germany)	?
20	Staglag 358 Bogunia (Ukraine)	79.0
	In total:	197.6
	The general result on camps:	(319.2+197.6)=516.8
	The general result (estimation):	1,630.8

On the basis of the real data, instead of imaginations of propagandists, we can draw conclusion - the information on several millions executing and tortured in German concentration camps Soviet prisoners of war forgery. Minus the lost Jews, Soviet prisoners of war in concentration camps of Germany, Ukraine and Belarus within war it has been killed 516.8 thousand persons. The Soviet data on camps Staglag are subject to falsifications, for example in camp - infirmary for patients prisoners of war Staglag 301/Z officially were lost 18,559 person, but estimated victims of 150 thousand person are resulted. The same history with estimated figures of victims is 80 thousand and 79 thousand persons in camps Staglag 313 and Staglag 358. It is thought that the big figures are not true. In any case, the general result of 1,630.8 thousand victims (minus figures across Ukraine and Belarus to avoid the double account) exceeds the given Tables No. 1 - 1,560.4 thousand person. We shall note that the significant part of prisoners of other concentration camps in Germany, Poland, Baltic and Ukraine was the Jews becoming victims of the Holocaust. At the end of the Table we result the data on quantity Soviet prisoners of war, executing in three republics - 1.2 million persons. We believe that these figures have thought up the Soviet bodies of statistics after war to accuse Germany of crimes against humanity. Any archival documents of Germany these data do not prove to be true, and also there are no places of mass burial place executed Soviet soldiers. There is no logic in destruction of able-bodied men which could work in rear on victory of Germany.

Within reorganization the theme about losses of military men and civil persons within war again has emerged. The leader of forgery and falsifications became General - Colonel Grigory Krivosheev [17] who has published some works about losses of the USSR in the Second World War. The approach of the historian in shoulder marks was simple - to reveal any overestimated figures about losses and without check to give out them for the original data.

Comparison of 4 and 5 items of the Table No. 1 and results of the Table No. 2 speaks about presence of 1,560.4 thousands captured, not come back in the USSR as repatriates. Minus victims the soldiers (516.8 thousand), is remains 1,114.0 thousands citizen with unknown destiny. To write down them in dead are mistake. After war it became known, that in the West have remained more than 1.3 million migrants who has not wanted to come back in the USSR. From their number 451.1 of thousands person were civil persons. We shall note noncombat losses of Red Army - 555.5 thousands person, from which 160 thousand person were executing People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs in rear.

Thus, real irrevocable losses of staff of Red Army for years of war have made about 7.6 million persons.

Let's pass to losses of civilians of the USSR within war. It is necessary to defeat utterly the false thesis about quantity of the population of the USSR for June 22, 1941. According to the post-war statistical data, received in the computing way, before war in the USSR lived 196.7 or 198 million persons [18, 19], and at the end of war for date December 1945 is only 170.5 million people.

Thus results of population census of the USSR from January 17, 1939 [20] - 170.6 million persons are known, however 3 million persons have been added on as a statistical error (to avoid reprisals). Mr. I. Stalin officially considered that for December 1939 in the USSR lived 169.5 million persons, but the fixed number did not exceed 167.6 million persons.

Connection of the Western Ukraine and the Western Belarus to the USSR has provided inflow of the population on the official data: 5.6 million Poles, 4.3 million Ukrainians, 1.7 million Byelorussians, 1.1 million Jews and 300 thousand other nationalities, all 13.3 million persons. Earlier in 1939 in the USSR already lived 630 thousand Poles, but in census of 1959 of Poles it is registered only 1.38 million persons [21]. Thus, Poles have not remained in the USSR after the unit of Poland, and have returned home in quantity more than 5 million persons. Hence, after 1939 in the USSR from the dismembered Poland have remained only 8.3 million persons - Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Jews, there are some Poles, Russian and Germans. Time citizens of the USSR from Poles moved to Poland, since 1940, then within war on an occupied territory, but the massive migration of Poles has happened in 1945. On July 5, 1945 Decree of Supreme Soviet of USSR about returning the Polish citizenship [22] has been accepted. Our estimations of quantity of migrating Poles coincide with results of research of historian Mr. P.M. Poljan.

In 1940 there was connection of Bessarabia to the USSR and formation Moldavian SSR with the population of 2.7 million persons. A part of the population of Bessarabia during an establishment of the Soviet authority and arrangement of borders ran to Romania. In the same year Baltic has been attached to the Union: it is formed Lithuanian SSR with the population of 3.0 million person (from which 550 thousand person have been attached with Vilnius and area after the unit of Poland), it is formed Latvian SSR with the population of 1.9 million person and it is formed Estonian SSR with the population of 1.0 million person.

There is nuance connected to natural increase of population. Two years prior to war again given birth citizens of the USSR could increase. However during 1939-1940 the peak of Mr. Stalin reprisals and destructions of new citizens of the USSR recognized dangerous for mode is marked. Therefore the natural increase of the population was parried by death of "Enemies of the people" through executions and destruction from inhuman conditions in camps Gulag. Only officially executing "Enemies of people" was about 800 thousand person and some millions subjected to repression from which from illnesses and famine died hundred thousand persons in the first winter months of the conclusion every year.

In total to the population of the USSR per 19391940 in the overestimated size of 167.6 million person (at the top forged border of 169.5 million) have increased 16,9 million person (without Poles) the citizens seized at Poland, the general population has made about 184,5 million, instead of 196.7 million person. We should take into account also natural increase of population and deduct quantity of victims from Stalin reprisals. The increase in population then made 1% a year, that for two years there will be 3.35 million persons, unnatural loss - 1 million person, in the sum - 2.35 million persons. In result the calculated quantity of citizens of the USSR for June 1941 will be 167.6 + 16.9 + 2.35 = 186.85 million persons. A difference from the false official data - 9.85 million persons, we shall approximate them to 10 million. The Soviet and Russian falsifiers of history will write down these millions in irretrievable losses of the Second World War.

In modern historiography the figure of quantity of the population of the USSR before war in 205 million persons began to be mentioned. It is no wonder, that the added difference immediately have declared victims of fascism that aggravates the sown lie.

For specification of the information we shall result results of population census of the USSR from January 6, 1937 is 162 million persons only [23]. Organizers of census have been recognized as wreckers (executing), and results of census - defective. Stalin and management of the USSR more powerful figures expected, but real results have not justified their expectations. It was considered that the annual increase in population in the USSR should make 1 % year. Therefore to census of 1939 the population could not exceed 165.2 million persons. A difference with the official data of 1939 is 5 million persons. Similar figures have received in A. Volkov's researches [21]. Hence, the aggregate number of the population of the USSR before war on June 22, 1941 did not exceed 165.2 + 16.9 + 2.3 = 184.4 million persons that gave stock of 12.3 million "invented" citizens of the USSR, ostensibly victims in the Second World War. For the further analysis we shall accept the average figure of "superfluous" citizens of the USSR for 11 million, and quantity of citizens of the USSR for 185,6 million persons.

Let's notice, that before war in the USSR lived 3.02 million Jews [20] plus of 1.35 million Jews it was added in the attached territories of Poland and Baltic, in the sum of 4.37 million persons. During too time after war at census of 1959 [21] Jews remained only 2.27 million are loss of 2.1 million persons.

Let's pass to an estimation of human losses of civilians of the USSR within the war, purposely exterminated on an occupied territory, in concentration camps and in places of operations.

The death came to the Soviet citizens selectively, in some areas she reaped a plentiful crop, and others bypassed the party. The greatest civil losses are connected to blockade of Leningrad. According to the official data [25], in Leningrad were lost from bombardments of 16.7 thousand persons, and has died of famine of 632.2 thousand people. In total losses of civilians has made 649 thousand persons.

Other large battle became Stalingrad's fight. During fights for city and evacuations of inhabitants, ostensibly were lost 42.7 thousand townspeople. The official history of events is forged. Assert that only at the end of August 1942 among civil persons during bombardments of city of loss have made from 40 up to 200 thousand persons. However historians have found a mention of burial place only 1816 persons for the period of bombardments on August 22-29, 1942. When Germans have grasped city, appeared, that in it there was 200250 thousand persons of the population. For freedom of conducting operations and refusal of the maintenance of local residents, Germans have lead compulsory evacuation of the townspeople on an occupied territory to deep rear. Someone was lost during the Soviet or German evacuation, therefore further we shall use the official and overestimated figure of losses of population of Stalingrad - 42.7 thousand persons.

Let's consider the facts of losses of civilians from Luftwaffe bombardments. In the beginning bombed the Kiev. The number of losses of peace people has made little hundreds person. Simply Germans were included in city, as own. Nobody put problems to destroy the population and the industrial enterprises. Military objects and air stations were exposed to attacks only. We will address to details of bombardments of Minsk. As result of attack to railway junction there were fires which have destroyed up to 80 % of the available housing consisting of wooden structures. It was lost about 1,000 persons. The capital of USSR the Moscow was exposed to long bombardments. For all war in mulli- ons-strong city 2,000 persons were lost. Abundantly clearly, that the German authorities were not going to destroy the population of the Soviet cities, ancient monuments and cultural heritage.

Habitual for the Soviet persons of picture of burning cities and villages during approach of the German armies are caused not by actions of invaders and activity of polite people from NKVD (KGB). Employees of People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs blew up, set fire and destroyed all valuable in an infrastructure of cities and villages USSR - power stations, air stations, stations, factories, factories, elevators, barns, warehouses, food stocks, etc. So has been blown up Dnieper Hydroelectric Station, as result of explosion the shock wave of water from which influence person of the peace population and the soldier of the Red army receding below on current of Dnepr could be lost about 10 thousand was formed. Demolition men Dnieper Hydroelectric Station from NKVD were arrested by the army service which has accepted security officers for saboteurs.

For comparison we shall result figures of losses of civilians during strikes of allied aircraft to Hamburg, Berlin and Dresden. In cities were lost accordingly 100 thousand, 49 thousand and 25 thousand peace inhabitants [26].

So losses of the peace population from bombardments and bombardments of large cities USSR make insignificant size - some thousand persons in all regions, we shall estimate them in 20 thousand persons.

Let's consider data CKG (Extreme commission) from 1946 [27] in the Table No. 3 and it is comparable them with real figures of losses of the peace population of separate USSR republics.

Table 3.

An estimation of direct physical destruction of the population of the USSR in 1946 [27].

No.	The name of republic	Quantity killed (thousand person)
1	RSFSR	706.0
2	Ukrainian SSR	3,256.2
3	Belarus SSR	1,547.0
4	Lithuanian SSR	437.5
5	Latvian SSR	313.8
6	Estonian SSR	61.3
7	Moldavian SSR	61.0
	In total:	6,382.8

Now it is considered that in RSFSR have been killed equally 1.8 million persons. We believe this figure overestimated. After war by results of work regional CKG figures of losses of local population from actions of invaders which destroyed people for an accessory to communist party and the Soviet active have been received. There is a statistics of destruction of inhabitants from hands of invaders for the different reasons: Kalinin area - 40,876 persons, the Pskov area - 10,000 persons, the Rzhev - 20,000 persons, the Smolensk area - 87,626 persons, the Moscow area - 4,766 persons, the Oryol area - 10,000 persons, the Rostov area - 29,699 persons, the Krasnodar territory - 19,000 persons, the Stavropol territory - 36,776 persons, the Kislovodsk - 2,000 persons, the Mineral Waters - 4,300 persons, all the 265 thousand persons. Reliability of these figures is unknown. We did not consider area: Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kaluga, Kursk, Novgorod, Pskov, Tula, Crimea and Sevastopol. We can estimate losses on 20 thousand persons on each area. Probable losses of areas are 465 thousand persons. Therefore we estimate the general losses of the peace population of RSFSR in 1.177 million persons, we shall approximate to 1.2 million victims of fascist terror. Figure 706 of thousand persons (the Table No. 3) losses of peace inhabitants of RSFSR under information CKG from 1946 [27], probably, does not take into account destruction of Leningrad inhabitants.

Hence, real losses of the peace population of RSFSR it is 1.2 million persons, and the death of 649 thousand Leningrad people lays on conscience of Stalin Mode. Many new facts are according to which stocks of the foodstuffs in Leningrad was enough for normal life of people are now known. When the simple townspeople died in streets for famine and a cold, the party nomenclature and military top with families have white bread and butter and red caviar, ate sausages, meat and fish.

Let's consider losses of the population of republics upside-down, since Moldova. Modern researchers estimate losses of the peace population of Moldova in 64 thousand persons, including Jews. In days of occupation Moldavians were called in Wehrmacht, from them were lost 5 thousand persons. After clearing republic, two hundred thousand persons have been called in Red Army from which were lost more than 40 thousand persons. Thus, losses of the peace population Moldavian SSR approximately coincide with figures 1946 are 64 thousand persons and 61 thousand persons [27].

Losses of the peace population of Estonia are represented true. Baltic for Germans always was friendly territory therefore they did not touch local residents. Before occupation the Soviet command evacuated local Jews. To reprisals and executions has undergone coming the Soviet population and the staying Jews. Local organization the Omakaitse was engaged in violence. In Estonia 26 battalions of Schutzmannschaft have been generated. Affirms that in Estonia has executing 64 thousand Soviet prisoners of war. Archives of local concentration camps do not contain such data and there are no places of mass burial place captured. On the modern data it is considered, that in Estonia for years of the Soviet occupation 24 thousand persons and German occupation of 9 thousand persons were lost. Military losses are 20 thousand in Red Army and 10 thousand in Wehrmacht, total 30 thousand persons. The general losses of Estonia today are estimate as 63.4 thousand persons.

Losses of the population of Latvia today are estimated in 117 thousand persons from them 31 thousand is military losses (15 thousand in Wehrmacht and 16 thousand in Red Army). In Latvia operated concentration camp in which the Jewish population from Baltic and Belarus was destroyed. In republic 51 battalion of Schutzmannschaft has been generated. The Soviet sources consider that in Latvia was executing 330 thousand prisoners of war [28]. Archives of local concentration camps do not contain such data and there are no places of mass burial place prisoners of war. It is known, that in Latvia have been destroyed 100 thousand Jews from Lithuania and Belarus. Whence figure 313.8 thousand tortured peace citizens is taken - it is not known.

Losses of the population of Lithuania in 171 thousand persons, from which 45 thousand killed the soldier and officers today are estimated. The most part of 126 thousand killed peace citizens falls at Jews. In Lithuania 26 battalions of Schutzmannschaft operated. Archives of local concentration camps do not contain data on murders prisoners of war and there are no places of mass burial place of these. Total loss of local population of Lithuania on [27] is look obviously overestimated.

Losses of the population of Belarus in the Soviet post-war years have been forged. Affirmed, that within war third of population of republic was lost. The Museums, Stele and Monuments legalizing this forgery have been constructed. Actually the most part of human losses of republic is connected to the Holocaust. Have been killed about 1 million Jews. Were lost 45 thousand guerrillas and victims of retaliatory terror are steel of 18 thousand persons. During bombardments and bombardments could be lost up to 10 thousand inhabitants, exact figures are not present. There are data that in the beginning of occupation in three cities were executing 28 thousand inhabitants. We shall estimate losses of the peace population of areas of Belarus it is similar to RSFSR on 20 thousand persons on the subject. In total in Belarus 6 areas and the capital Minsk, therefore probable losses will be 140 thousand persons. It turns out, that the general losses of the population make 1,241 thousand persons we shall approximate them to 1.3 million persons. Modern researchers assert [29] that in Belarus were lost about 2 million persons. It is considered, that were executing 810 thousand prisoners of war. However archives of local concentration camps do not contain such data and there are no places of mass burial place of Soviet prisoners of war.

It is the most complex to define losses of the peace population of Ukraine. Official figure 3.2 million persons is represented false. Real terror has been untied against Jews and the gipsy, the local population of Ukraine benevolently concerned to the German armies and administration which also had no mutual hatred. Certainly, the German occupational armies destroyed communists and the Soviet active. However we believe that the level of terror concerning local population was lower, than in RSFSR or Belarus as Ukraine has been seized practically without conducting operations. Besides guerrilla movement in Ukraine did not reach scales of Belarus though the population and territory were much more.

Certainly, guerrilla war and diversions caused return reaction of fascists which grasped hostages and shot innocent people in revenge for destruction of the soldier and officers. Usual practice meant murder 50 persons of hostages for a life of one German.

Let's estimate human losses of Ukraine from atrocities of fascists by analogy to RSFSR. In total in modern Ukraine 25 areas, therefore we shall take average size of victims of local population on 20 thousand persons on region. As whole persons have turns out 500 thousand. 10 thousand persons could be lost from consequences of explosion of Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. The greatest victims were incurred by the Ukrainian Jews which number after connection of the Western Ukraine in 1939 has grown up to 2.35 million persons

[30] , instead of 1.5 million in 1939 [20]. According to Mr. A.I. Kruglov within war were lost 1.6 million Jews. The most part of saved Jews has been evacuated in rear USSR. Only small part of Jews has survived in conditions of occupation and the maintenance in concentration camps. In the calculations we shall adhere are Kruglov's estimations - losses have made 1.6 million Ukrainian Jews. The general losses of inhabitants of Ukraine make 2.1 million persons which we shall approximate to 2.2 million persons in view of the unknown facts of destruction of people. Let's notice, that we not while consider in calculations quantity of victims Ostarbeiter in Germany. Results of the author's analysis we shall reduce in the Table No. 4.

Table 4.

An author's estimation of direct physical destruction population of USSR.

No.	Name of Republics	Killed (thousand persons)
1	RSFSR	1,200.0
2	Ukrainian SSR	2,200.0
3	Belarus SSR	1,300.0
4	Lithuanian SSR	171.0
5	Latvian SSR	117.0
6	Estonian SSR	63.0
7	Moldavian SSR	64.0
	In total:	5,115.0

Let's define quantity of displaced persons to Germany and repatriates, and also human losses of Ostarbeiters in Europe. The initial data we shall place in the Table No. 5 [32-34].

Table 5.

A population, moved to Germany from the USSR.

No.	Name of Republics	Number of migrants (Ostarbeiters)
1	RSFSR	1,906,661
2	Ukrainian SSR	2,402,234
3	Belarus SSR	399,374
4	Lithuanian SSR	160,019
5	Latvian SSR	279,615
6	Estonian SSR	74,226
7	Moldavian SSR	47,242
8	Karelian-Finnish SSR	142
	In total	5,269,513

In Russia and the countries CIS there is an opinion that Ostarbeiters in Germany were on position of slaves which lived in concentration camps and suffering indignity also barbarous operation. Certainly, there were incidents and mockeries at Soviet people. However as whole position of workers and peasants from the USSR in Germany was normal as far as it is possible in conditions of war. People lived in private or special camps (Werkschutz) at factories and the factories protected by private structures.

Part of workers was prisoners of war and contained in concentration camps, but all the same received monetary and household contentment. We believe that conditions of Ostarbeiters life on the order were better than Gulag prisoners in the USSR. People worked 12 hours per day and 6 times week. On Sunday the day off was, they could go in other cities and meet friends, visit religious actions. Sometimes workers fell in love, married and had children. In this case they could return back on residence. Sick and ailing workers were sent back on the small native land. There was a powerful stream of mutual migration between the Reich and occupied territories of the USSR.

Many will be surprised or will count offensive the following information. In German concentration camps orchestras, theatres and public houses [35] operated.

Brothels officially worked in camps the Mauthausen - Guzen, Sachsenhausen, Dora Mittelbau, Neuengamme, Flossenbьrg, Dachau, Buchenwald and Auschwitz. The personnel and prisoners who could pay for sexual service used services of prostitutes. In camps of death many convicts received payment for the work, instead of were slaves to Hitler Mode. It sounds strange for people receiving the one-sided information. The author of idea on stimulation of prisoners was Oswald Pohl is the General of SS Armies, the chief of Main administrative management SS. The first brothel was open in 1942. The new system has been finally realized by order Oswald Pohl from the May 15, 1943 including visiting of brothels in list of resolved encouragements of prisoners of camps, alongside with the improved conditions of the maintenance amplified with diets, monetary compensations and purchase of tobacco products [36].

No.	The name of product	Cost / weight in USSR	Cost / weight in Germany
1	1 kg of black bread	0.95 rubles / 178 kg	0.28 marks / 464 kg
2	1 kg of white bread	1.10 rubles / 154,5 kg	0.36 marks / 361 kg
3	1 kg of pork, without bones	7.60 rubles / 22,4 kg	1.8 marks / 72 kg
4	1 kg of cooked sausage	12 rubles / 14,2 kg	2.70 marks / 48 kg
5	1 kg of sugar	4.50 rubles / 37,7 kg	0.80 marks / 162 kg
6	1 kg of butter	15 rubles / 11,3 kg	3 marks / 43 kg

Usually Ostarbeiters from the USSR received the monthly monetary maintenance, but in 2-3 times less German workers and peasants. Actually working had the average salary which they could receive in the USSR. The level of payment and life of the good working USSR (the salary of 170 rubles) and in 1935 [37] can be compared the average worker of Germany (the salary of 130 marks) in the Table No. 6.

From monetary contentment of Ostarbeiters found charges on a feed and residing. Frequently happened, that after that money did not remain. However good workers are came back home with luggage of new things and domestic belongings. Men presumed to drink in the evening beer, to do fine purchases and to pay services of women of easy virtue. Productivity of the man - Ostarbeiter was equated to 60-80 % from productivity of the German worker, productivity of the woman reached 90-100 % from German equivalent [38].

The Soviet propagation asserts, that in Germany Ostarbeiters colds and illnesses, and also back-breaking toil and punishments died for famine. According to modern sociological research [36], in Germany have died 2,164,313 of Ostarbeiters. However we believe these data forgery. In Germany the detailed account of all citizens and not citizens of the Reich was conducted. Monthly losses Ostarbeiters that is quantity of death of workers and peasants from the USSR are known. On the available data it is possible to make clear enough picture of scale of their death rate. We result number died Ostarbeiters on separate months 1943: March - 1,479; May - 1,376; October - 1,268; November - 945; December - 899; and for 1944: January - 979; February - 1,631 persons [40]. Leaning on these data and using method of extrapolation (in view of possible jumps in death rate in separate months on which there are no data), Mr. P.M. Polian persons [40] has defined the general death rate East Workers in range from 80 thousands up to 100 thousands. Hence, the fairy tale on millions the Soviet people ostensibly died in the German slavery is propaganda duck from Soviet times. Actually many came back to territory of the USSR during war the Ostarbeiters, but the basic stream of repatriates has happened after war. However part of people have got accustomed in Europe and have not wanted to come back in Stalin Gulag [39]. Quantity of such emigrants is estimate in 0.5-1.3 million persons. So, losses of the moved peace population in Germany make 100 thousand persons. After returning in the USSR, Ostarbeiters did not take for work and did not accept in high schools, and then their children experienced complexities at receipt for study.

The Soviet propagation has invented clichй, explaining absence of mass burial places of millions Soviet prisoners of war and victims of the Holocaust on an occupied territory of the USSR and in Germany. It appears, Germans and their improvised burnt bodies of victims so, that from them did not remain bones and skulls. However for full burning a corpse it is necessary 300-400 kg of fresh fire wood and day of time [41]. It is necessary for mass burning corpses more than 200 kg of dry fire wood on one body but where to take so much the dry, beforehand prepared fire wood? If cremation was made in holes it was required more fire wood. In a case use of coal which thermal capacity is twice higher, the charge of fuel would be twice less.

Let's make an estimation of quantity of fire wood and coal for burning 6 million corpses (300 kg of fire wood) x (6,000,000 corpses) = 1.8 million tons of fire wood or (150 kg of coal) x (6,000,000 corpses) = 0.9 million tons of coal. At burning body in crematoriums 50-100 kg of coal would be required. In any case, one million tons of the fuel necessary for economy of the Reich, only for destruction of corpses was required. In documents and archives data on transportation of 4-5 thousand echelons of fire wood or coal in concentration camp should contain. However, such information does not exist hence duck about "burning" bodies of millions prisoners of war and victims of the Holocaust simply an invention.

At studying migratory streams and quantities of displaced persons there is mess caused by "loss" of millions of people from number of Ostarbeiters or prisoners of war. The official statistics writes down them in the general death-roll of people, multiplying quantity of the victims brought on an altar of victory. The information on quantity prisoners of war in Germany contains in archives [42]. For January 1, 1945 were registered 1,680,308 persons in special camps and camps of Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) which were used as labor in German economy in 1942-1945. From them 750,000 persons were placed in camps OKW, and 930,287 prisoners of war lived in special camps where worked as agricultural and ancillary workers. The quantity of victims and prisoners of war from illnesses, famine and bombardments precisely is not known therefore it is required to lead researches in archives. However prisoners of war in Germany did not shoot people for the sake of an entertainment or destruction.

We believe that in document circulation of Germany those times or the Soviet archives after war the data about Ostarbeiters and prisoners of war, working in economy of the Reich have got mixed up. For this reason there was break in 1.56 million prisoners of war, lost in Germany, but taken into account in the USSR as victims of Nazi terror.

The similar situation has arisen with Ostarbeiters repatriates, which has returned home less, than has left. The difference has made 2,164,313 persons [39]. Thus the data are known, that only in the

West have officially received citizenship 451,100 persons from number of Ostarbeiters from the USSR [39]. Having made subtraction of the sum disappeared and emigrants, we shall receive figure 1,713,213 the persons. Besides researchers are sure, that abroad have remained up to 1.3 million Soviet people from captured and Ostarbeiters. Number disappeared prisoners of war 1.5 million persons and Ostarbeiters 1.7 million persons approximately equally. Let's deduct from among repatriates prisoners of war on the end of war of 1,836 thousand persons [1] quantity prisoners of war for January 1, 1945 in camps of Germany - 1,680.3 thousand persons [42], persons will turn out about superfluous 156 thousand. It speaks about the facts of false informing by repatriates of bodies of the USSR about the reasons of the hit to Germany. A significant part ostensibly civil repatriates were from number prisoners of war, and at the general figure of the civil persons "stolen" to Germany are present prisoners of war. We shall combine figures of repatriates prisoners of war and Ostarbeiters repatriates - 1,836 thousand persons + 3,105 thousand persons = 4,941 thousand persons. Thus the general number of the "stolen" is 5,269 thousand persons [32-34]. A difference is 328 thousand persons. On the persons of fluctuation of migratory streams of the population of the USSR from number prisoners of war and Ostarbeiters which did not move lump sum to both parties. The part prisoners of war came back home during clearing territories and the full termination of war the part of Ostarbeiters came back to places of residing during all war. The significant amount of citizens of the USSR who has got to Europe, has not wanted to come back in Stalin torture chambers. Hence, the Soviet statistical services have written down in victims of the German Nazism about 3 million phantom victims.

Besides in sociological estimations of irrevocable losses of the USSR according to sources [32-34, 39] figure 4.1 of one million persons which ostensibly were lost from purposely severe conditions of an occupational mode (famine, infectious diseases, absence of medical aid, etc.) is resulted. This component of irrevocable losses has propaganda character and does not maintain any criticism. It's possible to think, that in the USSR during reprisals peace time and in rear during war to citizens of the USSR rendered necessary medical services there was no famine and cruelty of Stalin Mode. The general level of social security of citizens of the USSR was much lower than the European conditions of residing. Also does not maintain criticism addition to victims of war of demographic losses of the population from decrease in level of birth rate and superfluous death rate of the population.

In modern conditions of development of computer technics, numbering of archives and availability before the confidential data creation of model of losses and migrations of citizens of the USSR and Germany of times of the Second World War in which the destruction of civil persons and military men will be taken into account during war and for the natural reasons is not represented by problem. Only proved investments of means for accommodation of the state order and performance of calculations till 6-9 months are necessary. Each name of the lost person should be sounded, each victim of Nazism should be known.

Основной материал статьи: Обратимся к цифрам, известным из архивных документов. Отметим, что бюрократия в Германии и СССР была дотошной и скрупулёзно фиксировала все события, происходящие с населением, солдатами, пленными и репрессированными гражданами. Согласно официальным данным Генштаба ВС РФ [1], Таблица № 1:

Таблица № 1.

№	Виды безвозвратных потерь	Количество (тыс. человек)
1	Убито и умерло от ран (по донесениям войск)	5 226,8
2	Умерло в госпиталях (по донесениям госпиталей)	1 102,8
3	Небоевые потери (болезни, аварии, расстрелы)	555,5
	Всего:	6 885,1
4	Пропало без вести или попало в плен	3 396,4
5	Вернулось из плена после войны	1 836,0
	Всего:	8 445,5
6	Призваны, но не попали в части в начале войны	500,0
7	Неучтенные потери в начале войны	1 162,6
8	Вторично призванные солдаты в армию из окружений	939,7
	Всего:	222,9
	Всего потерь:	8 668,4

Отметим, что 500 тысяч мобилизованных мужчин, не добравшихся до места службы, припишут позже в потери мирного населения. Априори ясно, что эти люди просто разъехались по домам или устроились жить неподалеку от мест "освобождения" от призывной службы, вызванного успешным наступлением Вермахта.

При задержании советских солдат и офицеров, германская армия поступала в соответствии с инструкциями. Гитлеровская пропаганда декларировала, что немцы воюют не с СССР, а с "жидо-большевиками". На этом основании плененные евреи из командного состава и числа комиссаров расстреливались на месте. Комиссары не признавались военнопленными. Пленные из числа коммунистов, от

правлялись в концлагеря. Сколько было большевиков в советской армии в начале войны? Всего в Красной армии числились 5,7 миллиона человек. На западе СССР служили 3,061 миллиона человек [2]. Десятая часть личного состава была коммунистами (544 тысяч человек). Логично предположить, что в первые месяцы войны из числа пленных (около 1,2 миллиона человек) десятая часть была интернирована в Германию или расстреляна.

Что творили коварные немцы с остальными солдатами и офицерами? Оккупанты, руководствуясь "политическими и пропагандистскими" мотивами, распустили по домам более 300 тысяч человек, проживающих в Белоруссии и Украине [3,4]. Более 1 миллиона военнопленных было переведено из плена в состав вспомогательных частей Вермахта [3,4]. Личный состав этих частей постоянно уменьшался за счет дезертирства бывших советских солдат, но пополнялся из числа новых пленных. В местных вспомогательных силах немецкой армии выделялись:

1) добровольные помощники (хиви, OstHilfswillige);

2) служба порядка (оди, Ordnungsdienst);

3) фронтовые вспомогательные части (шума, Schutzmannschaft);

4) полицейские и оборонные команды (гема, Heimwehr).

В начале войны в Вермахте действовало: до 400 тысяч хиви, около 70 тысяч оди и 80 тысяч помощников в восточных батальонах, всего 550 тысяч человек. В середине 1943 года в составе хиви служили уже 600 тысяч человек [5]. Численный состав шума в 1942 году достиг 300 тысяч человек [6]. Всего советских граждан на службе Вермахта доходило до 1 миллиона человек. Кроме того, в составе Вермахта действовала РОА генерала Власова в количестве 130 тысяч человек [7].

В Германии имеются точные данные об общем количестве советских военнопленных в концлагерях, а также расстрелянных и умерших лицах, однако до сих пор эти цифры деликатно умалчиваются советскими и российскими историками и пропагандистами, описывающими невиданную жестокость и кровожадность фашистов.

В Третьем Рейхе функционировали десятки концлагерей, поэтому легко можно собрать данные о численности погибших в них советских военнопленных. Казалось бы, что согласно советским историкам, должны быть расстреляны и убиты голодом и болезнями миллионы советских военнопленных. Однако в Германии отсутствуют следы массовых захоронений пленных советских солдат. Мы поместим в Таблицу № 2 данные о наиболее крупных концлагерях, пересыльных лагерях Staglag и количестве потерь военнопленных в них за всю войну [8-16].

Таблица № 2.

№	Название концлагеря	Погибло (тысяч человек)
1	Цитадель (Львов), вероятно погибшие евреи	140,0
2	Дарницкий(Киев)	68,0
3	Маутхаузен	32,0
4	Сырецкий (Киев), большая часть евреи	25,0
5	Берген-Бельзен (умерли от эпидемии)	18,0
6	Освенцим	15,0
7	Дрозды (Белоруссия)	10,0
8	Бухенвальд	8,0
9	Майданек (умерли при строительстве)	2,0
10	Флоссенбюрг	1,2
11	Хаммельбург (18 тысяч, число погибших не известно)	?
	Всего:	319,2
12	Лагеря в Белоруссии	810,0
13	Лагеря в Латвии	330,0
14	Лагеря в Эстонии	64,0
	Всего (оценка):	1 204,0
15	Staglag 301/2 Славута (Украина)	18,6-150,0
16	Staglag 308 Свентошув (Польша) поляки и славяне	20,0
17	Staglag 313 Витебск (Белоруссия) ...

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