A look at the Ukrainian women's movement of Western Ukraine of the "first wave" through the prism of its relations with the power and society: theoretical historical and comparative analysis

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Article

A look at the Ukrainian women's movement of Western Ukraine of the "first wave" through the prism of its relations with the power and society: theoretical historical and comparative analysis

Motuz V., Candidate of Sciences (History), Senior Lecturer at the Department of Archeology and Special Branches of Historical Science, Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy (Cherkasy, Ukraine)

In the presented article, an attempt is made to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between representatives of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine of the "first wave" with the authorities and society. This made it possible, on the basis of theoretical historical and comparative analysis, to find out the characteristic features of this process and its historical significance.

Keywords: woman, women's history of Ukraine, Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine in the 50s - 80s XIX century.

ПОГЛЯД НА УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ЖІНОЧИЙ РУХ ЗАХІДНОЇ УКРАЇНИ «ПЕРШОЇХВИЛІ» КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ЙОГО ВЗАЄМОВІДНОСИН З ВЛАДОЮ І СУСПІЛЬСТВОМ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ІСТОРИЧНИЙ ТА ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

Мотуз В. К., кандидат історичних наук, старший викладач кафедри археології та спеціальних галузей історичної науки Черкаський національний університет імені Богдана Хмельницького (Черкаси, Україна),

У представленій статті зроблена спроба проведення комплексної оцінки взаємовідносин представниць українського жіночого руху Західної України "першої хвилі" з владою та суспільством. Що дало можливість на основі теоретико-історичного та порівняльного аналізу з'ясувати характерні особливості даного процесу та його історичне значення.

Ключові слова: жінка, жіноча історія України, український жіночий рух Західної України 50-х - 80-х рр. ХІХ ст.

Formulation of the issue

A thorough and comprehensive study of the place and role of women in the history of Ukraine is of particular importance, since it contributes to a better understanding of modern women and makes it possible to assess the ability of Ukrainian society to social modernization.

In the modern Ukrainian scientific society, such a direction of historical research as “women's history” is quite popular. Thus, a special place in the history of Ukrainian women belongs to the problem of their participation in the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine of the “first wave”. This is a period when socially active women in the Western Ukrainian region of Austria-Hungary distinguished themselves by their organized activities, primarily in the direction of achieving democratic transformations in Western Ukrainian society.

It was in the 50s - 80s XIX century, socially active women in Western Ukraine have the opportunity to move from theory to practice regarding the implementation of the corresponding plans. What they successfully took advantage of, having managed to make a significant contribution to the modernization development of Western Ukrainian society.

So, in this scientific article, based on a thorough analysis of the scientific heritage of the history of the development of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine in the 19th century, a comprehensive assessment of the relationship of its representatives with the authorities and society in the 50s - 80s of the 19th century will be given.

Analysis of research and publications. This choice of research topic is predetermined by the absence of a comprehensive study of this issue in the domestic and Ukrainian foreign historiography. A deep analysis of scientific publications devoted to the female component of Ukrainian civil society in the 50s - 80s of the 19th century allows us to state this. However, while not being the subject of research, this topic is still reflected in historical science, in particular in the scientific achievements of such researchers as S. Beloso- rochka [1], M. Bogachevskaya-Khomyak [2],

Gemberovskaya [3], V. Dobrovolskaya [4], L. Smolyar [5], K. Kobchenko [6], N. Oleinik [8], L. Petrishina [9], L. Potapyuk [10], I. Stashin [11] and others.

So, since in historiography the question of the relationship of representatives of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine of the “first wave” with the authorities and society has not yet been actualized as a complex scientific problem. Although some of its aspects are analyzed in the context of the research of the above scientists. There is a need for its comprehensive study. In addition, the relevant research contributes to the formation of a more accurate understanding of the place and role of women in Ukrainian society in the outlined period.

The purpose of the article is to study the history of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine of the “first wave” in order to identify elements of theoretical, historical and comparative analysis in it.

Presentation of the main material

Since the formation of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine and Naddnipryansk Ukraine, there has been an obvious desire of its participants for the unity of not only their actions, but also both parts of Ukraine. The first manifestation of this striving for unity was the creation by the joint efforts of women of Nadnipryansk Ukraine and Western Ukraine of a women's literary almanac “The First Wreath” [3]. Such outstanding Ukrainian writers and public figures from Naddnipryansk Ukraine and Western Ukraine as Elena Pchelka and Natalia Kobrinskaya [1, p. 32] have joined its creation.

In general, the idea of the equality of women in society in Western Ukraine was formed in the era of romanticism (1820 - 1840 s). Social emancipation of the individual became one of the main slogans of this era [5, p. 273]. A number of problems that the democratic minded circles of Western Ukrainian society were dealing with at that time included issues related to the place and role of women in society. In particular, her moral and ethical perception in society, the demand in society for a high cultural and educational level of women, the importance of spiritual self-development for her [3].

In contrast to the social circles of Naddnipry- ansk Ukraine, which were worried about the problems of socialization of women in production and the political and legal aspects of gender equality, their Western colleagues focused on the spiritual, cultural and educational sphere of a woman's life [11, p. 170].

Favorable conditions for the formation of a common female activity, which emerged almost simultaneously both in Western Ukraine and in Naddnipryan Ukraine - in the middle of the 19th century - became the activation of sociopolitical, socioeconomic and cultural life in Austria- Hungary as a result of the “Spring of Nations” (1848) [3].

The democratic processes launched by the revolution caused various forms of spiritual and intellectual self-expression of women in Western Ukraine. First of all, this concerned ethnographic activity, namely, attempts to streamline the Ukrainian song achievements of Eastern Galicia (mid- 19th century) and literary activity. That is, poetic, prose and journalistic works in literary magazines and periodicals of Eastern Galicia and Transcar- pathia (late 1840s - early 1860s) [5, p. 283].

Continuing to reveal the problem of periodicals in the context of the issue of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine, one should pay attention to newspaper publications of the 1850 - 1870s. During this period, irregular publications appeared in Western Ukrainian publications devoted primarily to such problems as: the social significance of motherhood; education of patriotism among women; female education;

the comparative aspect of the status of women in the western region and other parts of Austria- Hungary, Western Europe, the USA; development of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine [11, p. 172].

During the “first wave” of the development of the Ukrainian women's movement in the Western Ukrainian lands of Austria-Hungary, namely in such a period as the 1870s - 1880s, there was a clear revival of the cultural and educational activities of women. This movement was directly manifested in the creation of reading houses, drama and choral groups, as well as the development of the Ukrainian theater [10, p. 22].

The ideology of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine of this period was influenced by the ideas of Western European, Western Ukrainian and Nadnipryan democratically minded circles, which expressed themselves regarding the role and place of women in society. This is, first of all, about the gender views of T. Shevchenko, M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, which were very popular among the Ukrainian intelligentsia in the 1850s - 1880s. [7, p. 286].

In the 1860s - 1880s, gender problems that worried the then civil society of Western Ukraine were identical to the problems of Naddnipryan Ukraine. For example, their representatives were concerned about the issues of granting women the right to receive higher education, their material independence from relatives, as well as the active participation of women in the civil life of the region (the western Ukrainian region of Austria- Hungary and the Naddnipryan Ukraine within the Russian Empire) [12, p. 65].

Like Naddnipryansk Ukraine, Western Ukraine in the 1860s was in a whirlpool of democratic shifts associated with amendments and additions to the Austro-Hungarian Constitution and educational reform [6, p. 272].

With regard to education, in the Austro-Hungarian society, the issue of training and education of pupils of both sexes was actively discussed. The Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine did not stay away from this problem [3]. Moreover, it became an active participant in the regional pedagogical process, the most striking manifestation of which was the establishment in 1869 by the leading teacher and famous Galician writer - Klavdia Aleksovich - the first secular educational institution for girls in Western Ukraine - a boarding house in the city of Przemysl [13, p. 387].

The unification of women in Western Ukraine into societies took place, as in the Naddnipryan Ukeraine, at the initial stage of the Ukrainian women's movement. In general, the first women's organization, and most researchers agree on this opinion, was the “Society of Russian Ladies” in Lvov (1879). It was a women's association, which was created to activate the ancient tradition of charity by representatives of the wealthy circle of Western Ukrainian society and aimed at material assistance to the Greek Catholic Church and disadvantaged women [5, p. 289].

Another Ukrainian women's public organization in Western Ukraine, which arose five years later (in 1884), was an association that was built not on a confessional and ideological basis, but on a voluntary basis. We are talking about organized in the city of Stanislav (modern Ivano- Frankivsk) by the famous Galician writer, public figure, an active defender of women's rights in Western Ukraine - Natalia Kobrinskaya - “Society of Ukrainian women”. The activities of the corresponding society were aimed at awakening the Ukrainian national consciousness among women in Western Ukraine and the development of general and professional education for women [3].

It was this women's society that became the starting point in the history of the organizational formation of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine. It played an important role in the development of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine, especially in terms of approving the theoretical and practical part of the implementation of the leading component of its activities - pedagogical educational [2, p. 203].

The activity of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine in the pedagogical educational direction was due to both the low level of political, economic, cultural and educational life of the Western Ukrainian region, and the desire to join the national and cultural development of Ukrainian society [9, p. 16].

The educational activities of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine developed under the influence of state policy in the field of women's education. Austria-Hungary at the end of the 40s - 80s of the XIX century could not boast of a high school enrollment rate for girls. Another drawback was the restriction of teaching in Ukrainian for schoolchildren in all Ukrainian ethnic territories within Austria-Hungary. For example, at the end of the above-mentioned period, less than 1/3 of girls from the total number in the region studied in various types of primary schools in Eastern Galicia [3].

Unlike the Naddnipryan Ukraine, where women already at the initial stage of the Ukrainian women's movement gained access to higher education (1870s) [4, p. 57], the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine of the “first wave” could not boast of this [5, p. 289].

However, regarding the political and electoral rights of women in Western Ukraine and Nad- nipryansk Ukraine, the discriminatory actions against them extended to both regions [8, p. 77]. Therefore, the high level of social and political activity, which later will be acquired by the participants of the Ukrainian women's movement both in Western Ukraine and in Naddnipryansk Ukraine, will become a characteristic feature of the “second wave” of the Ukrainian women's movement.

Let's note another important point to which attention should be paid - this is the different understanding of the idea of gender equality by the intelligentsia of Western Ukraine and Nadipry- ansk Ukraine. According to Marta Bagachevskoy- Khomyak, an American researcher of Ukrainian origin, public figures of the Western Ukrainian region of Austria-Hungary did not support women's attempts to join public life, which cannot be said about the Nadipryansk Ukraine [2, p. 205]. In addition, a certain conservatism was inherent in Western Ukaine society, for example, Galician, according to the same researcher of the Ukrainian women's movement [2, p. 206]. Which, again, cannot be said about the Naddnipryan Ukraine, where, although theoretically, there was gender equality in society [11, p. 171].

Another evidence of the conservatism of Western Ukrainian society and the lack of mass participation of women in the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine is not attaching great importance, even by its democratic circles, to the issue of women's education, in particular, their mastery of the sciences. Accordingly, in the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine, at the initial stage of its development, it was women from intelligent families, including families of priests, who dominated [6, p. 272].

The fact that education and social activity were not considered the outstanding virtues of a woman in Western Ukrainian society is evidenced by the fact that even women from intelligent families, in the overwhelming majority, were prepared by their parents not for building a career, but for married life. In this regard, the same leading researcher of the Ukrainian women's movement M. Bagachevska-Khomyak noted that the attitude of Western Ukrainians to women's education had an impact on the formation of the Ukrainian women's movement in the region, since they viewed education only as a means of serving the Ukrainian people, and not as a personal their right [2, p. 211].

This opinion is confirmed by the then publicis- tic articles in the Western Ukrainian press, which defended women's education from the point of view of national economic development, and not civil rights and freedoms [7, p. 46].

Considering the above, in our opinion, any social activity of women in Western Ukraine, as well as in Nadipryansk Ukraine, of that period can be considered quite political. This is due to the fact that, with their active social position, they questioned the basic principles and the existence of traditional institutions and practices in general, and also contributed to their rethinking [3].

Conclusions and suggestions

women ukraine wave society

In conclusion, it is worth summing up: first, the development of the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine of the “first wave” began almost simultaneously with the Naddnipryan Ukraine - the middle of the 19th century; secondly, it is clear that the movement did not have the same mass character as during the next wave, that is, during the second stage - the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries, but compared to the Naddnipryan participants of the Ukrainian women's movement, it was much less; third, the participation of women in the public life of the region was not very welcomed in Western Ukrainian society. This applies even to the democratic- minded circles of the intelligentsia, again, which cannot be said about the representatives of the Naddnipryan Ukraine. Although, the ideas of gender equality promoted by leading public figures of Western Europe, Western Ukraine and Naddnipryansk Ukraine in the Western Ukrainian civil society were considered democratic and perceived as modern and relevant; fourth, the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine acquires an organizational character during the “first wave” of its development, but only at the end of it. Again, the representatives of the Naddnipryan Ukraine turned out to be more agile in this regard; fifth, the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine was mainly of a charitable educational nature. If we compare it with the Ukrainian women's movement in Naddnipryansk Ukraine, the latter, in addition to its charitable educational mission, was also concerned with the problem of empowering women in the professional sphere of their life; sixth, as in the Naddnipryan Ukraine, the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukraine of the “first wave” developed in line with the Ukrainian national movement. However, unlike, again, Naddnipryansk, for whom national ideas were combined with common to all mankind and purely feminine, the Western Ukrainian movement focused only on national and common to all mankind.

Despite the fact that in the Western Ukrainian society in the 50s - 80s of the 19th century, the social activity of women was not yet relevant, it remains undeniable that the latter were nevertheless considered equal subjects of national history.

Today, the study of the women's history of Ukraine, both as a whole, and its components such as the Ukrainian women's movement in Western Ukrainian lands is insufficient, therefore, it needs further, more detailed research.

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