Localization of ancient Rome

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Localization of ancient Rome

Локализация древнего Рима

Kubarev V. V.

doctor of history, professor Orthodox Russian Academy

Кубарев В.В.

доктор исторических наук, профессор Православная Русская Академия

Summary

The history of Ancient Rome is well studied, but hides a lot of inconsistencies and contradictions relating to the period of formation of the city and the expansion of the Romans into the world. We believe that the problems are caused by ignorance of the true localization of Ancient Rome in the Volga region on Akhtuba until the Fire on 64. After the disaster, the Emperor Nero decided to move the city to the location of Veii in Italy. From that moment, the Chronicles of Rome reflected the events that took place with the Empire, both on Akhtuba and in Europe, until the complete decline of the city in the Volga region in the V century. Since 64 the Roman annals have adapted to the new location of the capital of the Empire, making confusion in the ancient Chronicles. The article also considers the aspects of ethnic origin of the peoples of the Latin League, Ancient Rome and Europe. The vector of expansion of Ancient Rome from the Volga region to the Europe coinciding with the migration flows of the Migration Period and the spread of PIE is substantiated. In addition the article considers the dynamics of growth and decline of the population of Ancient Rome in the localities from its inception to sunset and transformation.

Key words: Ancient Rome, Veii, Ancient Egypt, Romans, Etruscans, PIE, DNA genealogy, Akhtuba, Volga region.

Аннотация

История Древнего Рима хорошо изучена, однако скрывает массу нестыковок и противоречий, относящихся к периоду становления города и экспансии римлян в окружающий мир. Мы полагаем, что проблемы вызваны незнанием истинной локализации Древнего Рима в Поволжье на Ахтубе вплоть до пожара 64 года. После катастрофы император Нерон решил перенести город на место расположения Вейи в Италии. С этого момента хроники Рима отражали события, происходившие с империей, как на Ахтубе, так и в Европе, вплоть до полного упадка города в Поволжье в V веке. С 64 года римские анналы адаптировались к новому расположению столицы империи, внося путаницу в древние хроники. В статье также рассмотрены аспекты этнического происхождения народов Латинского союза, Древнего Рима и Европы. Обоснован вектор экспансии Древнего Рима с Поволжья в Европу, совпадающий с потоками миграции Великого перенаселения народов и распространения PIE. Кроме того, в статье рассмотрена динамика роста и убыли населения Древнего Рима в местах локализации с момента его создания до заката и трансформации.

Ключевые слова: Древний Рим, Вейи, Древний Египет, римляне, этруски, PIE, ДНК-генеалогия, Ахтуба, Поволжье.

migration ancient rome

Statement of problem

Generally accepted stereotypes are not always true. Localization of Ancient Rome in Italy is a tribute to cultural traditions, convenient to historians and is legendary. It is not consequence of the analysis of established facts and the results of instrumental studies such as the radiocarbon method, archaeology, DNA genealogy and PIE theory. It is known that the construction of existing ancient monuments of Rome dates back to I-IV centuries, as well as described by Petrarch in the XIV century. The oldest building in Rome is the Colosseum, created in the late I century. The location of Ancient Rome on the Apennines suits public opinion, but can't stop the scientific search and prevent finding answers to uncomfortable questions of history.

Постановка проблемы: Общепризнанные стереотипы не всегда являются истинными. Локализация Древнего Рима в Италии представляет собой дань культурным традициям, удобна историкам и носит легендарный характер. Она не является следствием анализа установленных фактов и результатов инструментальных исследований, таких как радиоуглеродный метод, археология, ДНК-генеалогия и теория PIE. Известно, что строительство существующих древних памятников Рима датируется I-IV веками, а также описано Петраркой в XIV веке. Самое старое сооружение Рима это Колизей, созданный в конце I века. Расположение Древнего Рима на Апеннинах устраивает общественное мнение, но не может остановить научный поиск и препятствовать нахождению ответов на неудобные вопросы истории.

The analysis of the last of research and publications: Recently began to appear publications in which some scientists from the direction of the new chronology began to offer alternative localization of Ancient Rome. For example, they claim that in the distant past Rome was called Alexandria. On the contrary, according to the author's research, Ancient Rome was located on Akhtuba in the Volga Delta.

Анализ последних исследования и публикаций: В последнее время стали появляться публикации, в которых некоторые ученые из направления новой хронологии начали предлагать альтернативные варианты локализации Древнего Рима. Например, они утверждают, что в далеком прошлом Римом называлась Александрия. Напротив, согласно авторским изысканиям, Древний Рим располагался на Ахтубе, в дельте Волги.

Allocation unresolved before parts of the general problem: It is necessary to divide modern Rome and its legendary prototype - Ancient Rome. The division also implies different geographical localization of the city. There are many contradictory facts that undermine traditional historiography. We are talking about the consequences and directions of Roman expansion in the world, such as the lack of genetic trace of the Romans in Europe, Africa and Asia, the contradiction of the theory of PIE, the lack of places of coinage of gold and silver coins, the discrepancy vector of the Migration Period the peoples of the Caucasus and the Volga region to the West. In addition, the ancient buildings of Rome created or "rebuilt" in the I-IV centuries. At the same time, the buildings are on the same level with modern streets and buildings, that is, there is no cultural layer. But in Constantinople, standing on rocks, the level of original artifacts of IV- X centuries (Million, Serpent Column, Obelisk of Thutmose III, Obelisk of Constantine, and Temple of St. Sophia) is below the current level of the streets by 3-4 meters.

Выделение нерешенных ранее частей общей проблемы: Следует разделять современный Рим и его легендарный прообраз - Древний Рим. Разделение подразумевает и различную географическую локализацию города. Существует масса противоречивых фактов, подрывающих традиционную историографию. Речь идет о последствиях и направлениях римской экспансии в мире, - таких как отсутствие генетического следа римлян в Европе, Африке и Азии, противоречие теории PIE, отсутствие мест чеканки золотых и серебряных монет, несоответствие вектору Великого перенаселения народов Кавказа и Поволжья на Запад. Кроме того, древние сооружения Рима созданы или «перестроены» в I- IV веках. При этом здания находятся на одном уровне с современными улицами и строениями, то есть отсутствует культурный слой. Однако в Константинополе, стоящем на скалах, уровень оригинальных артефактов IV-X веков (нулевой километр, Змеиная колонна, обелиск Тутмоса III, обелиск Константина, Храм Святой Софии) находится ниже современного уровня улиц на 3-4 метра.

The purpose of clause: The purpose of this study is to substantiate the author's hypothesis of localization of Alba Longa fortress and Ancient Rome in the region of separation of the rivers don, Volga and Akhtuba (southern Volga region). Also the aim of the work is the argumentation of the vector of expansion of Ancient Rome from the East from the Volga region to the West to Europe. In addition, it's the establishment of time frame for the existence of Rome in different regions, determining the number and ethnic composition of the inhabitants of the metropolis in different eras.

Цель статьи: Целью настоящего исследования является обоснование авторской гипотезы локализации крепости Альба Лонга и Древнего Рима в регионе разделения рек Дон, Wschodnioeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe Волга и Ахтуба (Южное Поволжье). Также целью работы является аргументация вектора экспансии Древнего Рима с Востока из Поволжья на Запад в Европу. Кроме того, это установление временных рамок существования Рима в различных регионах, определение количества и этнического состава жителей мегаполиса в разные эпохи.

The basic material: For the decision of task in view we shall use paradigm of occurrence of modern human civilization in the Volga region about 5500 years ago. For the first time such a hypothesis was put forward by Maria Gimbutas in 1956 [1-4]. In the author's research in 2009, we confirmed this theory, tying it to the canvas of historical events of the past [5]. Earlier we proved that the Kings of Alba Longa (White Walls) and the Pharaohs Inebu-Hedj (White Walls) are the same historical figures [6]. They were all ethnic Germans, Haplogroup R1b.

According to our reconstruction of history, the Trojan Aeneas and Pharaoh Menes is one historical person. Identification of characters from different eras became possible due to the presence of a chronological shift in the history of Ancient Egypt in the amount of 1780 years, discovered by the author [5, 6].

Aeneas founded the kin of the Kings of Alba Longa, or like Egyptian says Inebu-Hedj. The ancient fortress built in 1152 BC his son Ascanius or other name Julus / Iulus. King correspond Egyptian Pharaoh Athotis II, other name Iti or Djer. In our opinion, the name of the ruler gave the ancient name to the capital city, the river and the Union of the Bulgarians - the Itil tribes. We are talking about Ulak Urum, Volga and Itil Union of the Volga-Ural tribes.

In the Bulgarian Chronicles III volume, p. 81 [7] it is said that the first ruler of the Bulgarians after the Flood in the distant past was Djam-Idji or Idjik. Djam became the first Bulgarian King of Idel from the Imen dynasty. Wife of Djam called Tanbit, but some sources assert that she and Ergi-Chakchak or Turan are the same person. The state of Djam included seven tribes, part of which was the ruling people of the Bulgarians.

Therefore, the Djam Empire received the name Idel - Seven (Ide) Tribes (El). King Djam-Idji corresponds to the first King of the Italic and Latin tribes Julus, the son of Aeneas, as well as to the Pharaoh of Egypt Djer, the son of Menes. Idel has second pronunciation is Itil therefore for Bulgarian these words have the same meaning. Therefore, Ascanius-Julus-Djer - Djam is one historical person.

Note that the shape of the Seas and Oceans after the Flood of 1250-1200 BC, which coincides with the Late Bronze Age collapse or Disaster of the Bronze Age (about 1200th BC), were different than in our time. On the Volga and the Don from Troy can be reached in two ways. The first route lay through the Marmara Sea, the Bosporus, the Black and Azov Seas. The second way was through the Mediterranean Sea, the strait on the site of Suez, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf and the strait through Iran into the Caspian Sea [6].

The Table No. 1

PHARAOHS OF EGYPT, KINGS OF ALBA LONGA AND ROME, DATES IN BC.

No.	Cartouche No.	Personal Name	Throne Name	Roman Name, Board	Events	Board Dates
1	1	Menes, Meni	Menes, Narmer	Aeneas, 1179-1176	Trojan War 1184, Aeneas Tumulus	1219 1172
2	2	Teti	Teti I, Atothis I			? - 1172
3	3	Iti, Djer	Atothis II	Ascanius, Iulus, Julus 1176-1138	Alba Longa, Inbu-Hedj	? - 1172
4	4	Itia, Djet	Atothis III			1172 1149
5	5	Septi	Den			?
6	6	Meribiap	Anedjib	Silvius, 1138-1109		1145 1100
7	7	Semsu	Semerkhet			1100 1090
8	8	Qebeh	Qa'a			1090?
9	9	Bedjau	Hotepsekhemwy	Aeneas Silvius, 1109-1078	Board 30/31 years	1090 1060
10	10	Kakau, Nebre	Raneb	Latinus Silvius, 1078-1028	Board 39/50 years	1060 1020
11	11	Banetjer	Ninetjer	Alba Silvius, 1028-989	Board 47/39 years	1020 973
12	12	Wadjnas	Weneg	Atys Silvius, 989-965	Aegyptus by Eusebius	987-960
13	13	Sendi	Senedj	Capys Silvius, 965-937	Board 41/28 years	971-930
14	14	Djadjay	Khasekhemwy	Agrippa Silvius, 916-876	Board 30/40 years	936-906
15	15	Nebka	Sanakht	Romulus Silvius, 876-857		906-888
16	16	Djeser-za	Djoser	Aventius Silvius, 857-820		855-831
17	17	Teti	Sekhemkhet			831-823
18	18	Sedjes	Khaba			823-819
19	19	Neferkara	Huni		Board 25 years	819-795
20	20	Senefer	Sneferu			833-809
21	21	Khufu	Khufu, Cheops	Proca Silvius, 820-797	The Pyramid of Giza	824-801
22	22	Djedefre	Radjedef, Ratoises	Numitos Silvius		801-792
23	23	Khafra	Khefren	Amulius Silvius, 797-753	The Pyramid of Giza	782-766
24	24	Menkaura	Mykerinos		Founded of Rome (753)	765-731
25	25	Shepseskaf	Sebercheres			731-726
26	26	Userkaf	Quserkaf	Romulus, 753-716		733-726
27	27	Sahure	Sephres			726-713
28	28	Kakai	Neferirkare	Numa Pompilius, 716-674	Sanctuary of Vesta	703-683
29	29	Neferefre	Ranefer, Cheres			680-678
30	30	Neuserre	Ini	Tullus Hostilius, 673-642		678-642
31	31	Menkauhor	Mencheres, Kaiu	Ancus Marcius, 642-617		642-634
32	32	Djedkare	Isesi	Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, 617-579	Board of 38 years	634-595
33	33	Unis	Unas	Servius Tullius, 578-535		595-565
34	34	Teti	Athath		Board 10 years	565-555
35	35	Userkare	Woserkare			555-553
36	36	Meryre	Pepi I Meryre	Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, 535-509	Exile of Pharaohs from the Volga region	553-505

We believe that the Kings of Alba Longa and Rome, they are the Pharaohs of Egypt, in the winter lived in Africa on the Nile, and in the summer moved to the Volga. For these movements it was necessary to contain large fleet, which is reflected in the Chronicles of Egypt and Rome.

Data known to us about the Pharaohs, the Kings of Alba Longa / Inebu-Hedj and Rome [6] are summarized in the Table No. 1. The first column is the Pharaoh's ordinal number. The second column is the Pharaoh's number on the Abydos list. This is followed by the name of the

Pharaoh, the next column - the well- known name of the Pharaoh, if it is. In the fifth column, we note the Roman name of the Pharaoh or King, as well as the period of his reign. In the sixth column indicate information about the known events that occurred during the reign of the Pharaoh or King. There we note the duration of the reign of Pharaoh and through the fraction - period of the reign of the King. Let's close the table with column with the dates of the reign of the Pharaohs.

The localization of Alba Longa / Inebu Hedj fortress (White Walls) has two solutions. According to legend, the fortress was laid in a place where Ascanius saw white pig with pigs on the Bank of deserted river.

According to our reconstruction [5, 6], Alba Longa could be located near Mamayev Kurgan or on the island Akhtuba (White Hill). The name Akhtuba is of Egyptian origin, meaning the Life of two lands or Ankh Tawy. In the area of the Volga-Don to this day preserved several ancient artifacts dating from archaeologists XIII-VII centuries BC (look Figure No. 1). We are talking about Mamaev Kurgan 102 m high and the Sanctuary of the Trekhostrovskoe cult of fire with diameter of 150-200 m. The Sanctuary is identical to the Roman temple of Vesta. According to our hypothesis, Mamaev Kurgan at the place of division of the Volga (Itil) on two channels Ra and Akhtuba is Pyramid Menes or Aeneas. The distance between Mamayev Kurgan and the Sanctuary of Vesta is only 52 km. The Sanctuary is located at the site of the ancient navigable canal between the Volga and the Don. The canal and portage had direct access from the Volga, the Don, the Azov and the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The channel can extend from the Mamaev Kurgan to the West to Don on the route of the canal Volgodon-2. In this region near the Sanctuary is the Rumyn Mountain. The name of Rome on Bulgarian is Rum, so the Mountain is called Roman. There is also Mountain of limestone Mare's head. The outlines of the Mountain resemble is Sphinx.

Currently, finding the ruins of Alba Longa is daunting task, as it is necessary to explore the vast region. In addition the fortress in the VII century BC was destroyed by the Romans. The walls and blocks of Alba Longa were repeatedly used as building materials.

In the X century BC arise the Latin League, the head of which was Alba Longa. The League was named, we believe, after King Latinus Silvius (10781028 BC). The Latin League united 30 communities located in the Volga region, the Don and Kuban. The basis of the League was seven Tribes. A significant part of the communities consisted of nomadic tribes. The nomads needed large number of horses. One of the tribes was called the Aequi (Equi), which comes from the word horse (Equus). Subsequently the nobility and Roman senators were horsemen Equitas. War chariot (biga and quadriga) was invented in the Volga region around 2000 BC. Volga region and South Ural is the habitat of ancient Ugric and Germanic people, Haplogroups N1 and R1b.

List of Latin - Italic tribes in Latin is below:

Sabini - Paeligni (Peligni) - Marsi - Marrucini - Sanniti - Osci - Lucani.

Information about Latin and Alba Longa has in the Bulgarian Chronicles [7]. Bulgarians the ancient Romans called the Altyn-bashci and Ulak-Rumici, II volume, p. 64 and III volume, p. 89 [7]. The Bosporan Kingdom was called Bershud. Thus, the name Alba Longa is similar to the city of Altyn-Bash (Gold or White Walls), and Ancient Rome was called Ulak Urum. So, Bulgarians called the people of Rome the Altynbashci means Latins. Most likely the self-name Latini pronounced Bulgarian as Altynci.

Therefore the word Latin literally means Altyn- yanin or golden. We believe that the name of the cityfortress White Walls (Alba Longa, Inebu Hedj, Altyn- bash) moved on to the people who became known as Latins (Altyn-bash).

The history of Alba Longa is covered with the darkness of millennia. Details of events bit by bit can be found in the Chronicles of Egypt, Rome and the Bulgarians. The study of these details is not within the scope of our study.

A sharp turning point in the development of Alba Longa and the Latin (Itil / Italian) League (Union) of tribes was the emergence of Romulus, who founded the city of Rome in 753 BC. Aeneas and his descendants were ethnic Germans, Haplogroup R1b. However, at the end of the VIII century BC there is an ethnic change of the elite of Alba Longa and Egypt. The pretender to the throne Alba Longa Numitor had daughter Rhea Silvia. His younger brother Amulius (aka Pharaoh Khefren) usurped power and gave ray to serve in the Temple of Vesta. She was legally required to remain a virgin. However, god of war Ares make love with her from which were born twins. According to our reconstruction of the history of the Olympic gods were ethnic Ugrians, Haplogroup N1 [5]. Therefore, the children of Rhea became Ugrians, sons of Ares and grandchildren of Zeus. In the Volga region and Rome they were called Mars and Jupiter.

According to Roman legends, Rhea gave birth to two twins. However, in Egyptian Chronicles of the priestess of the Sun god Ra named Raddjedet [8] gave birth to triplets from the god. All the sons Raddjedet became the Pharaohs of Egypt. The eldest son of Pharaoh Userkaf is identified by us with Romulus [6]. The Roman name of Rhea and the Egyptian name Raddjedet are isomorphic.

In 753 BC Romulus made the first furrow around the Palatine hill, founding the city of Rome. The twoheaded hill of the Capitol fell into the border of the city. According to legend, the Palatine hill by the she-wolf nursed the infants Romulus and Remus, so there was a sacred cave of the she-wolf. We localize Ancient Rome near the Selitrennoe village on Akhtuba. Most of the city with hills lay on the continental part, and a small part - on the island [5, 6]. The island part was called Memphis. Later at the same place was the city Itil and Sarai Batu.

In the Bulgarian Chronicles also describes the history of the rescue she-wolf of the baby II volume, pp. 7-10 and p. 68 [7]. Child called Genghis (the son of the Wolf), who led the kin Albir. The words Albir and Alba are isomorphic. After that the wolf became the main totem of the Bulgarians. The self-name of the people - Bulgarians comes from the Bulg (wolf) and Ar (head). In fact the Bulgarians are ancient Romans. The Bulgaria were Union of tribes - ethnic Ugric (Haplogroup N1), Germanic (Haplogroup R1b) and Indo-European (Haplogroup I1, I2).

To have survived is an amazing artifact is sculpture of the Lupa Capitolina (Capitoline she-wolf). The artifact dates back to the V century BC, recognizing it as subject of Etruscan culture. Recently has become popular idea, that she-wolf have produced only in XI century, that mistakenly. The figure of the wolf has strange copper (red) color. Is there such a subspecies of wolves? Yes, it is Caspian or Steppe wolf. He have differs from the forest wolf, and, especially, his Arctic colleague - roast, small scalp, color of wool and absence of hair on the face. Below us present photos of the sculpture and the Caspian wolf for comparison (look Figure No. 2). This wolf could not live in the Apennines. The history of Romulus and Remus could only happen in the southern Volga region and the Caspian region. Bulgarians call such wolf as hin (red wolf).

According to legend, Romulus after his death was deified and became known as Quirinus. Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus form the Triad of the main gods of Rome. Existing versions of the origin of the nickname Quirinus do not take into account the localization of Rome in the Volga region, so wrong. In fact, the name of the god comes from the name of Kur(i) or Buri - the Finno-Ugric and Bulgarian deity of the moon, hunting, military valor, victory and glory, II volume, p. 60 [7]. Kuri (Quiri) took the form of a wolf or a leopard. In honor of him called the Bulgarians, as part of the ancient Roman people. So, Romulus-Kuri-Quirinus, the Capitoline she-wolf and the Bulgarians are closely related to each other. The main gods of the Bulgarians have the same origin as the gods of the Etruscans and Romans. This is god Tengri and Tima, goddess Ashna (Ana) and Uni and other of deity.

The first wave of migration of the tribes of the Volga region and the Kuban, i.e. the participants of the Latin League, began in the VIII century BC. At the beginning the tribe of the Etruscans settled in the Black Sea steppes and on the coasts of the Azov and Black Seas. From there they sailed through the Bosporus to the Mediterranean, where they settled in Etruria on the Apennines. We believe that with the strengthening of Egyptian civilization in Africa and the Volga region and the alien beliefs of the Egyptian gods in the VII century BC migration intensified. At this time in Egypt were built giant pyramids in Giza - Cheops and Khefren. Migration of the Etruscans has led to the flourishing of the ancient civilization of the Volga in the Apennines. The connection of the Etruscans with the Volga region can be traced in the name of the goddess Turan (TuranMati, mother of Turan), the Romans is Venus. The Bulgarians called their state the Turan. The wife of Ascanius, aka the Pharaoh Iti and builder of Alba Longa, was the Turan. Etruscan language was branch of the ancient language of Russ, close to Sanskrit.

At the time of the establishment of Rome in 753 BC, the nature of the planet licked the wounds inflicted by Flood or Late Bronze Age collapse in the XIII century BC. The line of Seas and Oceans has changed, that led to the formation of fertile plains in the region lying between the Don and Volga. The plain was named Kuban in honor of the God Father Kubar (Cubar, Qubar). Bulgarians called God the Cube (God Sun) - Ar (Head). As result of geophysical processes in the Black Sea region has developed a unique natural phenomenon [9].

The essence of the phenomenon lies in the existence for 90% of the time of year stable North-East wind, which the Greeks called Boreas. Wind is constantly blowing in the direction of the Bosporus and changes their direction. The average speed exceeds 5.7 m/s or 20 km/h. This wind is traced in the form of a corridor, a width of more than 100 km from the Bosporus, expanding to the size of 200-300 km, up to the territory of the Kuban. Therefore, the first cities of the Bosporan Kingdom appeared in this wind corridor. Thus, we are dealing with a natural transport route, length of about 800 km in a straight line.

If you are on the coast of Kuban, then after harvesting you have a great opportunity, putting the sails on the ship, sail strictly on the Bosporus, not even driving it. Exactly two days later you will get to the Bosporus and the Golden Horn Bay in Byzantium late New Rome or Constantinople. It is convenient to move back in spring and summer on oars along the coast of Cappadocia, then on sails to the North, delivering goods to the North-East of the Black Sea and the money from the sale of grain, honey, hemp, flax, furs and other goods of the North: ore, gold, silver, copper, iron, wood, etc. Back in Ancient Rome were transported works of art, weapons and jewelry.

Thus, the new transport corridor of the Black Sea was first used by the Etruscans, who eventually began to transfer the place names of the Volga, Don and Caucasus to the Apennines. The shipping route from Rome to the West to the Mediterranean Sea became the basis of the military and economic expansion of the Republic and the Empire (look Figure No. 3).

We believe that the migration of the Etruscans to Italy was connected with the expansion of the Romans from the Volga to the Black Sea steppes, where the Etruscan metropolis prospered. Roman wars with the Etruscans took place in the VI-IV centuries BC and ended with the victory of Rome. Romans reached Italy only in III century BC, when Etruria came under the control of Rome at 267 BC.

The second gate of Rome was Ostia (Ostia Antica), built in the Delta of the Volga and Akhtuba. Ostia literally means Delta. According to legend, the town was laid out by the Ancus Marcius in the VII century BC in view of the availability of salt-works there. Still Ostia, Delta of Tiber and salt works are not found in Italy. However, in the Volga Delta there was such a city. Probably, Astrakhan was built there. Salt production in these areas was ordinary mine. Ostia served as a base of military and economic expansion of Rome to the East: Central Asia, Caucasus,

Mesopotamia and India.

Even during the reign of Romulus, the Romans carried out the first sortie to the West, attacking Cameria and making it their colony. Historians placed Cameria very close to Rome on the Apennines. In fact, it is not only city, but whole region called Cimmeria. This Northern of Black Sea and Azov are the basis of the future of the Bosporan Kingdom. Two hundred years after Romulus in 502 BC, the Romans again destroyed the main city of the region.

The reign of Kings and Pharaohs in Rome and Egypt ended with a revolt in the Volga region in 509 BC, when Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, aka Pharaoh Pepi I, together with family was expelled from Rome. The Republican period began. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus tried to storm the city, but was defeated. As a result, the rule of the Roman Kings and Pharaohs was limited to Upper Egypt in Africa, forming an isolated and original civilization. At the same time in Egypt lived the descendants of Pharaohs from the Romulus and the Kings of Rome are ethnic Ugrians (Haplogroup N1) and of the first Pharaoh of Egypt - Aeneas / Menes, who were ethnic Germans (Haplogroup R1b). This dualism of the elite gave rise to continuous struggle for power, which in history is described as the struggle of the Pharaohs with the priestly class. After 509 BC the toponyms of Lower Egypt on Akhtuba began to be transferred to the Nile Delta, causing confusion in the Chronicles.

The expulsion of the Pharaohs from Lower Egypt on the Volga led to general weakening of African Egypt. As a result the state on the Nile came under the control of First Persian Empire led by the Achaemenid dynasty. Founder Achaemenes and son Teispes was Cimmerian Kings and ethnic Germans, Haplogroup R1b. With the end of the VI century BC, Egypt has received the status of the main satrapy of Persia, while retaining self-government. Egypt paid an annual tribute of 700 talents of silver and 120,000 bushels of grain. The weakening of Egypt caused the fall of the influence of Rome. The rift between Rome and Upper Egypt provoked the rise to the top of the world power of First Persian Empire, which captured the richest regions of civilization of its time, having absorbed more than 50 million people into the Empire.

The elite of Ancient Rome in the Volga region consisted of descendants of Kings and Pharaohs. Not all of them accepted the status of patricians and senators in the Republic. Representatives of the German ethnic group were founded in Cimmeria the Bosporan Kingdom. The Cimmeria immortalized by Homer was vast area from Thrace through the steppes to the Caucasus, including the Crimea. In this historical period in Bulgarian annals German peoples are referred to II volume, p. 11 [7] is Cimmerian, which were Association of four German tribes (Bulgarian named them Dout - four or Camirci) - ancestors of some German peoples (Goths, Cimbri, Teutons, etc.). In addition, according to II volume, p. 64 [7] the name Cimmerian comes from the old Bulgarian nickname of the Hittites is Kumar - yellow or light head, and Teuton - from another Bulgarian nickname of the Hittites the Dout ion (Four tribes).

In 480 BC the Bosporan Kingdom emerged as result of the unification of cities on the Kerch and Taman Peninsula. Historians call them Greek, but in fact we are talking about the colonies of Rome on the Black Sea. The first King of the Bosporan Kingdom was Archaeanax. Then his dynasty in 438 BC was replaced by the Spartocid, the founder is the Spartocos I. Note that this dynasty ruled up to 109 BC. However everybody knew Roman Spartacus.

It is interesting to note that the name of the next ruler after Spartocos I is Seleucus. Seleucus is Roman name that will appear later as the founder of the Seleucid dynasty in Mesopotamia and the Middle East. We believe that the international language of communication at that time in the Roman possessions, Bosporus and colonial cities was Greek. The Latin language assumed this function only after the I century BC.

We well-known fact that on the territory of modern Rome is not found the mints, tools for the minting of money and the hoard of ancient coins [10]. This is due to the fact that the Romans allegedly did not need money, so minting coins engaged mints scattered throughout the Empire. However, Rome always had thererogative to issue gold coins. One of the main centers of emission of gold coins of Rome was the Bosporan Kingdom, p. 151 [10]: On the Contrary, in the Bosporan Kingdom for a long time minted gold and copper and never - silver.

Minting money in the Kingdom had a long tradition - from the third quarter of the VI century BC was formed Apollonian monetary Union with the center in Bosporus. Traditional history does not explain why Rome was in Italy, and the minting of gold coins on the outskirts of the Empire. In fact the Bosporus from the time of the Republic was an ally of Rome and the gates to the West.

Following Bosporus, Iberia became the target of Roman expansion. Iberia is not Spain, but the Central and Western Caucasus. Therefore, it is a mistake to believe that Spain was conquered by Rome one of the first. The Romans finally captured the Pyrenees only together with the troops of Octavian Augustus in 17 BC.

The next powerful wave of military and economic expansion of Ancient Rome on the Volga was Central Asia, Mesopotamia and India. The beginning of the era of conquest of the East coincides with the Samnite Wars (343-341 BC, 326-304 BC and 298-290 BC). It is believed that the war arose because of the attempts of the Samnites to control the Campaign.

We believe that in fact the Samnite Wars took place over the lands and cities of the same Cimmeria - Kuban, North Caucasus and the Caspian Sea. The Samnites were tribe of Caraceni, Hirpini, Caudini, Pentri and Frentani. Sometimes Lucani also counted them. We identify the Samnites with the Sarmatians (Saka) tribes. Samnite names of the Bulgarian tribes of the Volga region, Kuban and Caucasus we can easily find in the Bulgarian Chronicles [7]. At the same time, traditional history describes the period of the Samnite Wars in the North Caucasus as the struggle of the Sarmatians with the Scythians.

In the era of the Samnite Wars, defeated Roman soldiers were subjected to the humiliating rite of the nomads - the passage under the yoke. Two Roman spears were stuck into the ground, and third spear was tied between them. The soldiers were obliged to bend down low and go through this building. The word yoke is pre-Indo-European origin and originated in the Volga region. In 321 BC the Romans were defeated by the Samnite army ruled by Gaius Pontius, who was considered a Thracian and came from Pontus (the Black Sea coast in modern Turkey) in the "mountainous conditions". It is hard to imagine what Pontius did on the Apennines. How could he consult his father for decisions? But we can easily see Gams Pontius in the Black Sea steppes and of the Caucasus Mountains. The third war ended with the dissolution of the Samnite Confederation and establishment of peaceful relations with Rome.

The next stage of the expansion of Ancient Rome was a long military campaign to establish control over Persia: Satrapy of Anatolia, Middle East, India and Egypt. This military expedition is known as the campaign of Alexander the Great. We believe that the military actions in the Caspian region and the Caucasus were part of the Second Samnite War. The war with Persia was not caused by the ambitions of the young Alexander the Great, but by the general discontent of the Roman elite with the rise of Persia and the economic losses from trade with the East.

According to our research [11], the fact of the existence of Alexander the Great in the IV century BC is highly questionable. We believe that there is an effect of imposing the real personality of the Emperor Alexander Macedonian of the X century on the virtual image of the generalized Macedonian commander of the Persian campaigns of the tribal leaders of Rome. The name Alexander in the East is household name and means the King given by God. From the Empire of Alexander there were no traces - descendants, annals of government, coins with his image, as well as Persian and Egyptian Chronicles, where he was recognized as the King of Kings or Pharaoh in Egypt.

In fact the conquest of Alexander the Great IV century BC is the expansion of the Republican Union of tribal leaders of Ancient Rome with the support of the cities-colonies of the Mediterranean in Asia, Africa and Greece. The main blow of the Union was directed from the North from the Volga and the Caspian Sea to the South - to Persia. A small part of the conquerors troops moved from Ancient Greece along the Mediterranean Sea with the joint support of the fleets of Greece and Rome. The main troops of the Union were Romans, as well as the generals themselves. However, all the conquerors communicated in the international language of Rome and its colonies in those days - Greek.

Consider the list of the Diadochi (successors) or mythical generals of Alexander the Great: Perdiccas, Antigonus I Monophthalmus and his son Demetrius I, Antipater, his son Cassander, Seleucus, Lisimachus, Eumenes, Ptolemy I Soter, Craterus, Peiphon and Polypercphon. Perdiccas died earlier in 321 BC until it had completed the processes of formation of the latter- day Empires. Antipater died of old age in 319 BC. Peiphon got the Medes in Western Iran executed 314 BC. Leader Polysperchon died of old age in 303 BC.

The leading naval commander of the conquerors was Nearchus - he sailed through Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf. He went to management of Lycia and Pamphylia (in the South of modern Turkey), which later became Roman province. Data on the Republican Roman tribal leaders will be summarized in the Table No. 2.

The Table No. 2 KINGS OF THE UNION OF TRIBAL LEADERS OF ROME, DATES IN BC.

No.	Roman name	Data of life	Board	Region
1	Alexander III	356-323	336-323	Macedonia
2	Perdiccas	365-321	323-321	Regent
3	Antigonus I Monophthalm	382-301	322-301	Pamphylia and Phrygia
4	Demetrius I	336-283	294-288	Macedonia
5	Antipater	397-319	321-319	Greece and Macedonia
6	Cassander	355-297	316-297	Macedonia
7	Seleucus I Nicator Victor	358-281	305-281	Empire of Seleucid
8	Lisimachus	381-281	322-281	Thrace and Macedonia
9	Eumenes	362-316	322-316	Paphlagonia & Cappadocia
10	Ptolemy I Soter	367-283	322/305 283/282	Egypt
11	Craterus	370-321	322-321	Greece and Macedonia
12	Peiphon	355-314	322-314	Media
13	Polypercphon	394-303	319-303	Greece and Macedonia
14	Nearchus	360-300	322-300	Lycia and Pamphylia

In the IV century BC, the main combat construction of infantry in Rome and Greece was the phalanx. The Roman legions began to use the probe only in 280-275 BC, Respectively, for the Asian peoples the Romans were members of the Hellenistic world, as military controls and weapons, and language.

According to the official version of the story, created in XIX century, Alexander the Great, before going to Asia, conquered Greece. These victories are described by Roman historians 300-500 years after the original events, which raise doubts about the reliability of these works. Not credible description of the battles given by the Macedonians to the Persians, from cities of Anatolia to Egypt. In the swords battle can't be the loss of the parties 1 Macedonian by 100 or 1000 Persians.

We believe that the first battle of the Asian campaign of the tribal leaders of Rome with the Persians took place on 1 October, 331 BC (the date is determined according to the astronomical diary) at Gaugamela (Arbela in Iraqi Kurdistan). Roman troops came there not from the West, but from the North - from the Volga region. According to the descriptions of Roman historians participated in the battle by Alexander the 40 thousand soldiers and 7 thousand horsemen. From the Persian side there were 400 thousand soldiers and 100 thousand horsemen according by Justinus, but according by Curtius - 200 thousand infantry and 45 thousand horsemen, as well as 200 chariots and 15 elephants. The loss of the parties was - Macedonians from 200 horsemen and 1000 infantry, the Persians - 30 thousand or 40 thousand dead. The remaining tens of thousands of Persians surrendered to skilled "Macedonians".

In fact, there was bloody battle between the armies of tribal leaders of Rome and the Persians. Tens of thousands of soldiers died on both sides. The conquerors won the victory, as result of which the Persian power ceased to exist. The leaders of Rome entered Babylon at the end of 331 BC. Then followed is long campaign in Central Asia and India. In these campaigns the Roman leaders helped nomadic tribes of the Volga region and Siberia. Since then, in Central Asia there was the Eastern Bulgaria - part of the Bulgaria Power, originating in the Volga region. In the Indian campaign, the conquerors suffered significant losses, concluded peace treaties with local rulers and subordinated them to Ancient Rome. From India the Romans overtook several hundred fighting elephants, who took further part in all the wars of Ancient Rome. In Rome in the Volga region there were coins with images of elephants, harnessed to chariots and without them. In 323 BC the conquerors returned to Babylon. By 322 BC the tribal leaders of Rome decided to divide the captured Lands and States between the participants of the conquest.

In 322 BC Ptolemy captured Egypt with his troops. In fact, the name Ptolemy is a nickname. The real name of the King has not yet been established. In Egypt it was called the Pharaoh Intef II (323-275 BC), the Head of the transitional period before the establishment of the Middle Kingdom. We believe that Ptolemy was ethnic Ugric (Haplogroup N1) and direct descendant of the Pharaohs of Egypt who ruled in Lower Egypt on the Volga until 509 BC.

Part of the army of tribal leaders of Rome on 324323 BC went to the West from Mesopotamia to capture Anatolia and the Balkans. They had to fight with the coastal cities of Greece in Anatolia. The phantoms of these battles formed the basis of the first victories of Alexander the Great on the way from Macedonia to Asia. As result of the campaign in the West by the chieftains under the leadership of Antipater, Craterus and Leonnatus conquered Greece, Thrace and Macedonia. In history, these events are described as the

Lamian war, in which Athens and the Greek cities were defeated. Leonnatus died during the war. The Craterus was also killed in battle on 321 BC. All power went to Antipater. Note that the Macedonians had a large fleet of 240 ships, as well as the Athenians. Land war was accompanied by fighting at Sea. Greece and Macedonia were finally conquered on 321 BC. By this time start the first war of the Diadochi - the tribal leaders of Rome. Details of events are described by us in [11].

The richest territory, conquered by the tribal Union of leaders of Rome, went to Seleucus and his descendants. In 323 BC Seleucus became King of Babylon and the surrounding lands. However, were expelled by Antigonos and returned to power only in 312 BC, Seleucus rules until his death in battle in 281 BC. After him power in Seleucid Empire went to son Antiochus I Soter. The Seleucids controlled large country until 64 BC, when the Imperial Rome of newly conquered power.

We believe that the biography of Seleucus became the basis of the legend of Alexander the Great. Seleucus was born according to Eusebius of Caesarea [12] in 356 BC as Alexander. Seleucus founded several new cities in his Kingdom. We know gold coin of Seleucus with the image of the favorite horse of the King is Bucephalus. It turns out that Bucephalus is not the horse of Alexander the Great. However, modern historians claim that Seleucus so wanted to resemble Alexander that minted a coin with a horse thereof. In addition, Seleucus deified himself, claiming that he was the son of Apollo, who gave his mother ring with the image of the anchor. Interestingly, at birth Seleucus was found birthmark in the form of an anchor. The children and grandchildren of the King had the same birthmark. Seleucus was married to the Sogdia Princess Apama, who gave birth to the heir of the Empire. We believe that the ancestors of Seleucus came from Bosporus and he was an ethnic Ugric, Haplogroup N1, if he considered himself as descendant of Apollo.

A comparison of the names and nicknames of Seleucid and Ptolemaic rulers in Asia and Africa, as well as the years of their rule, reveals exact coincidences that are difficult to recognize as accidental. Information about the rulers will be summarized in the Tables No. 3 and 4. Perhaps part of the Kings of the Seleucid Empire was recognized as Pharaohs of Egypt - Ptolemaic and vice versa. The analysis of these data requires special research, which should be carried out outside the scope of this work.

The Table No. 3

KINGS OF SELEUCID DYNASTY ON IV-1 CENTURY BC, DATES IN BC.

No.	Roman name	Years of life	Board
1	Seleucus I Nicator (Victor)	358-281	305-281
2	Antiochus I Soter	324-261	281-261
3	Antiochus II Theos	286-246	261-246
4	Seleucus II Callinicus	265-225	246-225
5	Seleucus III Ceraunus	243-223	225-223
6	Antiochus III Great	241-187	223-187
7	Seleucus IV Philopator	217-175	187-175
8	Antiochus IV Epiphanes	215-164	175-164
9	Antiochus V Eupator	173-162	164-162
10	Demetrius I Soter	187-150	162-150
11	Alexander I Balas	Died 145	150-145
12	Antiochus VI Dionysus	148-138	145-142
13	Demetrius II Nicator	161-125	145-140
14	Diodotus Tryphon	Died 138	142-138
15	Antiochus VII Sidetes	159-129	138-129
16	Demetrius II Nicator	161-125	129-126
17	Seleucus V Philometor	Died 125	126-125
18	Alexander II Zabinas	Died 123	126-123
19	Cleopatra Thea	164-121	125-121
20	Antiochus VIII Grypus	Died 96	125-96
21	Antiochus IX Cyzicenus	Died 95	116-95
22	Seleucus VI Epiphanes	Died 94	96-95
23	Antiochus XI Epiphanes	Died 92	95-92
24	Demetrius III Eucaerus	Died 88	95-88
25	Antiochus XII Dionysus	Died 84	87-84
26	Philip I Philadelphus	Died 83	95-83
27	Antiochus X Eusebes	Died 83	95-83
28	Antiochus XIII Asiaticus	-	68-64
29	Philip II Philoromaeus	-	65-64

The Table No.4

THE PHARAOHS PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY FROM MIDDLE KINGDOM OF EGYPT, IV-I CENTURY BC, DATES IN BC.

No.	Latin Name	Board	Name of the Pharaohs	Board
1	Ptolemy I Soter	322/305 283/282	Intef II (Inter-mediate period)	323 275
2	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	285/282 246/245	Mentuhotep II, Cartouche 57	275 224
3	Ptolemy III Euergetes	246-222	Mentuhotep III, Cartouche 58	224 212
4	Ptolemy IV Philopator	222-205	Mentuhotep IV	212 205
5	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	205-180	Amenemhat I, Cartouche 59	211 182
6	Ptolemy VI Philometor	180-145	Senusret I, Cartouche 60	182 131
7	Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator	Did not reign
8	Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (Physcon)	170-116
9	Cleopatra II Philometora Soteira	131-127
10	Cleopatra III Philometor Ptolemy IX, Ptolemy X	116-107
11	Ptolemy IX Soter II	116-107, 89-81	Senusret II, Cartouche 62	92-82
12	Ptolemy X Alexander I	107-88	Amenemhat II, Cartouche 61	134-96
13	Berenice III Philopator	81-80
14	Ptolemy XI Alexander II	80
15	Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos	80-51	Senusret III, Cartouche 63	92-73
16	Cleopatra VI /V Tryphaena	58-57
17	Cleopatra VII Philopator	69-30
18	Arsinoe IV	48-47

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