Town book Niederstatbuch as a source for medieval Lubeck Society

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Novosibirsk State University

Town book Niederstatbuch as a source for medieval Lьbeck Society

D.I. Weber PhD in History, Research Fellow

E.I. Nosova PhD in History, Research Fellow

Novosibirsk, Russian Federation

The article is devoted to a town book known as Niederstadtbuch. The main attention is paid to the draft version (the so-called Urschrift) of the manuscript of this source, which is stored in the Scientific Library of Tomsk State University. The source, mainly, contains information about loans. The Latin name of the book was "liber debitorum” One of the issues which the article focuses on is proofreading. First of all, the text bears corrections which were of a semantic nature. Of particular importance was the study of the strikethrough positions. Their number is 61 crossed out positions. In the course of the research was established the logic of the records' creation. The creditor personally applied for registration of the record in the office. Cases in which it was stated that the debtor's record was made in the absence of the creditor could most likely be considered an exception to the rule. Most likely, the creditor either initiated the cancellation of the record itself or through its authorized representative. The debtor may also have initiated cancellation, as evidenced by the reference to its being held liable for it. In addition, several hands of scribes were found, including one based on a clean version, the so-called Reinschrift from the Lьbeck archive. The first secretary was Theodore. In most cases, he certified the entries in the book, but in some cases, his hand was also used to write the main text. The second secretary was Johann Lebrade. The third secretary was Hartwick Brekewalt. A comparison with the Tomsk manuscript revealed that his hand also appears in the draft of the source under study.

Keywords: Niederstadtbuch, town book, Hansa, Lьbeck Law, Lьbeck Council.

Городская книга Нидерштадтбух как источник по истории общества средневекового Любека

Д. И. Вебер канд. ист. наук, науч. сотр., Новосибирский государственный университет, Российская Федерация, Новосибирск

Е. И. Носова канд. ист. наук, науч. сотр., Новосибирский государственный университет, Российская Федерация, Новосибирск

Статья посвящена любекской городской книге, известной как Niederstadtbuch. Дан краткий обзор изучения данного вида источника, а также представлен генезис названия. В статье поставлен вопрос о способах дальнейшего изучения Niederstadtbuch и продемонстрирована перспектива использования сравнительного анализа чистового и чернового вариантов одной и той же Niederstadtbuch. Основное внимание обращено на черновой вариант (так называемый Urschrift) рукописи данного источника, хранящегося в Научной библиотеке Томского государственного университета под шифром В-1943. Было установлено, что главным образом фиксировалась информация о займах. Латинским эквивалентом названия данного источника было «liber debitorum». Рассмотрены корректуры текста. Прежде всего речь идет об исправлениях, которые носят смысловой характер. Особую важность представляет собой изучение вычеркнутых позиций. Их количество составляет 61 позицию. В ходе исследования была установлена логика создания и вычеркивания подобных записей. Как правило, кредитор лично подавал заявку на регистрацию записи в канцелярии. Случаи, в которых указывалось, что запись должника сделана в отсутствие кредитора, вероятнее всего, можно рассматривать как исключение из правил. Очевидно, кредитор либо сам, либо через своего уполномоченного инициировал отмену записи. Должник также мог произвести отмену, что доказывалось упоминанием о его привлечении к ответственности за это. Кроме того, установлено несколько рук писцов, в том число на основе сверки с чистовым вариантом, так называемым Reinschrift, из архива Любека. Первым секретарем был некий служащий по имени Теодор. Чаще всего он заверял записи в книге, но в ряде случаев его рукой написан и основной текст. Вторым секретарем был Иоганн Лебраде, третьим -- Хартвик Брекевольт. В результате сравнения с томской рукописью установлено, что его рука также встречается в черновом варианте изучаемого источника.

Ключевые слова: Niederstadtbuch, городская книга, Любек, любекское право, совет Любека.

Lьbeck is a city in which its rich political and economic history became closely intertwined. It was the centre of the Hanseatic League, a confederation of market towns in the Baltic Sea region. It is also recognised as an “exporter” of its own urban law system known as the Lьbeck law. Bearing in mind the important role played by medieval Lьbeck, we would like to mainly address its internal history, which is often inseparable from other cities in the region.

In this regard, we would like to refer to such type of information source as the town book and its varieties. This interest was mainly triggered by two circumstances. Firstly, this type of source has been insufficiently studied. At present, there is only a small number of articles referring to this problem alongside the only complete publication of the source, supplemented by scholarly comments. Secondly, unlike chronicles or individual commercial acts, the town book is a collection of notes related to the internal social and economic situation in Lьbeck, assembled in one code. This type of source demonstrates how closely private and public spheres were interrelated in a medieval city. On the one hand, some records may contain information of a purely private economic nature, and on the other hand, they may show social connections within Lьbeck or outside of it. In addition, when it comes to Niederstadtbuch, it is noteworthy that Tomsk keeps one of the copies of this source, which in itself is quite important because to this day it has been considered lost.

The interest in this kind of town books (Stadtbьcher) arose in the 1830s, because then many volumes were introduced into scholarship by a historian of law Charles Wilhelm PaulPauli C. W Abhandlungen aus dem Lьbischen Rechte. Bd. 1. Lьbeck, 1837. S. 5-8; Poel G. Carl Wilhelm Pauli // Zeitschrift der Vereins fьr Lьbeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. 1884. Bd. 4, Hft. 2. S. 72.. Oberstadtbuch, which was explored in great detail by Rehme, first attracted the attention of researchersRehme P Das Lьbecker Oberstadtbuch. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Rechtsquellen und des Liegenschaftsrechtes. Mit einem Urkundenbuche, Hannover, 1895., followed later by the NiederstadtbuchRцrig F Das Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch des 14. Jahrhunderts, Seine rechtliche Funktion, sich wandelnde Zwecksetzung und wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Bedeutung // Ehrengabe fьr den Deutschen Juristentag. Lьbeck, 1931. S. 33-54; Lehe E. von. Die Schuldbьcher von Lьbeck, Riga und Hamburg -- ihr Quellenwert zur hansischen Frьhgeschichte // Stдdtewesen und Bьrgertum als geschichtliche Krдfte, Gedдchtnisschrift fьr Fritz Rцrig / hrsg. von A. von Brandt und W Koppe. Lьbeck, 1953. S. 165-177.. One of the main questions was related to the emergence of this type of city book. Ulrich Simon, for example, suggested that this might have been due to an appeal by the merchants of Lьbeck to one of the city council secretaries who was literate and was the only one who could make written records of oral contracts for possible use in court. However, this thesis was later questioned by the researcher himself in a further discussion with Klaus Friedland described by Wilhelm EbelWilhelm Ebel pointed out that the private business records of the Lьbeck dealers had already been used in court. In addition, the researcher showed that information on the economic activities of the Wittenborg family, recorded in the 14^th century in the Niederstadbuch, amounted to only about five per cent of all trade documents from the this family's trade book. For more information see: Seggern H. von. Quellenkunde als Methode. Zum Aussagewert der Lьbecker Niederstadtbьcher des 15. Jahrhunderts. Kцln, Weimar, Wien, 2016. S. 45-49.. An important contribution to the study of the functioning of this type of source in the late 15^th century was made by Harm von SeggernSeggern H. von. Zur Tдtigkeit der Prokuratoren vor dem Lьbecker Rat gegen Ende des 15. Jahrhundert // Hansische geschichtsblдtter. 2013. Jg. 131. S. 195-229..

The Niederstadtbuch below is a collection of legal records in one form or another relating to economic activity. Business transactions, wills and debts were recorded in it. The records for the period from 1277 to 1863 are preserved. Today there are 348 manuscript volumes of the city book of such character, which are kept in the archives of the Hanseatic city of Lьbeck (Archiv Hansestadt Lьbeck -- AHL)Seggern H. von. The „Niederstadtbuch“: a sourse for the history of private life of Lьbeckers around 1500 // A companion to Medieval Lьbeck / ed. by C. Jahnke. Leiden, Boston, 2019. P. 353.. For almost every volume there has been preserved so-called Reinschrift and Urschrift. One copy of those is kept in the Scientific Library of Tomsk State University. niederstadtbuch lubeck reinschrift

The first records relating to Niederstadtbuch date back to the second half of the 13^th century. It seems that the emergence of the town book (which, along with the so-called Oberstadtbuch, was also Niederstadtbuch) is closely connected with the political history of the city, i. e. the formation and development of the city book in this century was not accidental. On the one hand, it was linked with the processes of the city law formation, and on the other hand -- with the political events pertaining to the struggle of Lubeck with both secular and religious authorities.

The establishment of the institute of urban law in the Holy Roman Empire remains controversial. Many researchers attribute this process to the 12^th century, while others -- to the 11^th century, but it acquires its most distinct features in the 13^th century. Wilhelm EbelEbel W Deutsches Recht im Osten: Sachsenspiegel, Lьbisches und Magdeburgisches Recht. Kitzingen; Main, 1952. S. 9., Gerhard DilcherDilcher G. Landrecht-Stadtrecht-Territoriales Recht // Statuten, Stдdte und Territorien zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit in Italien und Deutschland / hrsg. von G. Chittolini und D. Willoweit. Berlin, 1992. S. 49. and Karl Kreuschel believe that urban law in Germany itself took shape in the 12^th century. Some researchers, such as Heiner LьckLьck H. Zur Gerichtsverfassung in den Mutterstдdten des Magdeburger und Lьbecker Rechts / Grundlagen fьr ein neues Europa. Das Magdeburger und Lьbecker Recht in Spдtmittelalter und Frьher Neuzeit / hrsg. von H. Lьck, M. Puhle und A. Ranft. Kцln; Weimar; Wien, 2009. S. 163-181., emphasize that medieval German cities in the 11^th century gradually began to stand out from the general legal order, but urban law as a relatively independent legal family started contrasting with feudal law only from the middle of the 13^th century.

The starting point in the ongoing controversy among legal scholars is the report of the chronicler Arnold of Lьbeck, Abbot of St. Johann's Monastery in Lьbeck, who continued the recording of the “Slavonic Chronicle” by Helmold of Bosau. He wrote that the inhabitants of Lubeck after the fall of Duke Henry the Lion defended their city from the Emperor-King for another year, keeping loyalty to their former master -- Henry the LionEbel W Lьbisches Recht im Ostseeraum. Kцln; Opladen, 1967. S. 15.. However, they had to open the city gates by the order of Henry himself. At the same time, they demanded that the king preserve the rights given to them and record them in the “Duke Henry's Privilege”. This source refers to preservation of rights of the city of Soest , which was transferred in the form of a “Schrae”Seibertz J. S. Die alte Soester Schrae // Urkundenbuch zur Landes- und Rechtsgeschichte des Herzogthums Westfalen. Bd. 2: 1300 bis 1400. Arnsberg, 1843. S. 387-417; Welt K. Das alte Soester Stadtrecht in seinem Verhдltnis zum Kцlner Recht. Mьnster, 1960.. In historiography, there is a point of view that this law could have been based on the Lombard model that came through CologneEbel W. Das Soester Recht. Wesen, Herkunft und Bedeutung // Soester Zeitschrift. 1959. Bd. 72. S. 5-23; Schцne Th. Das Soester Stadtrecht vom 12. bis zur Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung deutscher Stadtrechte im hohen und spдten Mittelalter. Paderborn, 1998.. A number of cities in the area, such as Krombach, adopted this system of law. However, the most notable example is that of Lьbeck, which is situated at a considerable distance. Although it is not clear to what extent this law was appllicable to Lьbeck, it happened in 1160. A year later, Duke Heinrich the Lion granted the city the so-called Artlenburg Privilege, which equated it in legal status with merchants from GotlandDie Urkunden Heinrichs des Lцwen, Herzogs von Sachsen und Bayern / hrsg. von K. Jordan. Stuttgart, 1957-1960. S. 68-70. Nr. 48, 49; Hoffmann E. Lьbeck und die Erschliessung des Ostseeraums // Han se -- Lebenswirklichkeit und Mythos / hrsg. von J. Brackler, V. Henn, R. Postel. Hamburg, 1989. Bd. 1. S. 34; GraЯmann A. Lьbeckische Geschichte. Lьbeck, 1989. S. 94-99..

After Henry was deprived of power in 1180 Dusil S. Die Soester Stadtrechtfamilie: mittelalterliche Quellen und neuzeitliche Historiographie. Kцln, Weimar, Wien, 2007. S. 122., Lьbeck for the first time became the territory controlled by the emperor. In order to ensure its rapid development, Friedrich gave it the city lands and rights of use in its surroundings. For this purpose, on 19 September 1188, the Emperor granted a new privilege The original Barbarossa privilege has not been preserved. Thanks to the research in 1914 it became known that the copy was kept in the archives of the Hanseatic city of Lьbeck. It was made by the Lьbeck canon Marold around 1225/26, and submitted for approval to emperor Frederick II in May 1226.The aim was to strengthen Lьbecks position in the fight against the Danish King Waldemar II and the Holstein Counts of Schauenburg., extending the rights guaranteed by Henry the Lion Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lьbeck. Lьbeck, 1843. Bd. I, Nr. 7; Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch. Schwerin, 1863. Bd. I, Nr. 143.. At the same time, it was one of the first references to the term “Lubensi iure”, but it is difficult to say what the content of this concept was Ebel W Lьbisches Recht im Ostseeraum. S. 15..

Important events for Lubeck's history unfolded at exactly the same time. One of the earliest records of Lьbeck law dates back approximately to 1225. The following year, Lьbeck was granted the status of a free imperial city Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lьbeck. Bd. 1, Nr. 32. See Rцrig F. Hansische Beitrдge zur deutschen Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Breslau, 1928. S. 16; Ebel W. Forschungen zur Geschichte des lьbischen Rechts. Lьbeck, 1950. S. 21; Brehmer W Zusammenstellung der erhaltenen Eintragungen in das дlteste Oberstadtbuch // Zeitschrift des Vereins fьr Lьbeckische Geschichte und Alterthumskunde. 1884. Bd. 4, Hft. 3. S. 223; Reetz Jь. Bistum und Lьbeck um 1300. Die Streitigkeiten und Prozesse unter Burkhard von Serkem, Bischof 1276 bis 1317. Lьbeck, 1955. S. 128.. The year of 1227 was marked by the victory over the Danes at the Battle of Bornheved and the successful outcome of the conflict with the episcopate Brehmer W. Zusammenstellung der erhaltenen Eintragungen. S. 241, Nr. 263.

This brief review shows that the formation of the political, economic and legal basis for the subsequent development of the city is connected exactly with the 13^th century. With this regard, it is quite understandable that this was the time of the emergence of two important sources -- liber hereditatum, which would later be called Oberstadtbuch, and liber debitorum, later called Niederstadtbuch. These sources comprise most essential evidence of the development of urban law in the Late Middle Ages. Thus, Konrad Bayer- le compared their significance with, for example, the land cadastres of Cologne More about this soursce see: Militzer K. Schreinseintragungen und Notariatsinstrumente in Kцln // Notariado publico y documento privado. De los origenes al siglo XIV Actas del VII Congreso Internac- ional de Diplomatica. Valencia, 1986. Bd. 2. Conselleria de Cultura, Educacion i Ciencia, Generalitat Valen- ciana. Valencia, 1989. S. 1195-1224. in the 1230s noting that they had become increasingly important Beyerle K. Die deutschen Stadtbьcher // Deutsche Geschichtsblдtter. Monatsschrift zur Fцrderung der landesgeschichtlichen Forschung. 1910. Bd. 11, Hft. 6/7. S. 159.. A similar picture was painted by Wilhelm Ebel and Hermann Conrad, who indicated the place of these sources in the legal “line” of Cologne-Soest-Lьbeck Ebel W. Lьbisches Recht im Ostseeraum. S. 34, Conrad H. Das Zivilrecht im Rechtsunterricht fьr den Erzherzog Joseph // Festschrift Hans Lentze / hrsg. von N. Grass. Innsbruck; Mьnchen, 1969. S. 18..

The Niederstadbuch, like Oberstadbuch, was developing as books reflecting the social and legal contexts of the city. As already mentioned, in 1277, Niederstadtbuch appeared as “liber, in quo debita conscribuntur”, the general name thus derived was “liber debitorum” corresponding to “liber hereditatum” or “Oberstadtbuch”. This title, of course, was widely used, but in the 14^th century it was replaced by another one, which subsequently superseded the first name. Evidence of such instances can be traced in 1338 and 1341. The entry in Niederstadtbuch from 1338 states: “superiori libro hereditatum civitatis”Pauli C. W. Abhandlungen aus dem Lьbischen Rechte. Bd. 4. Lьbeck, 1865. Urk. B 23; Rehme P. Das Lьbecker Oberstadtbuch. S. 262; Reetz Ju. Ьber das Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch // Zeitschrift des Vereins fьr Lьbeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. Lьbeck, 1955. Bd. 35. S. 41., while in Oberstadtbuch from 1341: “inferiore libro civitatis”, “libro inferior", i.e. these two books are interlinked and occasionally refer to each other. And this is not a singular testimony. The entry from 1390 in Niederstadtbuch features the following: “superiori libro, videlicet hereditatum”. These names had been in use for a considerable amount of time and can be found, for example, in records from 1408 or 1411.

At the same time, at the beginning of the 15^th century German-speaking terms emerge (which, according to Simon, had been used before), namely in the record in Niederstadtbuch in 1418 -- “in der stad Lubeke oversten boke”, and in another one dating back to 1422 -- “dat nederste bok”. However, as Simon pointed out, in other Lьbeck sources, which came out of the magistrate's chancellery, such wordings as “in der stad boversten boke” did not occur.

In the meantime, another important stage of development can be observed: the merging of “der stad” and “bok” into a single structure “stadbok”. Thus, records from 1461 and 1462 in Oberstadtbuch already mention “deme neddersten stadboke”Heinsohn W Das Eindringen neuhochdeutsche Schriftsprache in Lьbeck wдhrend des 16 und 17. Jahrhunderts. Lьbeck, 1933. S. 15.. In the following years this merging is episodical but from the middle of the 16^th century it becomes prevailing.

As for the meaning of this term, according to the data of the Lьbeck council of 1687, the Oberstadtbuch was kept “...oben aufm Rathhause...”Rehme P Das Lьbecker Oberstadtbuch. S. 258. (in the building of the town hall), and the Niederstadtbuch “.auf der Canzley.”Ibid. S. 259..

Niederstadtbuch underwent certain stages in its development, which were particularly noticeable at the end of the Late Middle Ages. This process is manifest in the nature of the genesis of information as well as in the language of presentation.

Two “parts” of Niederstadtbuch can be traced back to the 14^th century. The first one is “recognitiones", which was i traced up to 1352 and contained information on indebtedness (in the form of receipts). Records of the buyer's agreement to pay a price for the goods by a certain date are very common among those. This section also includes information on payments under family or hereditary legal obligations. The second subgroup of entries refers to approximately 1311-1361, the so-called “societates”Cordes A., Friedland K., Sprangel R. Das Verzeichnis der Handelgesellschaften im Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch 1311. Kцln; Weimar; Wien, 2003., which is a kind of register of trade associationsSimon U. Societates. Inhalt // Das Verzeichnis der Handelgesellschaften im Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch 1311-1361 / hrsg. von A. Cordes, K. Friedland, R. Sprangel. Kцln; Weimar; Wien: Bцhlau, 2003. S. 51-55..

Presumably beginning from 1348, the “societates-Register" and the main part of Niederstadtbuch became interrelated. The entry from this year in the main text mentions 1345 “societates-Register” as placed “in hoc libro”^{29 Archiv Hansestadt Lьbeck (AHL). Niederstadtbuch (NStB). 1348. fol. 345.} See more: Rцrig F., Brandt A. Das Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch // Monumenta Palaeographica. Denkmдler der Schreibkunst des Mittelalters / hrsg. von Anton Chroust. Leipzig, 1939. III Reihe, XX Lieferung. Tafel 5.

³⁰ Rцrig F., Brandt A. Das Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch. Tafel 5.

³¹ Bruns F. Lьbecker Syndiker und Ratssekretдre bis zur Verfassungsдnderung von 1851 // Zeitschrift der Vereins fьr Lьbeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. 1938. Bd. 29. S. 124.

³² Reetz Ju. Ьber das Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch. S. 16. ^{33 AHL, NStB. 1347. Fol. 524. See:} Reetz Ju. Ьber das Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch. S. 52. ³⁴ Reetz Ju. Ьber das Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch. S. 53.. Taking this into consideration, it can be stated that the boundaries between the two sections were gradually erased³⁰. This process, among other things, was facilitated by unsystematic accounting records kept by the city clerk Martin von Golnow, and took its final shape by the 1360s³¹.

At the same time, in the middle of the 14^th century, another apparent alteration took place. Approximately from September 1350 onwards, records pertaining to wills, i. e., previously related to recognitiones, got increasingly incorporated into Niederstadtbuch³⁵ Heinsohn W Das Eindringen neuhochdeutsche Schriftsprache in Lьbeck wдhrend des 16 und 17. Jahrhunderts. Lьbeck, 1933; Teske H. Der Ausklang der Lьbecker Rechtssprache im 16 Jahrhundert // Ehrengabe dem deutschen Juristentage ьberreicht vom Verein fьr Lьbeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. Lьbeck, 1931. S. 55-101.. Thus, up to the second half of the 14^th century, Niederstadtbuch had consisted of several sections which encompassed this compilation, holding all of the parts together by the 15^th century.

The second change that can be traced concerns the gradual change in the language of document Prior to the beginning of the 15^th century, records had been kept in Latin, which can be seen in aforementioned of the city books. However, there were some words in the Middle Low German, such as local legal or economic terms, proper nouns. Sometimes the German surname was translated into Latin: “estas” -- “somer”, “manso” -- “(van der) hoeve” etc³³. It was the study of the source language that made it possible to notice a slight alteration in the wording “consilio et iussu eorum hic notatum”, in which “eorum” was gradually replaced by “eius”), which, in the researcher's opinion, indicated an shift in the contemporaries' perception, a transition from “advisors” to “council”³⁴. It is also important to note that if in the 14^th century Niederstadtbuch was written in Latin, by the end of the 15^th century it was completely superseded by the Middle Low German, and from the 16^th century it was replaced by the Middle High German³⁵.

The analysis of the structure of this type of source will exemplified by Niederstadbuch, which is kept in the library of Tomsk State University. This manuscript is a code written on paper variously decorated with filigree. Ink shade ranges from light brown to almost black. The binding dates back to the early 20^th century. Judging by the characteristic stains -- smudges of dirt on the first and last sheets -- notebooks were clearly stored separately for a long time. Perhaps the bindings we see today were the first one for this book. There are fingerprints and other domestic stains visible on the margins of these notebooks.

The manuscript is written in a variety of handwritings that do not correlate with the paper used. This indicates that the manuscript was not built up of the already established blocks, but rather its content was filled coherently. The codex consists of 44 notebooks with 6-7 bifolios inside each one. Often one or two sheets were glued together in notebooks. Page layout, which is present in rare cases, is made in ink or lead pencil. In other words, the structure of Niederstadtbuch (Urschrift) is irregular, which once again proves that what we have before us is a working prototype similar to Urschrift.

This is also supported by a large number of annotations of all kinds present in the manuscript. First of all, such annotations comprise various corrections of semantic nature in the text. Then, there are numerous additional comments in the margins. Finally, many articles are crossed out. It is important to point out that there are three types of crossing out of these articles: neat diagonal lines, chaotic crisscross lines and two intersecting wave-like lines. Most likely, it indicates that the manuscript was not only written, but also edited by different people.

In the signature B-1943 under consideration, the cases relate to movable property, including financial disputes or transactions. There are several types of proceedings that can be identified in Niederstadtbuch. Most of the cases concern financial matters. Very often it is the debt linked to a loan from one person to another. Among other things, there are also proceedings related to the payment of annual rents. In the course of the process, the respondent addressed the Lьbecks council either through his own representative or through an authorized representative.

As mentioned above, from the middle of the 14^th century the issues of inheritance became part of the Niederstadtbuch. For example, the declaration of individual inheritance rights or the hearing of the text of the will by the Lьbeck Council could be notedSeggern H. v. Zur Tдtigkeit der Prokuratoren vor dem Lьbecker Rat gegen Ende des 15. Jahrhundert // Hansische geschichtsblдtter. 2013. Jg. 131. S. 195-229.. The source under consideration reflects not only the social and economic picture of Lьbeck, but also illuminates the process of its own creation. At the moment, the names of two secretaries have been identified. In particular, there are notes and certifications signed by “Teod. Brands”Library of Tomsk State University. B-1943. 151v, 210r, 218v, 234v.. He can be identified with the city council secretary Theodor BrandesIt is known that in 1477 he was a secretary to the office in Bergen, then he took the aforementioned position, which he held until his death in 1500. See Simon U. Die Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch. Seine Charakterisierung ьber das Jahr 1400 hinaus // Gelebte Normen im urbanen Raum? Zur sozial- und kulturgeschichtlichen Analyse rechtliche Quellen in Stдdten des Hanseraums (13. bis 16. Jahrhundert) / hrsg. von H. Brand, S. Rabeler und H. von Seggern. Hilversum, 2014. S. 79.. In most cases, Theodore Brandes gave an assurance to the entries in the book (“teste manu mea”) in fol. 60r 219v-224v. The main text of this source was written in his hand (“Theod. Brand. scripsit”). This secretary is also mentioned in the main text. He had a small italic handwriting with a crossed-out letter “p”. There are many abbreviations in the text. It can be concluded that this secretary was also involved in the preparation of the so-called Reinschrift, the final version of Niederstadtbuch, as his notes are found there as well.

Another secretary was Johann Lebrade. In fol. 531 there is a note written by his hand “Ego Johannes Lebrade”It is known that until 1494 he was the secretary of the Bishop of Ratzeburg, Johann von Parkentin, and from 2 January 1495 he served as secretary of the city council. See: Bruns F. Lьbecker Syndiker und Ratssekretдre bis zur Verfassungsдnderung von 1851 // Zeitschrift der Vereins fьr Lьbeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. Lьbeck, 1938. Bd. 29. S. 132-133.. Given that he died on 14 April of the same year, it is understandable that there is a small number of his notes in the manuscript in question. Both secretaries are mentioned by Bruns in his study of the secretaries of the Lьbeck Council, which includes other secretaries, such as Johann de Bersenbrьgge, Rainer Hollager and Hartwick Brekewolt. The latter two are known to have participated as prothonotaries in the compilation of Oberstadtbuch, Hollager -- from October 1483 to February 1492Bruns F Lьbecker Syndiker und Ratssekretдre. S. 132-133., and Brekenwolt -- from February 1493 to October 1513Bruns F Die Lьbecker Stadtscheiber. S. 76..

However, what is more significant is not only who contributed information, but also howDeleted positions B-1943. f. 3-3v, f. 6v, f. 22v, f. 40, f. 49v, f. 52, f. 54v f. 60, f. 62, f. 64, f. 71, f. 78, f. 83v, f. 84, f. 153v, f. 160, f. 161, f. 172, f. 188, f. 192, f. 195, f. 220, f. 222, f. 226, f.263, f. 264, f. 267v, f. 291, f. 391, f. 302, f. 307, f. 309, f. 331v, f. 335, f. 340v, f. 342v, f. 346, f. 347v, f. 354, f. 358, f. 361v, f. 362, f. 400, f. 418, f. 421, f. 428, f. 441, f. 446v, f. 455v, f. 461, f. 474v, f. 497, f. 527, f. 534v, f. 541, f. 548, f. 550, f. 551, f. 562, v. 567.. The information often relating to the debts of one person to the other was added to Niederstadtbuch. As a general rule, the creditor personally requested the registration of the entry at the chancellery. Cases stating that the debtor's entry was made in the absence of a creditor most likely can be regarded as an exception to the rulesReetz Ju. Ьber das Lьbecker Niederstadtbuch. S. 51.. But the other party was a subject to similar obligations. If the debtor could not be present at the registration of the entry, he was obliged to send an authorized person. If not all participants were present, the registration of the record could be deferred.

To delete a debt entry, it had to be crossed out several times. Most likely, the creditor either initiated the cancellation of the record himself or through his authorized representative. In Reetz's view, the debtor could also make the cancellation, which was proved by the mentioning of the debtor being held liable for itIbid. S. 52..

Deals under consideration were mainly related to residents of Lьbeck, however, since Lьbecks jurisdiction extended to other members of the Hanseatic League, representatives of other cities such as Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar, Lьneburg, for a example, were also included. They came to Lьbeck and personally presented their cases or the decisions of their city councils. Lьbeck's council made an exception only for Reval, due to its remoteness, and a document written on parchment was allowed to be sent to Lьbeck for inspection by two different ships. Lьbeck's reply was also sent in writing. This practice explains the existence of court letters originated only from RevalEbel W Lьbische Recht im Ostseeraum. S. 42. More about it: Kala T. Das Geschriebene und das Mьndliche: das lьbische Recht und die alltдgliche Rechtspflege im mittelalterlichen Reval // Hansisches uns hansestдdtisches Recht. Trier, 2008. S. 102-106..

Thus, the Niederstadtbuch, which is kept in the Scientific Library of Tomsk State University, makes it possible to supplement the study of the economic and social life of medieval Lubeck from 1490 to 1495. Of particular interest is the comparison of draft and final versions of Niederstadtbuch. The first results showed that not all records were transferred to the final version. As a rule, they included cases crossed out in the draft. Given that these records were related to debts, this may mean that they had been paid off. The presence of the signatures of two city secretaries provides additional information about the creation of this source. Further research making use of special software (for example, Gephi) will enable to restore a network of ratmans, merchants and other participants in the economic process in the medieval Lьbeck.

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