The mobilized middle ages in historical memory

In an interview to the electronic magazine “Gefter” A. I. Filjushkin said: “A professional historian should act as a doctor, as a diagnostician: he sees the situation, identifies the symptoms of certain processes and makes a diagnosis: what is happening to the nation, to the country, to the people, to the society, to history; what are the prospects? Our project is concerned with this to some extent, we want to complete it in a year, and in conclusion of the monograph that is planned, we are going to give some specific recom- mendations” Kak nam privlech Ivana Vasilievicha Nevskogo // El. Zhurnal “Gefter”. URL: http://gefter.ru/ar- chive/23407 (accessed 20.03.2018). on how to avoid mistakes similar to those made at the sunset of the Russian Empire, when the appeal “to the origins” led the country to `turn to the past”. And then the political force which offered a clear plan of actions aimed at the future won. It is important to understand that it is useful to look back at the past, but it cannot provide a guide. Of course, the question arises: “To whom are these recommendations addressed?” To which A. I. Filjushkin answers: “To those who will hear.” That is, there is no specific addressee, the results of the project are important for all contemporaries who are thinking about the problems of the project.

The high academic level of the study of the key problems of the project is essential. Without scientific data, it is impossible to develop an adequate programme of maintaining holding the state policy in the field of historical/national memory. The current assessments of the existing historical memory and the programme of its support/development cannot be considered satisfactory See, for example: Bykovskaia G. A., Zlobin A. N., Inozemtsev I. V. Kontseptsiia “mest pamiati”: k vo- prosu o russkom istoricheskom soznanii // Vestnik of Tomsk State University. History. 2011. No. 1 (13). P. 150-157; Vasilyev A. A., Solov'ev V. Yu. O nekotorykh momentakh sovremennogo istoricheskogo vospi- taniia i formirovaniia russkoi samoidentichnosti // Vlast'. 2011. No. 1. P. 85 88; Rastimeshina T. V. Kul'turnoe nasledie tserkvi v prezentatsii velikoderzhavnoi modeli istorii i obraza “narodnoi monarkhii” v sovremennoi Rossii // Vestnik of the Moscow State Academy of Business Administration. Ser. Philosophical, social and natural sciences. 2012. No. 5. P. 76-84..

With many undoubted advantages of the project, it should be noted that not all the goals originally set by the participants have been achieved at this stage, at least to some extent. For example, it was stated about the comparativist component of the project: “In our opinion, the novelty and the main advantage of the project lie in the comparative aspect -- the mythologies of the “origins” have been studied, but in isolation, within the regional frameworks; and there are few works which compare them and attempt to model them” “Mobilizovannoe srednevekove”: obrashchenie k srednevekovym obrazam.... However, at the moment, the number of such works within the framework of the “Mobilized Middle Ages” is extremely small Filjushkin A. I. Kak izobrazhat' proshloe natsii?.. P. 3-9..

A review of the studies carried out within the framework of the “Mobilized Middle Ages” allows to conclude that the methodological diversity is possible in such projects, but a unique research program is needed. The study of “big topics” requires such an approach; otherwise the outcome of the research is not fully clear. Interesting and innovative works have been written, but their role in the project is not clear. In addition, the summary of the project on the RNF website states that the main objective of the project is to study medievalism as the factor of the formation of national discourses in Eastern Europe and the Balkans in the Modern and contemporary times “Mobilizovannoe srednevekove”: obrashchenie k srednevekovym obrazam.. However, there are interesting researches in the project where the main emphasis is rather on the “image of the past in the present” or on the images of the Middle Ages in the Modern time, without reference to national discourse. The results of these studies require further processing at the stage of writing the final monograph.

Summing up the interim results of the project “Mobilized Middle Ages”, it is appropriate to recall that in 2008 another project was carried out to study the historical memory in Russia: “Structural conflicts in the historical consciousness of the Russians as a potential threat to national security: a historical and sociological analysis” Tsypkin D. O., Shibaev M. A., Karbainov N. I., Balachenkova A. P., Rostovtsev E. A., Solov'ev D. V., Khokhlova A. M., Shilov D. N., Kincharova A. V., Pavlov S. V., Petrova E. V., Rzheshevskaia A. Yu., Rosugu- bu I. A., Sidorchuk I. V., Sosnitskii D. A. Strukturnye konflikty v istoricheskom soznanii rossiian kak potentsi- alnaia ugroza natsional'noi bezopasnosti: istoriko-sotsiologicheskii analiz (nauchno-prakticheskoe issledo- vanie, pilotnyi proekt 2008 g.): otchet. SPb., 2009.. It was a historical and sociological study with wide application of the methods of both sciences. The methodological paradigm of this project doesn't bear any resemblance to “The Mobilized Middle Ages” and to the project “The Ancient Rus after the Ancient Rus”, and it seems not quite correct to compare them. “Structural conflicts” give an overview of historical images in the consciousness of modern Russian society (more specifically -- on the example of the residents of St. Petersburg), whereas the other two above-mentioned projects cover the formation and existence of individual plots in the minds of Russians or the use of these plots in public policy. The chronological frameworks of the projects also differ: for “Structural conflicts” it is the second half of the 20^th -- the beginning of the 21^st century, while for “The Mobilized Middle Ages” and “The Ancient Rus” -- it is in fact the entire thousand-year history of Russia and of the Eastern European region (taking into account the transformation and the existence of medieval plots in the Modern and Contemporary times. Of course, the combination of the methods of these two areas of research into historical memory could give interesting results and become an important area of scholarly scientific work in the future.

Outlining the historical memory of the Russian society is possible only through the study of all periods of the history of Russia and their reflection in the memory of the people. It will also give an opportunity to assess the importance of a particular historical era in the context of the entire thousand-year history of Russia. No matter how deep, methodologically justified, talented the study of a particular era is, one can understand the true scale of memory about it only by comparing the objects of memory from different eras.

Therefore, while concentrating on the historical memory about certain era, it is necessary to proceed to the next stage of analysis -- comparison of the collected data.

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