Pre-revolutionary Russian Universities in Modern Historiography

Western historiography of the 1990s -- 2010s retained its traditional interest in the relationship between the university (represented by the scholarly community and the student body) and Russian society Morrissey S. K. Heralds of Revolution. Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism. Oxford; New York, 1998; Konecny P. Builders and Deserters: Students, State and Community in Leningrad, 1917-1941. Montreal, 1999.. The first chapter of the monograph Builders and Deserters: Students, State and Community in Leningrad, 1917-1941 by P. Konecny focuses on the pre-revolutionary period and describes the daily life of the St. Petersburg students and their relationships with professors.

The book Civil Society and Academic Debate in Russia. 1905-1914 by D. Wartenweiler is an interesting attempt to combine the intellectual and social history of late Imperial Russia. In his case study of two largest universities -- St. Petersburg and Moscow -- the author explores how liberal university professors participated in the creation of civil society in Russia in the early 20th century, or, more precisely, the efforts of the academic community to translate the ideas of civil society into practice through educational projects. D. Wartenweiler acts out on the assumption that liberal professors pursued two, often contradictory, goals: as professionals -- to preserve the university as a center of pure science, and as citizens -- to promote the independence of subjects from a monarchical state Wartenweiler D. Civil Society and Academic Debate in Russia. 1905-1914. Oxford, 1999. XII, 252 p..

The book aroused much interest among specialists as can be understood from a series of positive reviews Stockdale M. K. Civil Society and Academic Debate in Russia, 1905-1914 by David Wartenweiler [Review] // Russian History. 2000. Vol. 27, no. 3. P 348-350; Hickey M. C. Civil Society and Academic Debate in Russia, 1905-1914 by David Wartenweiler [Review] // History of Education Quarterly. 2000. Vol. 40, no. 4. P. 483-485; Kassow S. D. Civil Society and Academic Debate in Russia, 1905-1914 by David Wartenweiler [Review] // The American Historical Review. 2001. Vol. 106, no. 2. P. 683-684; Balzer H. Civil Society and Academic Debate in Russia, 1905-1914 by David Wartenweiler [Review] // The Russian Review. 2004. Vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 166-167..

A qualitatively new approach to the study of the university history of Russia in European historiography is associated with T. Maurer and her works, which have already been discussed above.

West European and American researchers take a detached view of the past of Russian universities as they do not write the story of “their” Alma Mater. There is no doubt that such a view is extremely important for the formation of an objective historical evaluation.

Thus, the conducted analysis has shown that contemporary Russian historiography of the pre-revolutionary universities in Russia is developing very rapidly seeking new approaches to studying the past. It is supplemented by foreign researches, particularly in those countries where former Russian Imperial Universities are located. In this respect Ukrainian researchers (namely, from Kharkiv) and, to a lesser extent, Polish and Estonian, with their typically indifferent attitude to the past of “Russian universities” are most productive.

The recent decades have been marked by a growing demand for social history in Russian scholarship. Following European and American practices, Russian historians widely employ social approaches in their research, which brings about increased cognitive abilities of history. Now researchers are eager to analyze various social groups, looking at the past from multiple angles. Being centred on people, this approach turns out to be very effective in the studies of higher education history.

Since 2018, Tomsk, St. Petersburg and Moscow historians have been implementing the project “Collective Biography of Professors of Russian Universities in the Mirror of Social History (the second half of the 18th -- early 20th centuries) supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation, which aims at filling the historical gaps by creating a wide portrayal of social history of Russian universities for the entire pre-revolutionary period.

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