Influence of the soviet architectural school of the MID ХХ century on the Chinese architecture

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Influence of the soviet architectural school of the MID ХХ century on the Chinese architecture

Liang Shan,

E.S. Tozik

JUJL, Changchun, China; PNU, Khabarovsk, Russia

Abstract

The influence of the Soviet architectural school on Chinese architecture began in the 30s of the 20th century. New China, as a socialist country in this period was under the great influence of the Soviet Union (USSR), and this pervaded all the architectural work of that time. The areas of "mixed style", "new folk architecture", "Su style", and "1959 style" are developing. Studying the influence of the Soviet architectural project on the development of Chinese architectural design has a far-reaching meaning. Having passed the path of imitation, the PRC learned how to make its own architecture of a public and residential building, showing new achievements of China's socialist system.

Keywords: Chinese architectural design, socialism, ideology.

Лян Шань, Е.С. Тозик

ЦУС, Чанчунь, КНР; ТОГУ, Хабаровск, Россия

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРНОЙ ШКОЛЫ СЕРЕДИНЫ ХХ ВЕКА НА КИТАЙСКУЮ АРХИТЕКТУРУ

Влияние советской архитектурной школы на китайскую архитектуру началось в 30-е гг XX столетия. Новый Китай, как социалистическая страна в этот период находился под большим влиянием Советского Союза и это пронизывает все архитектурное творчество того времени. Развиваются направления "смешанного стиля", "новая народная архитектура", "стиль Су", и "стиль 1959 года". Изучение влияния советского архитектурного проекта на развитие китайского архитектурного дизайна имеет далеко идущее значение. Пройдя путь подражания, КНР научилось делать свою архитектуру общественного и жилого здания, показывающую новые достижения социалистического строя Китая.

Ключевые слова: китайский архитектурный дизайн, социализм, идеология. soviet chines architecture

After the war with Japan and the civil war in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed and Mao Zedong headed the country. And the era of economic recovery in China began (1949-1952)

At the same time, the architectural plan of the country was developed as a state project, but due to ideological problems and the restoration period, it was of a formal nature.

Post-war reconstruction, which lasted from 1949 to 1953. Did not take place in full force due to the complexity of the Chinese economy, so the architects continued the modern architectural style of the time.

156 major industrial and mining enterprises (Plan 156) in the first five-year period were developed by the Soviet Union. Even when there were many problems, such as general planning, economic budgets and environmental protection. They also accepted "must criticize and overcome capitalism". Attitude towards the design of ideas and the study of ideas of socialist design. For example, a car factory in Changchun No. 1, built in 1953, has a very strong formalism. The Changchun Palace of Culture, founded in 1958, has a strong socialist style, with a column structure and a strong and heavy design. This building also affects the future of Chinese architectural design.

The architectural school of China made a major breakthrough from 1959 to 1965. After the first five-year period, the architecture greatly influenced the buildings of the next few years. During this period, the architecture of China, which is influenced by the Soviet architectural school, is characterized by a central axis. The buildings are accompanied by a Gothic spire, with a pillar structure. The whole group of buildings assumes a stepped character, and the general tendency of the building tends to be vertical. For example, a group of university buildings, such as the main building of Nanjing Forestry College.

Fig. 1. Beijing Exhibition Hall

Fig. 3. Changchun First Automobile Manufacturing Plant

Fig. 4. Changchun Workers Cultural Palace

With the collapse of Sino-Soviet relations, Chinese buildings no longer imitated the Soviet architectural model and at the same time began a new way of studying the architectural style of creating socialism with Chinese characteristics.

The influence of the architecture school of the former Soviet Union on Chinese architecture can be summarized in the following four points:

Fig. 5. Chinese People's Military Museum

Fig. 6. Heilongjiang University

1. The architectural project provides real needs after the founding of the PRC, China's economy was very depressed due to the influence of successive years. In order to quickly complete the post-war reconstruction, the Chinese architectural community must choose a practical and modular building system to meet real needs, rather than the Western system of liberal architecture, when designing the state form.

2. During the Sino-Soviet friendship, China borrowed from the advanced achievements of various regions of the Soviet Union. In addition, as a socialist country, in order to reflect the advanced character of the proletarian regime, China had to completely differ from the architectural design of capitalist countries in architectural design.

3. Public buildings and civilian buildings are completely different trends in architectural design. Public building design is more representative. The buildings are majestic and have the symbolism of people's power in the decoration. The public design of the building is more expressionistic and decorative. The architecture of a residential building uses the practical design of a modern apartment building. The design of a residential building is rational and modular.

Since the founding of New China, the First Five Year Plan has been implemented in the construction of the country. Soviet architecture really deeply influenced the development of a new Chinese architectural design. First, the real situation and demand in this period influenced Chinese architectural design. The architectural ideas and styles of the new China are based on the Soviet model, and the architectural design takes a state-oriented form in the premise of political and reconstruction needs, fully meet the superiority of Soviet-style architecture.

Secondly, socialist superiority and national pride are expressed in the language of architectural design. Symbolically, the stepped and spike-shaped forms are transformed into the architectural design form. Such architecture is mainly represented in public buildings, which makes them a great atmosphere, full of the superiority of socialism and national pride.

Third, in Chinese architectural design there was a multifaceted design, and in social construction and the construction of a residential building, expressionism and pragmatism were achieved. It gives some experience when people weigh the relationship between public building design and residential building design.

References

1. Li Xiaoyong. Imitation, questioning, transcendence--the Soviet model and its align- mentThe influence of the country's socialist construction road [J]. Tianxia Journal, 2006,21 (1): 10-11.

2. Ren Guangxuan. History of Russian Art [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press,2000: 249-259.

3. Stalin. On the political mission of the Oriental University of China [D]. Beijing: PeoplePublishing House, 1958: 117.

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