The second stage of Sarmatian settlement in Wallachia

The number of mirrors deposited inside the graves is surprisingly high -- 27 cases (Braila-Radu Negru, Bucu G. 4 and 8, Bordu§elu, Bucure§ti-Dealul Piscului, Calara§i G. 1, 3, 6, 7 -- fig. 4: 4, Chiscani-sat -- fig. 5: 4, Ciulnita G. 1B -- fig. 6: 3, Dridu-sat G. 1, Dridu-tell G. 2, Galatui G. 2, Gradi§tea G. 11, Largu G. 1, 7, 9, Luciu -- fig. 7: 4, Oltenita-Renie G. 1 and G. 7, Pietroiu, Mihail Kogalniceanu, Targ§or G. 184 -- fig. 7: 11; G. 198 -- fig. 8: 6; G. 200, 411).

The household tools were found in at least 19 graves. Found almost never in the graves of the first stage of Sarmatian settlement in Wallachia (Ota, Sirbu 2016a, p. 276; 2016b, p. 155), the spindle-whorls were discovered in at least 15 graves of the second stage of arrival of the Sar- matians in Wallachia (Bucu G. 6, Chiscani-sai, Ciulnita G. 1B -- fig. 6: 2, Galatui G. 4, Gradi§tea G. 9 -- with a surprising number of three spindle- whorls -- fig. 5: 8, G. 11, Luciu -- fig. 7: 5, at least one funerary structure from Oltenita-Coada Lu- pului, Oltenita-Iordoc G. 2, 3, Oltenita-Renie G. 7, Smeeni G. 2, Targ§or G. 184 -- fig. 7: 10; G. 198, 200). The knives are as rare as in the previous stage -- only four cases (Buzau-sud G. 4, Ciulnita G. 3, Gradi§tea G. 1, possibly also 9) and the ambivalence of their role (Ota, Sirbu 2016a, p. 275, 276; 2016b, p. 155) is also preserved, as they were deposited both in graves of men (Buzau-sud G. 4 and Gradi§tea G. 1), and possibly in graves of women, if we take into account the presence of the three spindle-whorls (Gradi§tea G. 9). A fishing net weight was found in G. 1 from Buzau-sud.

Fig. 9. Second stage of Sarmatian settlement in Wallachia: a -- Sarmatian graves; b -- Roman fortifications; c -- legionary forts (map support provided by Mihai Florea, SRTM-30; mapping by Liana Ota)

The weapons deposited in the 10 graves of the second stage are prevalently daggers (eight cases: Bucu G. 10 -- fig. 3: 3, Gradi§tea G. 1 and 4, Largu G. 4 and 6, Oltenita-Iordoc G. 6, Oltenita-Renie G. 3, Smeeni G. 3), less swords (Braila-Hipodrom G. 2 -- fig. 3: 4, 5 and Cazane§ti G. 1). The habit of depositing a single type of weapon inside the grave remains a constant also in the period of time analyzed hereby. However, a few changes can be detected. Attested in the first stage of arrival of the Sarmatians in Wallachia only in the Braila Plain (Ota, Sirbu 2016a, p. 275; 2016b, p. 154), a territorial extension of the burials with weapons in the south of Wallachia in the late 2^nd century and in the first half of the 3^rd century AD can be noticed. This territorial extension is not however doubled by an increase in the number of graves in which weapons were deposited, but it records a decrease in their number (during this period the percentage is 6.53 % of the total number of graves and 8 % of the number of graves with inventory, compared to the 18.51 % during the previous period). The number of graves with weapons / group also decreases, so that during this period the maximum number of burials with weapons is two, in the groups from Largu and Gradi§tea. The same observation, the standardization of the inventory of graves with weapons (Ota, Sirbu, Matei 2013, p. 331--333, 335), remains also valid for the analyzed funerary structures; the most common association is weapon + ceramic vessel (Roman bowl in G. 10 from Bucu -- fig. 3: 1--3, Dacian wheel-made mugs in G. 4 and 6 from Largu, G. 3 from Smeeni and G. 3 from Oltenita-Renie, vessel of unknown type from Cazane§ti) and two vessels in only one case (Dacian mug and Roman mug in G. 2 from Braila-Hipodrom -- fig. 3: 4--7). Besides the dress accessories (brooch in G. 1 from Cazane§ti, belts or footgear in G. 2 from Braila- Hipodrom, G. 6 from Largu, G. 3 from Smeeni, possibly G. 10 from Bucu), the graves with weapons also included knife and fragments of an iron item around the neck (necklace maybe?) in G. 1 from Gradi§tea and two beads near the right hand and one bead and two fragments of bronze foil near the left hand in G. 4 from Gradi§tea. G. 4 from Largu and G. 6 from Oltenita-Iordoc had only weapon as funerary inventory. In contrast to the tendency to standardize certain features of the funerary ritual, such as the orientation and position of the deceased or the deposit of the pottery, the positions in which the weapons were placed are varied. Preference seems to be given to the deposit on the right side of the deceased (Gradi§tea G. 4, Largu G. 4, 6, Smeeni G. 3, Bucu G. 10, Oltenita-Iordoc G. 6 and Oltenita-Renie G. 3), although not always in the position it would have been worn during lifetime (in G. 10 from Bucu, the dagger was deposited near the feet and next to the vessel and in G. 6 from Oltenita-Renie near the right humerus). Only the sword in G. 2 from Braila-Hipodrom and the dagger in G. 1 from Gradi§tea were deposited on the left side, while in this latter case the knife was found on the right side.

In my opinion, the identification of the item from Luciu (fig. 7: 8) with a fan (Popa 2007, p. 332; 2009, p. 82; Skora, Niezabitowska-Wisniewska 2018, p. 164, no. 17) is questionable due to its fragmentary state of preservation (practically, all the characteristic details such as links or joint remains are missing, the item does not seem to have a U-shaped section, instead it is tubular according to the description and it has a transversal rivet at one end which is not observed for the already known fans). Although there are still doubts due to the preservation, I rather believe that the item that was described in the inventory of G. 1B from Ciulnita (fig. 6: 6) as a bronze pendant (Renta 2016, p. 94, fig. 197: 3) made of two rolled sheets with a link at one end could be the handle of a Talmaza type fan. If indeed the item from Ciulnita is a fan, it would join another one known in G. 8 from Bucu.

The inventory of the graves of the second stage of Sarmatian settlement in Wallachia can be completed with astragals (G. 1 from Jilava and G. 196 from Targ§or), knucklebones (Oltenita-Ior- doc G. 4), chalk (Gradi§tea G. 9), fragment of antler (Buzau-sud G. 2), spur (Targ§or G. 205) and possibly glass vessel (Oltenita-Renie G. 7, unless it is not just a confusion with the unguentarium from Ulmeni). In the absence of other details, the yellowish granules similar in size and shape to wheat grains that were found in G. 7 and 8 from Largu in the area of the skulls and knees, but below the bones, can only be mentioned without having the possibility to know whether they are accidental presences or intentional deposits.

Main features of the funerary ritual. As far as the funerary ritual allows ¹, the image of the Sarmatian communities which arrived in Walla- chia in the late 2^nd century and the first half of the following century, although preserves many similarities with the communities that arrived in the above-mentioned territory in the late 1^st century AD and the first decades of the 2^nd century, also betrays certain changes, a fact that demonstrates once again the need for a differentiated analysis by areas and time intervals. Compared to the previous period, the number of discoveries not only increased considerably, but it also registered an expansion of the territorial distribution, although taken as a whole, the Sarmatian presence in Wallachia remains relatively low. The tendency to uniform the orientation (in the N--S direction) and the position of the deceased individuals (laid out in supine position, with the arms along the body and the legs extended) can be clearly observed. As regards the funerary inventory, not only the diversity of the categories of items is visible, but also their deposit in higher numbers in the funerary structures. A rather marginal phenomenon in the first stage, the deposit of Dacian pottery is registered in the second stage even more often than the deposit of handmade Sarmatian pottery, which could prove that at least the ceramic vessels from the Dacian environment become a common presence for the Sar- matians in Wallachia. Against this background, it seems surprising that, at least judging by the funerary inventory, the Roman imports not only register the same low frequency, but also do not differ too much compared to the previous stage: especially beads, very few ceramic vessels (only 12 graves), earring, bells, three brooches, possibly a glass vessel and, if they really came from the Roman Empire Kalina Skora and Barbara Niezabitowska-Wisnie-wska (2018, p. 180) believe that fans of Talmaza type originate from the Black Sea area. Alexandra Popa (2009, p. 90) does not exclude a Roman origin, per-haps not of the items themselves, but of the fashion., two fans. I emphasized on other occasions (Ota 2016, p. 141; Ota, Sirbu 2019b, in press; Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 118, 119) the change in the display of the social status during the period between the late 2^nd century AD and the middle of the following century, by the disappearance of the tumuli raised especially above a grave (as in Vitane§ti), but also by the abandonment of individual burials in older tumuli (except for the grave from Faurei, near Ulmu). The burials in raised forms of land do not disappear completely, but are chosen for groups of graves during this period (10 graves in Largu, six in Ciulnita, three in Jilava, Galatui and Smeeni-MovilaMare), compared to the only four individual graves (Faurei, Cazane§ti G. 1, Dridu-tell G. 2 and Suditi), which seems to betray a change of mentality resulting in the loss of the significance of status markers of the tumuli. Certain grave goods seem to preserve their symbolic values in displaying the higher social status in relation to that of the rest of the members of the community. The Roman mug in G. 2 from Braila-Hipodrom was associated with a Dacian mug and a sword whose handle ended in an opal disc (fig. 3: 4-7), and the Roman bowl in G. 10 from Bucu was found together with a dagger and a bronze bead (fig. 3: 1--3), possibly ornament of a belt. The inventory of the grave from Luciu (fig. 7: 1--8) included three ceramic vessels (one wheel-made Dacian vessel and two of Roman origin), a brooch possibly of Roman origin, bell, mirror, spindle-whorl and another bronze item assumed to be a fan by some researchers. The brooches of possibly Roman origin are part of the numerous and various inventory of the female burials from Calara§i G. 7 (fig. 4) and Cascioarele. Even if the general tendency is to deposit inside the graves a more numerous and more diversified inventory than in the previous period, several graves draw attention: Braila-Radu Negru,1. I will not resume here the discussion on the degree to which the funerary ritual really reflects the status that a certain person had during lifetime, a topic that I approached on other occasions (Ota 2018, p. 61; Ota, Sirbu 2019b, in press).

Calara§i G. 7 (fig. 4), Cascioarele, Chiscani-sat (fig. 5: 1--6), Ciulnita G. 1B (fig. 6: 2--3, 5--8), Dridu-tell G. 2, Gradi§tea G. 9 (fig. 5: 7--10) and 11, Largu G. 1 and 7, Luciu (fig. 7: 1--8), Oltenita- Renie G. 7, Targ§or G. 184 (fig. 7: 9--15) and 198 (fig. 8: 1--7). Their characteristic is that all can be attributed to women based on the funerary inventory (also confirmed by the anthropological analysis in some cases). The high number of grave goods is mainly due to the sets of adornments made of strings of beads (in two cases, the beads were not only worn by the deceased females, but even deposited in the vessels, such as the string in G. 7 from Calara§i and the amber bead in G. 184 from Targ§or), one or two earrings, pendants, bells and sometimes bracelets (Braila-Radu Negru, Calara§i G. 7, Cascioarele, Chiscani-sat, Ciulnita G. 1B, Dridu-tell G. 2, Gradi§tea G. 11, Largu G. 1 and 7, Targ§or G. 184 and 198). These sets of adornments are added by brooches (Calara§i G. 7, Cascioarele, Chiscani-sat, Ciulnita G. 1B, Largu G. 1, Targ§or G. 198), mirrors (in all the above- mentioned burials except Cascioarele) and, less frequently, spindle-whorls (Chiscani-sat, Ciulnita G. 1B, Gradi§tea G. 11, Luciu, Targ§or G. 184 and 198). Another way of assembling the funerary inventory is revealed by G. 9 from Gradi§tea, Lu- ciu and G. 7 from Oltenita-Renie, with emphasis not so much on the adornments, but on the large number of vessels or other deposited items (three recipients and three spindle-whorls in Gradi§tea G. 9, three vessels, bell, brooch, mirror, spindle- whorl, perhaps a fan at Luciu, seven ceramic vessels and possibly one glass vessel, beads, mirror and spindle-whorl in Oltenita-Renie G. 7.

Following the above discussion, it is important to emphasize two aspects. The first refers to the fact that, against a general background of diversification and increase in the number of items chosen to be deposited inside the grave, a real series of female burials stands out. A possible preference for displaying wealth through women (Palinca§ 2013, p. 51), perhaps as a reflection of man's status (Quast 2011, p. 2) cannot be ruled out, especially since, in the case of the double burial in G. 1 from Ciulnita (fig. 6), the funerary inventory of the woman (vessel, string of beads, attire decorated with beads, fan (?), brooch, buckle, mirror, spindle-whorl) contrasts strikingly with the funerary inventory of the man, who had only a small iron item as a possible grave good, because the buckles were from the shoes he was wearing. The second aspect refers to the fact that starting with the late 2^nd century AD, the status is displayed without exception not by a special item, but by a combination of several items, which give each other symbolic value either by the type of association (Roman ceramics + weapons), or by the multitude and diversity of the deposited items (pottery, adornments, dress accessories, mirrors, spindle-whorl, fans). The fact that, besides the above-mentioned graves, there are also other burials with associations of adornments such as beads and earrings, toilet implements such as mirrors, but also fashion objects in other cultural environments (fans), which however do not stand out by the accumulation of grave goods indicates that, when judging the social status, it is relevant not so much the type or origin of the items, but the funerary inventory as a whole. From this point of view, the funerary structure from Braila- Liceu, unique not so much by the type of ceramic recipients, but by the combination of two Roman vessels (pot and cup -- fig. 1: 2, 3), would not be an exception.

Even if from an archaeological point of view the interaction with the Roman Empire does not prove to be significant, this impression is contradicted by the fact that the loss of the Roman control over Wallachia resulted in the sudden decrease, until almost extinction, of the number of Sarmatian discoveries here (Ota 2016, p. 145, 146; 2020, p. 421; Ota, Sirbu 2013, p. 293), as the few Sarmatian graves known so far belong to another cultural and historical context. Because the aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of the graves belonging to the sec-ond stage of Sarmatian settlement in Wallachia, the catalogue represents only an auxiliary working tool. This is the reason why I did not mention in all cases the complete list of bibliographical references regarding the graves, but I chose to cite, when pos-sible, only the synthesis mentioning all the previous bibliography, sometimes added by new references.

sarmatian burial interment

Catalogue

1. Bogdana (comm. of Bogdana, Teleorman County) G. (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 15, 131, with previous bibliography).

2. Bordu§elu (comm. of Ciochina, Ialomita County) G. (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 15, 16, 131, with previous bibliography).

3. Braila (Braila County) Hipodrom G. 1 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 93, nos. IA 1, 2, 117, 191, 192, with previous bibliography), G. 2 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 15, 16, no. IA 2, 94, 95, nos. IA 3, 4, 117, 191, 192, with previous bibliography), G. 3 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 13--15, no. IA 1, 95, no. IA 5, 117, 118, 191, 192, with previous bibliography), G. 4 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 118, 191, 192, with previous bibliography), G. 5 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 118, 191, 192, with previous bibliography).

4. Braila (Braila County) Liceul de Chimie (today Grup §colar industrial «C. D. Nenitescu») G. (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 16-20, nos. IB 3-5, 118, 191, with previous bibliography).

5. Braila (Braila County) Radu Negru G. (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 95, 96, nos. IB 6--8, 118, 119, 191, with previous bibliography).

6. Bucu (comm. of Bucu, Ialomita County) Pochina G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 16, 17, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 2 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 17, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 3 (Sirbu et al. 2014 p. 17, 18, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 4 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 18, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 5 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 18, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 6 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 18, 19, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 7 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 19, 20, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 8 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 20--21, 123, with previous bibliography; Skora, Niezabitowska-Wisniewska 2018, p. 162, no. 4), G. 9 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 21, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 10 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 21, 22, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 11 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 22, 23, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 12 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 23, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 13 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 23, 24, 123, with previous bibliography), G. 14 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 24, 123, with previous bibliography).

7. Bucure§ti (Ilfov County) Dealul Piscului G. (Mitrea, Preda 1966, p. 87, no. 11; Tzony 1975, p. 283, 286).

8. Buzau (Buzau County) Sud G. 1 (Drambocianu 1981, p. 50, 51), G. 2 (Drambocianu 1981, p. 51, 52), G. 3 (Drambocianu 1981, p. 52), G. 4 (Drambocianu 1981, p. 52, 53), G. 5 (Drambocianu 1981, p. 53), G. 6 (Drambocianu 1981, p. 53, 54), G. 7 (Drambocianu 1981, p. 54).

9. Calara§i (Calara§i County) Aeroport G. 1 (Com§a 2015, p. 147, 149, 157; Ota 2014 p. 121, 134; Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 24, 25, nos. 4-- 6A, 131, with previous bibliography).

10. Calara§i (Calara§i County) G. 2 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 25, nos. 4--6B, 125, with previous bibliography).

11. Calara§i (Calara§i County) Halele Centrale (today Piata Mare) G. 3 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 26, nos. 4--6C, 125, with previous bibliography).

12. Calara§i (Calara§i County) Adults Polyclinic (today Independentei str.) G. 4 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 26, 27, nos. 4--6D, 125, with previous bibliography).

13. Calara§i (Calara§i County) Flacara str. and Pompierilor str. intersection G. 6 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 27, nos. 4--6F); G. 7 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 27--30, nos. 4--6F, 124, 125).

14. Calara§i (Calara§i County) Pompierilor str. G. 8 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 30, nos. 4--6G, 124, 125).

15. Calara§i (Calara§i County) Prefecture court G. 9 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 30, nos. 4--6G, 124, 125).

16. Calara§i (Calara§i County) Pompierilor str. and Progresului str. intersection G. 10 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 30, 31, nos. 4--6I, 124, 125).

17. Cascioarele (comm. of Cascioarele, Calara§i County) Suharna G. (Ota 2015, p. 121--134; Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 31--34, 131, with previous bibliography).

18. Cazane§ti (Ialomita County) G. (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 34--35, 132, with previous bibliography).

19. Cetatea Veche (comm. of Spantov, Calara§i County) G. 1 (Com§a 2015, p. 148, 149; Necrasov, Antoniu 1962, p. 116, 119; Ota 2015, p. 121--134; Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 36, 37, 125, with previous bibliography), G. 2 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 37, 125, with previous bibliography).

20. Chirnogi (comm. of Chirnogi, Calara§i County)

G. (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 37, 124, with previous bibliography).

21. Chiscani (comm. of Chiscani, Braila County)

sat G. (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 24--27, nos. II A 8, 9, 96-- 98, nos. 9--11, 119, 191, with previous bibliography).

22. Chiscani (comm. of Chiscani, Braila County)

Trei Movile G. (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 98--99, nos. II B 12, 119, 120, 191, with previous bibliography).

23. Ciulnita (comm. of Ciulnita, Ialomita County)

T. II G. 2 (Barnea 1995, p. 282, no. 5; CCA campania 1994, p. 23; Renta 2016, p. 86), G. 3 (Barnea 1995, p. 282, no. 5; CCA campania 1994, p. 23; Renta 2016, p. 86--87), T. III G. 1 (Barnea 1995, p. 282, no.' 5; CCA campania 1994, p. 23; Renta 2016, p. 94), G. 4 (Barnea 1995, p. 282, no. 5; CCA campania 1994, p. 23; Renta 2016, p. 95--96), G. 10 (Barnea 1995, p. 282, no. 5; CCA campania 1994, p. 23; Renta 2016, p. 96--97), G. 18 (Barnea 1995, p. 282, no. 5; CCA campania 1994, p. 23; Renta 2016, p. 98).

24. Dorobantu (comm. of Dorobantu, Calara§i County)

G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 42--43, 128, with previous bibliography), G. 2--4 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 43, 128, with previous bibliography), G. 5 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 43, 44, 128, with previous bibliography).

25. Dridu (comm. of Dridu, Ialomita County)

sat G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 44, 45, no. 17, 18A,

131, with previous bibliography).

26. Dridu (comm. of Dridu, Ialomita County)

tell (known also as Co§ereni -- Magura de la

Comana) G. 2 (Lazar, §tefan, Vasile 2013, p. 68; Ota, Georgescu, Balta 2015, p. 143--149; Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 45--48, no. 17, 18B, 131, with previous bibliography; §tefan, Dumitra^cu, Margarit 2012, p. 71, 72).

27. Galatui (comm. of Alexandru Odobescu, Calara§i County)

MovilaBerzei G. 2 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 49, 125, with previous bibliography), G. 3 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 49, 50, 125, with previous bibliography), G. 4 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 50, 51, 125, with previous bibliography).

28. Gradi§tea (comm. of Gradi§tea, Braila County)

Mormantul Elizei G. 1 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 120, 121, 192--195, with previous bibliography), G. 4 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 101, nos. 17, 18, 121, 192--195, with previous bibliography), G. 5 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 101, 102, no. 19, 122, 192--195, with previous bibliography), G. 9 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 102, 103, nos. 20--22, 121, 192--195, with previous bibliography), G. 11 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 35--39, nos. VA 19, 20, 103, 104, nos. 23, 24, 121, 122, 192--195, with previous bibliography), G. 12 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 122, 192--195, with previous bibliography), G. 13 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 104, no. 25, 122, 192--195, with previous bibliography), G. 17 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 104, 105, nos. 26--28, 122, 192--195, with previous bibliography), G. 18 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 122, 192--195 with previous bibliography), G. 19 (Ota, Sirbu 2009, p. 32, nos. VA 16--18, 123, 192--195, with previous bibliography).

29. Jilava (comm. of Jilava, Ilfov County)

Magura Jilavei G. 1 (Bichir 1977, p. 177; Rosetti

1934, p. 208; Tzony 1975, p. 283), G. 2 (Rosetti 1934, p. 209); G. 3 (Rosetti 1934, p. 209).

30. Largu (comm. of Largu, Buzau County)

Cornul Malului G. 1 (Bichir 1972, p. 156; 1977,

p. 184; Dragomir 1959, p. 476, 477, 479; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 40, 41), G. 2 (Dragomir 1959, p. 476, 477; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 41), G. 3 (Dragomir 1959, p. 476, 477, 479, 480; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 41), G. 4 (Bichir 1972, p. 155; 1977, p. 183; Dragomir 1959, p. 476, 477, 480; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 42), G. 5 (Dragomir 1959, p. 476, 477, 478; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 42), G. 6 (Bichir 1971, p. 277, 278; 1972, p. 141, 155; 1977, p. 173, 183, 184; 1985, p. 1169, 1170; Dragomir 1959, p. 476, 477, 480, 481; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 42, 43), G. 7 (Bichir 1972, p. 145; 1977, p. 183; 1985, p. 1170; Dragomir 1959, p. 476--481; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 43, 44), G. 8 (Dragomir 1959, p. 476--478, 481; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 44, 45), G. 9 (Bichir 1961, p. 260; Dragomir 1957, p. 300, 302), G. 10 (Bichir 1972, p. 156; 1977, p. 184; Dragomir 1957, p. 300, 304; Dragomir, Croitoru 2011, p. 32).

31. Luciu (comm. of Luciu, Buzau County)

Popina pe Balta Mica G. (Bichir 1977, p. 168, 172,

177, 184, 186; 1985, p. 1166; Drambocianu 1974, p. 303--307; Popa 2009, p. 82; Skora, Niezabitowska- Wisniewska 2018, p. 164, no. 17).

32. Mariuta (comm. of Belciugatele, Calara§i County)

La Movila G. 2/2009 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 55--57, 129, with previous bibliography).

33. Mihail Kogalniceanu (comm. of Mihail Kogalniceanu, Ialomita County)

CruceaMovila Inalta G. (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 57, 58, 131, with previous bibliography).

34. Oltenita (Calara§i County)

Coada Lupului G. 1--3 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 58, 59, nos. 28--34A, 125, with previous bibliography).

35. Oltenita (Calara§i County)

Iordoc G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 59, 60, nos. 28-- 34C, 123--124, with previous bibliography), G. 2 (Sir- bu et al. 2014, p. 60, 123, 124, with previous bibliography), G. 3 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 60, 61, 123, 124, with previous bibliography), G. 4 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 61, 123, 124, with previous bibliography), G. 5 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 61, 62, 123, 124, with previous bibliography), G. 6 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 62, 123, 124, with previous bibliography), G. 7 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 62, 123, 124, with previous bibliography), G. 8 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 62, 123, 124, with previous bibliography).

36. Oltenita (Calara§i County)

CoadaMalului G. (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 62, nos. 28-- 34D, 121, 122, with previous bibliography).

37. Oltenita (Calara§i County)

Putul de caramida G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 62, 63, nos. 28--34E, 131, with previous bibliography).

38. Oltenita (Calara§i County)

Renie G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 63, 64, nos. 28--34F, 121, 122, with previous bibliography), G. 2 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 64, 121, 122), G. 3 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 64, 65, 121, 122 with previous bibliography), G. 4 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 65, 121, 122), G. 5 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 65, 121, 122, with previous bibliography), G. 6 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 65, 66, 121, 122, with previous bibliography), G. 7 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 66, 67, 121, 122, with previous bibliography), G. 8 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 67, 68, 121, 122), G. 9 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 68, 121, 122).

39. Pauleasca (comm. of Frumoasa, Teleorman County)

G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 69, 70, 126, with previous bibliography), G. 23 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 70, 126), G. 26 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 70, 126), G. 2 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 72, 126), G. 3 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 72, 126), G. 57 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 70--72, 126, with previous bibliography).

40. Pietroiu (today Borcea village, Calara§i County)

Statia de pompare G. (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 72, 73, with previous bibliography).

41. Smeeni (comm. of Smeeni, Buzau County)

Movila Mare G. 2 (Frinculeasa et al. 2017, p. 54; Simache, Teodorescu 1962, p. 279), G. 3 (Bichir 1972, p. 155, 156; 1977, p. 183--185; Frinculeasa et al. 2017, p. 54, 55; Simache, Teodorescu 1962, p. 279, 280), G. 10 (Frinculeasa et al. 2017, p. 55; Simache, Teodorescu 1962, p. 279, 280).

42. Suditi (comm. of Gheraseni, Buzau County)

Movila de la Balaia G. (Constantinescu 1978, p. 24; Frinculeasa 2010, p. 25, note 13, 29).

43. Sultana (comm. of Manastirea, Calara§i County)

Odaia Vadichii G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 75, 125, with previous bibliography), G. 2 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 75, 125, with previous bibliography), G. 3 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 75, 125, with previous bibliography), G. 4 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 75, 76, 125, with previous bibliography).

44. Targ§oru Vechi (comm. of Targ§oru Vechi, prahova County)

G. 118 (Diaconu 1965, p. 59; Niculescu 2003, p. 193, note 77; Miritoiu 2003, p. 205, no. 70), G. 148 (Bichir 1977, p. 184; Diaconu 1965, p. 20, 25), G. 184 (Bichir 1972, p. 156, 161; 1977, p. 184, 186; 1985, p. 1171; Diaconu 1965, p. 20, 22, 24, 26, 28; Miritoiu 2003, p. 205, no. 70), G. 196 (Diaconu 1965, p. 21; Miritoiu 2003, p. 205, no. 70), G. 198 (Bichir 1972, p. 161; 1977, p. 184, 186; Diaconu 1965, p. 21--26, 28), G. 200 (Bichir 1971, p. 277; 1972, p. 141, 161; 1977, p. 172, 186; 1985, p. 1168; Diaconu 1965, p. 19, 21, 24; Miritoiu 2003, p. 205, no. 70), G. 205 (Bichir 1977, p. 184; Dia- conu 1965, p. 21, 25, 28; Miritoiu 2003, p. 205, no. 70), G. 206 (Diaconu 1965, p. 21), G. 208 (Diaconu 1965, p. 21), G. 219 (Diaconu 1965, p. 16, 21), G. 220 (Bichir 1971, p. 277; 1972, p. 144; 1977, p. 173; 1985, p. 1168; Diaconu 1965, p. 19, 21), G. 227 (Diaconu 1965, 21), G. 227 (Diaconu 1965, p. 21), G. 228 (Diaconu 1965, p. 21), G. 253 (Diaconu 1965, p. 22, 28), G. 255 (Diaconu 1965, p. 22), G. 261 (Diaconu 1965, p. 19, 22, 23), G. 267 (Diaconu 1965, p. 22), G. 274 (Diaconu 1965, p. 19, 22; Miritoiu 2003, p. 205, no. 70), G. 411 (Nicu- lescu 2003, p. 186, 188, note 50, 195), G. 415 (Nicules- cu 2003, p. 193), G. 433 (Barnea 1991, p. 263, no. 34), G. 435 (Barnea 1991, p. 263, no. 34).

45. Ulmu (comm. of Ulmu, Calara§i County)

G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 84, nos. 42--43A, 131, with previous bibliography).

near Faurei village G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 84, nos. 42, 43B, 131).

46. Vlad Tepe§ (comm. of Vlad Tepe§, Calara§i County)

G. 1 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 89, with previous bibliography), G. 2 (Sirbu et al. 2014, p. 89, 90, with previous bibliography).

English version A. DECU

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