A study on recovery of social collaborative platform from informal settlement resulted by killing field and unplanned development in Phnom Penh city

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IU, Incheon

A study on recovery of social collaborative platform from informal settlement resulted by killing field and unplanned development in Phnom Penh city

Koo Young Min, Yeng Sopheak

South Korea

Abstract

Since Phnom Penh City is known as the City of Ghost after killing field in 1979. The purpose of this study is to propose a recovery the informal settlement community into the new social collaborative platform which will be the solution to heal community from the continuous civil wars memory and how new generation live in a peaceful boundary in a new spiritual landscape is the core motivation of this study. The method of study is to analyze the exiting data published by local organizations and municipality of Phnom Penh. The result of the study was expected to obtain a social collaborative platform in terms of recovery mentality, physical infrastructure, culture, and social unity. The result would convey a new perspective of peace era into Cambodian's deep suffering.

Key words: social collaborative platform, informal settlement, new spiritual landscape.

Аннотация

Исследование по восстановлению социальной коллективной платформы в неформальных поселениях, появившихся из-за полей смерти и незапланированного развития города пномпень

Ку Ян Мин, Иен Софиак

УИ, г. Инчон, Республика Корея

Город Пномпень стал известен как "Город-призрак" после полей смерти, возникших в 1979 году. Цель этого исследования - предложить восстановление неформальных поселений на новой социальной коллективной платформе, которая излечит раны, оставшиеся у людей в памяти от продолжительных гражданских войн; а то, как новое поколение мирно живет на границе в новой одухотворенной среде является основной мотивацией для работы. Методом исследования служит анализ существующих данных, опубликованных местными организациями и муниципалитетом города Пномпень. В качестве результата исследования ожидалось получить социальную коллективную платформу с точки зрения восстановления психики, физической инфраструктуры, культуры и социального единства. Результат может привнести новые перспективы мирной эры в замену глубоким переживаниям камбоджийцев.

Ключевые слова: социальная коллективная платформа, неформальные поселения, новая одухотворенная среда.

Introduction

Background and Purpose

Since Cambodia was established as a nation, unfortunately it has undergone social and political ups and downs due to the domination of two of the most powerful ideologies in the world and civil wars among the regions, and eventually was destroyed during failing into the Khmer Rouge. During the Khmer Rouge, which began in 1975, all Cambodians who lived in the Phnom Pen were forced to leave their homes and scattered into rural areas to do farming. After this incident, the capital Phnom Pen was abandoned as a desolate city with no life activity. After the collapse of the Khmer Rouge in 1979, Cambodians who were alive during the nightmare period moved to their hometowns. This was the age of large-scale collective movement in Cambodia's history. This movement was similar to the case when the city of Angkor moved to the area called "Chaktomuk", "Four Faces". This study examines the conditions necessary for the creation of a peaceful community by urban and rural people who suffered from mental and social impulse during the process of urban resettlement through the mass migration due to war and civil war, and to explore strategies how to provide them with elements for socio-urban recovery.

Figure1 Cambodia Historical Timeline with Killing Field Period

Project Scope and Method

In this study, we attempt to analyze the capital city of Phnom Penh based on the survey data of local and Phnom Penh municipalities, to point out the problems through explanation and analysis of the current informal settlement which is the result from the war, and to figure out the solutions. Steung Meanchey Community located along a canal, one of informal settlement communities among 410 communities, is selected for the study.

Analysis

Starting from Zero Year of the capital Phnom Penh (City of Four Faces)

Starting from the `Zero' Year of the capital Phnom Penh (A City of Four Faces), Phnom Penh, also known as Chaktomuk, is the capital of Cambodia; and according to the demographics of the US economic indicators, it is estimated that about 2 million people are densely populated in 2017. Municipal authorities and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) reported the city area of Phnom Penh has been expanded from 376.17 Km2 to 687.47 Km2 in 2011. Based on official data released by the government in 2008, the population of Phnom Penh is 1,501,725 and the total number of households is 295,358.

Figure 4 Population Density Figure 5 Urban Sprawl 1880-1993

Escaping from New Towns and Resettlement in Phnom Penh

According to 1998 data, 395,246 people migrated to Phnom Penh from other provinces, and 515,492 in 2008. After the Killing Field, people who have quickly moved from other provinces to Phnom Penh for reasons of abundant natural resources and living conditions are engaged in business, commemoration of schooling, trade, or culture and tradition.

Table 1 Phnom Penh Migration

Informal Settlement and Urban Problems

Informal settlement is residential areas where 1) inhabitants have no security of tenure or dwellings they inhabit, with modalities ranging from squatting to informal rental housing, 2) the neighborhoods usually lack, or are cut off from basic services and city infrastructure and 3) the housing may not comply with current planning and building regulations, and is often situated in geographically and environmentally hazardous areas. In addition, informal settlements can be a form of real estate speculation for all income levels of urban residents, either affluent or poor. Informal settlement has been spreading and being in the unfinished circle. Some of informal settlements were relocated to isolated urban areas outside the city, where people are unable not only to improve living standard but also to prevent the poverty increases. And, as a result, people just come back to the city where their needs are met. In informal settlement, there are common social, infrastructure, safety, environment problems.

Table 2 Number of Informal Settlement

Site

Steung Meanchey Community is one of informal settlements in Phnom Penh city, which is located in Meanchey village and Meanchey 1 village, Steung Meanchey commune, Meanchey district. There are eight settlement-communities in these two villages. There are 413 households in the communities and 127 households outside the communities. The canal is poisoned for the sewage system of Phnom Penh is released through the canal. The water is seriously harmful to the people living along the canal. Houses are built along the water or on the water and have been increasing along with the growth of Phnom Penh population.

Figure 5 Steung Meanchey Community Pictures

Proposition

Social Collaborative Platform

Steung Meanchey informal settlement has been already becoming a community in the center of Phnom Penh city, where lives of people are now connected to the city. war informal settlement memory

Relocating the settlement to another part of the city is, therefore, not a good solution. Re-blocking and create another new peace landscape, a so called social collaborative platform which consists of residence and public access, nature and market, center and reservoir, is the proper solution for the communities themselves and for the whole city. A new social collaborative platform is the place for people in the community to live and work, earn and share their daily lives together.

Figure 8 Social Collaborative Program

Opportunities and Possibilities:

Abundant local resources can be made to produce different kinds of products which are the way to create a job for community people. They do not only live but also earn money to make a living. Since these provinces are only about 100 Km from Phnom Penh city, the raw material supply is sufficiently convenient for community.

1) Palm Tree

Sugar palm trees which is scientifically called Borassus Flabellifier is an abundant resource in Cambodia. Romera (1968) estimated a total population of 1.8 million palm trees in Cambodia, while at the present the estimated population is approximately 6 million trees (local press and Ministry of Industry 1995). The densest populations of palm tree are found in Kandal, Kompong Speu, Takeo, Kampot, and Kompong Chhnang.

Figure 9 Possible Products from Palm Tree Figure 10 Cambodia Palm Tree

Coconut Palm

The data of production of coconut is not clear, but according to the results of a primary survey conducted in 2004 by the Plant Protection and Phytosanitary Inspection Office (PPPIO) there are at least 12 million coconut palms in Cambodia. The biggest production areas are Kampot Province (2 699 000 palms), Kampong Speu (2536 000 palms), Sihanoukville (2 404 000 palms) and Rattanac Kiri (1 864 000 palms)

Figure 11 Coconut Palm Figure 12 Possible Products from Coconut Palm

Mango

There is no clear data about the number of mango in Cambodia but almost 60 tons of Cambodian mangoes were exported to the European Union during the harvesting season this year, according to Mong Reththy, who runs the country's largest agricultural export company.

Figure 13 Possible Products from Mango Figure 14 Mango Trees

Program

The land for community residence is not sufficient for 413 households that one household can occupy a lot by 10m x 4m. The two-story house which is made by brick wall and concrete column, wooden doors and window, which are the manageable materials by the community people. This two-story house holds living space for a family with 4 to 6 members.

Water and electricity supply is the main public need for this community due to the shortage of water supply pipe and electricity wire connection.

Nature is referred to greens pace especially for kids and elders.

A market is a place for selling and buying the goods which are mostly collected from sugar palm tree, coconuts, and mangos by community people from nearby provinces. It is not just a place for making a profit through trading but a place to maintain the

life of the whole community in healthy condition and to develop the platform to be known as communal place.

A center is the place for a short term education as well as for community's product development. Reservoir is a canal for sewage system as well as a flooded water storage. Reservoir is canal for sewage system and also a flooded water storage.

Design Plan

Figure 15 Community Re-blocking Plan

Conclusion

The people moved to reside along Steung Meanchey canal in 1989. Most of them moved to there to find jobs for living and settled down to lead a permanent living for the family. The government has recently planned to upgrade Steung Meanchey canal, which is, however, expected to be bad impact on the above mentioned 411 families living along the canal because of being evicted from the land they have occupied. Therefore, the communities must come together with other NGO and private sectors to create the own proposal to the government. They say that they want to live in the same place which has been on site upgrading by architects. Collaborating in these communities, the supporters found out the solution of re-blocking the whole canal. The research is focusing on the proposal of the community about the development of the canal. As a result, it is 415 houses that can be re-blocked, of which numbers are over the real needs, used to be 411 families and 360 houses.

All the development has the bad and good impact to people. However, to be more critical on development and more sustainable, the communities must have the voice to that development. The development that the communities propose by themselves to the government has better impact:

The advantages of the proposed development:

All families get the same land and right to build their houses.

All families get on site upgrading. Nobody is evicted.

Improve living standard which is included with services around

People are happy with the development.

Bring the sustainable development for the Phnom Penh city

The disadvantages of the proposed development:

The development takes time so it can impact to living.

Some private lands nearby are bought to upgrade the community plan, so it might be expensive.

References

1. Sahmakum Teang Tnaut (August 2012), A Table of Two Cities, Review of the Development Paradigm in Phnom Penh

2. Habitat III Issue Papers (New York, 31 May 2015), 22-Informal Settlements

3. Phnom Penh Municipality; JICA (2011) The Overview of Urban Development in Phnom Penh Capital City

4. Khieu Borin, A Study on the Use of Sugar Palm Tree (Borassus flabellifer) for Different Purposes in Cambodia, Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Phnom Penh City, Kingdom of Cambodia, 1996

5. Hean Vanhan, Coconut Beetle Management in Cambodia, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

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