Problems in rehabilitation of Yuanmingyuan

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Problems in rehabilitation of Yuanmingyuan

Lu Xiao Sheng, Chen Yi Tong, Ryabkova E. B.

Changchun, China

Khabarovsk, Russia

Abstract

Yuanmingyuan, the imperial garden of the Qing dynasty, was known as the "garden of thousands of gardens" with its grandeur, outstanding building skills, beautiful architectural landscape and a rich collection. However, after a century of robbery, it was devastated.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the protection and study of the Yuanmingyuan site has profoundly reflected the direction of protecting the heritage sites of China. Protection works should be supported by scientific and reasonable protection concepts and strive to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the construction site.

Because of the specifics of the Yuanmingyuan itself, there are many problems in the protection process, such as disputes over historical relics, the lack of protection professionals and loopholes in the legal system. Based on the problems in the reconstruction of the Yuanmingyuan, it is necessary to introduce bills, plan surveys, summarize the problems in the process of restoration work, and develop recommendations for future protection.

Keywords: protection processes, regulations, extant issues, ancient buildings, protection concepts, protection categories

Абстракт

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ЮАНЬМИНЬЮАНЬ САДА

Лу Сяошэн, Чэнь Итун, Рябкова Е. Б.

ЦУС, г. Чанчунь, Китай; ТОГУ, г. Хабаровск, Россия

Юаньминьюань, императорский сад династии Цин, был известен как «сад всех видов садов» с его грандиозностью, выдающимися строительными навыками, красивым архитектурным ландшафтом и богатой коллекцией. Однако после столетия грабежей он был разрушительным.

С момента основания Китайской Народной Республики защита и изучение участка Юаньминьюань глубоко отразили направление защиты памятников наследия Китая. Работы по защите должны поддерживаться научными и разумными концепциями защиты и стремиться обеспечить подлинность и целостность строительной площадки.

Из-за специфики самого сайта Юаньминьюань существует множество проблем в процессе защиты, таких как споры по поводу исторических реликвий, отсутствие профессионалов в защите и лазейки в правовой системе. Опираясь на ошибки реконструкции сада Юаньминьюань, необходимо внедрение законопроектов, планирование опросов, подведение итогов проблем в процессе работы над реставрациоными работами, выработка рекомендаций по будущей защите.

Ключевые слова: процессы защиты, правила, существующие проблемы, старинные здания, концепции защиты, категории защиты

1. Yuanmingyuan history

Yuanmingyuan is the largest and most magnificent royal imperial garden in the history of classical Chinese architecture. It is an example of the garden of Chinese classical landscapes and the heap of mountains and rivers. It is called "the garden of thousands of gardens".

Fig.1 the painting of Yuanmingyuan

Yuanmingyuan is located in the western suburbs of Beijing. Emperor Kangxi presented it to imperial princes in 1707. After the reign of Yongzheng, the site had been expanded greatly from 1725. Later Emperor Qianlong emigrated to Yuanmingyuan in 1737 and expanded the park for the second time. By 1744,

Construction work was basically completed. Emperor Qianlong reigned for sixty years and his establishment of Yuanmingyuan almost every day. Qianlong had travelled to the south six times, collecting all of rare, at manpower and resources, shipped from the south to Yuanmingyuan. In the hundred years since then, the Qing Emperor lived more time in Yuanmingyuan than in the Forbidden City. yuanmingyuan architectural qing

Yuanmingyuan (Yuanmingyuan, Changchunyuan, Qichunyuan) total area is 5,0 acres. From the size, diversity and complexity of Yuanmingyuan Park, Yuanmingyuan is actually composed of various architectural forms to match the entire garden. At the same time, Yuanmingyuan is a large-scale garden built by manpower according to the natural conditions.

Yuanmingyuan was mainly for the purpose of play and rest, but later the emperors often deal with politics, so the park also has many palaces and other buildings. Yuanmingyuan scale of construction was smaller than the average royal building and more cordial. The architectural landscape is rich and varied, with many rare architectural planes. With the exception of a handful of halls, the fa9ade of the building is decorated in a simple, multi-purpose style with small gray tiles and a roll ceiling, which are in harmony with the natural environment while the interiors are magnificent. Around Yuanmingyuan, several royal gardens were built for the retreat of princesses and bureaucrats.

In 1860, the British and French troops plunged into Yuanmingyuan. Then the British and French troops were ordered to burn Yuanmingyuan. Yuanmingyuan ended up after 151 years of glory.

Fig.2 Part of Great Yuanmingyuan

2. Historical evolution of the ruins

After the Yuanmingyuan was burned in 1860, the Qing government conducted two small-scale repairs. In 1900, the Allied Forces of the Eight Powers invaded China, and once again looted the Yuanmingyuan Garden. Since then, the buildings in the Yuanmingyuan had disappeared and shown signs of decline. During the Republic of China, some hills in the garden were carried to fill the lake, to paddy fields. Both the warlords and the people took away a large amount of stone for construction materials, and the site was seriously damaged.

In the early days of the People's Republic of China, Premier Zhou Enlai issued three instructions to protect the site of Yuanmingyuan. Yuanmingyuan was approved in 1959 for the planning of the park land. From 1959 to 1961, the Beijing Gardens Bureau carried out large-scale afforestation at the site of Yuanmingyuan, planting more than 100,0 trees and increasing the vegetation coverage of the Yuanmingyuan site.

Fig.3 Western building of Yuanmingyuan before and after ruied

October 1964, Haidian District, Beijing, the formation of landscaping team management Yuanmingyuan site. However, from the 60's, most of the land in the park was converted to farmland by the nearby production team, and a large number of people swarmed into the park. One by one, the Fuhai stone shores, the remnants of the walls and foundations of the city and other remnants of the building, as well as all the remaining park wall. During the Cultural Revolution, the site of Yuanmingyuan was once again destroyed, leaving only the outline of the building base and Yamagata River system.

After the end of The Cultural Revolution, Yuanmingyuan ruins were into the real protection. Yuanmingyuan Management Office was established in 1976, promulgated the "Yuanmingyuan ruins protection Interim Measures", "Yuanmingyuan members building approval", "on the park tree protection," the three "Notice" and "on strengthening the site of Yuanmingyuan protection notice "Began to intervene in the legislative form of the protection of the site. In April 1977, Mr. Hou Renzhi and Mr. Zhao Guanghua invited relevant experts and scholars to hold symposiums on the protection of ruins. In 1978 and 1979, they successively held the Yuanmingyuan Historical Picture Exhibition and the Yuanmingyuan History Exhibition in the site of the Yuanmingyuan. August 1979, Yuanmingyuan site was listed as municipal key cultural relics protection units.

On March 18, 1982, the mayor of Beijing Jiao Ruoyu inspected the site of Yu- anmingyuan Park and held a standing meeting to freeze the population in the park and prohibit building a house. In July 1983, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved the "Beijing Urban Construction Master Plan", clearly stating the construction of the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park. December 1, 1984, Yuanmingyuan Institute was established. June 1985, the redevelopment of Yuanmingyuan Fuhai and the surrounding area were open. 1988, June built Yuanmingyuan ruins park was opened to the public. Fuhai, Yee Chun Park,Omiya Gate, Fairy Terrace, Jian Bi Pavilion, Wanhua array and other attractions had been rebuilt. The State Council approved Yuanmingyuan ruins as the national key cultural relics protection units.

In 2000, Vice Mayor Wang Guangtao studied and formulated "Yuanmingyuan Park Site Planning", which was approved by the municipal government and the State

Administration of Cultural Heritage. It clarified that the protection direction of Yuanmin- gyuan site was "ruins park". In March 2001, a relocation meeting was held in the park. By 2002, all the peasants, resident units, factories and warehouses within the site of the Yuanmingyuan were all removed and the external walls were restored. After a series of remediation, the historic Yamagata River system was basically restored. In 2001 began to Yuanmingyuan archaeological excavations site and renovation protection.

Fig.4 Yuanmingyuan Park Site Planning 2000

In October 2008, the first seminar on applying for the World Cultural Heritage in Yuanmingyuan was held. In May 2009, Yuanmingyuan held the first academic symposium on the inscriptions on the site of the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park. The theory proves that the site of Yuanmingyuan meets the criteria for declaring World Heritage sites. Then preliminary research preparations were started. In May 2012, Yuanmingyuan Institute suggested using the site of Yuanmingyuan Park as a standard for world heritage protection, and determined that at this stage, the key point is to address the site of the park as soon as possible from the national key cultural relics protection units into the World Cultural Heritage List. Based on the historical, garden, architecture, heritage, literature and art, site protection and other aspects of World Heritage in accordance with the Yuanmingyuan site discusses the value of promotion of in-depth study, to provide theoretical support for the inscription.

3. Problems and suggestions in the protection of ruins

The international community has put forward many ideas on the protection of cultural heritage, such as the Venice Charter, the Athens Charter, the Nairobi Proposal, the Machu Picchu Charter, the Washington Charter and the Florence Charter, Cultural heritage protection has a reference, but there are also many differences. Mr. Chen Tongbin has sorted out the three main concepts of protection in the world at present: one is represented by Europe - the concept of strict protection of the authenticity and integrity; the other is represented by Japan - with the help of "Relics Park "The concept of unification to protect and display the remains and the environment; one is represented by the United States - the concept of eclectic protection." Chinese scholars on the concept of conservation sites have been on various issues, such as "ruin theory "," Rebuilding theory "," park construction "," ruins protection ", etc. Until 2000," The Yuanmingyuan ruins park planning "promulgated the ruins park as a clear direction. The protection of the site of Yu- anmingyuan should be strictly based on the relevant laws and regulations of China and should draw lessons from the excellent practical experience of international protection in time. In-depth investigation and research; incorporated into orbit of legal protection; Maintenance and management system, etc., and to "establish the site first, the park follow the concept of site protection."

In our country, we should adhere to the principle of "Four Preservation" for the protection of ancient architectural sites: that is, to preserve the original architecture, structure, materials and technology. In the meantime, many important laws and regulations have been promulgated, such as the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, the Measures for the Administration of Cultural Relics Protection Projects, the Implementation Plan for the Protection of Chinese Folk Culture, the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserves

The lack of protection methods. At present, the site of Yuanmingyuan is in a passive form of protection. For some rescue cultural relics sites, there is a lack of scientific methods of protection and the need to actively introduce advanced protection technologies. The weak technical force in the management department and the shortage of professionals in the direction of the protection of cultural relics have led to the majority of protection work being done by non-protection personnel, which has caused great impediments to the protection work. However, the lack of funds during the protection process has severely restricted the large Site protection work smoothly.

The legal system is not perfect. In the cultural relics protection process, often encounter some difficult issues, but there is no corresponding laws and regulations and the protection, it is necessary to strengthen legislation so that the protection of large sites law- based.

Archaeological excavation lags behind. The protection of Yuanmingyuan site needs to be based on archeological excavations, and the two are interrelated and based on each other.

Although the local government has stepped up the protection of the Yuanmingyuan site, the site is still undermined by commercial activities such as tourism development and filming. Some of the protective measures taken by the Yuanmingyuan Administration have also been criticized.

At the same time, the media disclosed a number of management issues including the anti-seepage engineering procedures, some of the capital invaders, and the leasing of the West Lake Taihu Island Yao Tai West for private use.

Yuanmingyuan ruins reflected by the problem is a big topic, which involves the basic ideas of China's cultural relics protection, decision-making mechanisms and procedures, the public how to participate in decision-making and so on.

Conclusion

The history of Yuanmingyuan has witnessed the development of Qing Empire and enriched the essence of China's architectural history for thousands of years. On the issue of the protection of architectural sites, the author tries to preserve the authenticity, completeness and timeliness of the sites on the protection of the site of the Yuanmingyuan Park based on the experiences of international and domestic conservation conceptions on the site of the historic site and can not make the site artificial due to human factors Destroys or changes the appearance of the ruins and the associated surroundings around the ruins to ensure the artistic value of the gardens.

Through the above analysis of the protection of the Summer Palace site, so that we have a new understanding of the protection of the Summer Palace site, including the following points:

First, seize the opportunities of the times and create a new situation of protection. In recent years, with the protection of the historical and cultural heritage in our country, the protection of the site of the Yuanmingyuan Park has gradually been on the right track and a new course of legalization and scientific protection has started. At present, the most important measure to take is to seize the opportunity to protect the site Really come true.

Second, learn from the experience of historical landscape protection, starting from the overall space protection. Its protection is not equivalent to the general sense of the historical garden, on the one hand it is a model of traditional Chinese natural landscape garden, on the other hand it is burned by the powers of the site, there is no international and domestic examples can learn from only similar Experience in historic landscape conservation projects.

Thirdly, the site of the Summer Palace should not be positioned as a general park, but should be a special memorial to protect the world's culture in order to enhance the understanding and understanding of the people of all countries in protecting and cherishing human cultural heritage.

Bibliography

1. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/

2. http://www.yuanmingyuanpark.cn/

3. Yaoqing.The research on the protection of Yuanmingyuan building ruins; Hebei Normal University Press, 2012.

4. Tenggu.Continental remnants of Yuanmingyuan;Commercial Press, 1933.

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