Kazimierz Domoslawskti testimonies on the activities of the polish military organization in Kyiv in 1915-1918

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Nizhyn Mykola Gogol State Univercity

Kazimierz Domoslawski testimonies on the activities of the polish military organization in Kyiv in 1915-1918

Potapenko Maksym, PhD in History, Associate Professor at the Department of History of Ukraine

Abstract

Keywords: Kazimierz Domosiawski, Henryk Jabionski, Polish Military Organization, Kyiv, Ukrainian revolution 1917 -- 1921.

Анотація

До наукового обігу вводиться повний текст свідчень визначного польського політичного діяча Казіміра Домославського про початковий етап діяльності Польської організації військової в Україні.

Ключові слова: Казімір Домославський, Генрик Яблонський, Польська організація військова, Київ, Українська революція 1917--1921 років.

Streszczenie

Maksym Potapenko. RELACJE KAZIMIERZA DOMOSLAWSKIEGO O DZIALALNOSCIPOLSKIEJ ORGANIZACJI WOJSKOWEJ WKIJOWIE WLATACH 1915-1918.

Niniejsza praca wprowadzaw naukowy obieg peiny tekst zeznan Kazimierza Domosiawskiego -- wybitnego polskiego polityka, ktцry na poczqtku XX wieku przebywai na Ukrainie. Zeznania zostaiy spisane przez Henryka Jabionskiego pod koniec 1933 roku w czasie zbierania ustnych zeznan dotyczqcych badan nad polska autonomia na Naddnieprzanskiej Ukrainie w latach 1917--1918. Giownym tematem zeznan jest dziaialnosc kijowskiego oddziaiu Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej w latach 1915--1918. We wstgpnej czqsci artykulu zostaia podjqta analiza wewnqtrzna i zewnqtrzna zrцdia, ktora potwierdza jego wysoki charakter informacyjny. Przeanalizowano rцwniez zwiqzek zeznan Kazimierza Domosiawskiego z jego wspomnieniami opublikowanymi w 1923 roku.

Slowa kluczowe: Kazimierz Domosiawski, Henryk Jabionski, Polska Organizacja Wojskowa, Kijцw, Ukrainska rewolucja w latach 1917--1921.

Introduction

The participation of Poles in the political life of Ukraine during the World War I and the revolution influenced the development of Ukrainian-Polish relations throughout the 20th century. For example, it played a leading role in the politics of the Polish- Ukrainian understanding of the Volyn governor Henryk Jozewski. Similarly, the "Ukrainian experience" of people around Jerzy Giedroyc influenced the formation of his geopolitical project of an independent Ukraine as a barrier to Russian imperialism. This idea is still used today in Polish diplomacy.

An important but insufficiently researched aspect of this topic is the activity of the Polish Military Organization (PMO) on the territory of the Dnieper Ukraine 9 Ukrainian provinces of the former Russian Empire, namely Kiev, Volyn, Podolsk, Chernihiv, Poltava, Kharkiv, Ekaterinoslav, Kherson and Tauride.. Until November 1918 its Ukrainian branches managed to implement several successful sabotage and reconnaissance operations, as well as to conduct a productive campaign to mobilize young people into the Polish army (Holiczenko, 2010, p. 210) (Nal^cz, 1984, p. 155-165).

Due to the conditions of conspiracy oral orders prevailed rather than the written ones. Therefore, the lack of reliable primary sources has become a problem for modern researchers. This problem is only partially offset by the eyewitnesses' testimonies that were recorded in the interwar period. They are still rare and usually contain superficial information. During the anti-Polish repressions in the USSR in the 20 - 30s of the 20th century, it was dangerous to name members of the organization or disclose details of activities. Therefore, the introduction of new sources into the scientific discourse remains one of the main tasks for researchers.

Purpose. Below we will consider two pieces of Kazimierz Domoslawski's (1893 - 1960) testimonies. His stay in the Dnieper Ukraine was not long. After the outbreak of the war, he interrupted his studies at the University of Graz and moved to his family in Volyn province, and then to Kiev to his brother. He left for Warsaw in February 1919. During this short but turbulent time, he became a prominent figure in local Polish social and political life. He was an employee of the Polish Society for Assistance to Victims of War, led the activities of the Kiev branches of the student `Korporacja' and the Polish socialist party (revolutionary faction). His political career peaked in 1917. Then he became a member of the Central Rada of Ukraine, a member of the Kiev city Duma, the head of the II Conference of the Polish socialist party in Russia, as well as an employee of two bodies of Polish national self-government in Ukraine, namely the Polish Executive Committee in Rus and (Vice)Secretariat of Polish Affairs of the General Secretariat of the Central Rada (Wawrzynska, 1985, p. 615-616).

Note that these testimonies still remain barely known. Henryk Jablonski (Jablonski, 1939a) (Jablonski, 1939b) (Jablonski, 1948), Kazimierz Wierzejski (Wierzejski, 1939) and Alexander Holichenko (Holiczenko, 2012) occasionally used them in their studies. Moreover, the latter considered them while elaborating several biograms of PMO members in Ukraine, including Kazimierz Domoslawski himself (Holiczenko, 2012, p. 82).

Presentation

The testimonies presented below were recorded by the young historian Henryk Jablonski (1909 - 2003), who researched the Polish national self-government as a part of the executive bodies of the Ukrainian People's Republic. This refers to the activities of the (Vice)Secretariat of Polish Affairs of the General Secretariat, which was reorganized into the Ministry of Polish Affairs shortly after the proclamation of the IV Universal.

In 1933 he managed to meet at least 15 leaders of Polish social and political life in the early 20th century Dnieper Ukraine Beside Kazimierz Domoslawski there were also Stanislaw Dembecki, Ludgar Groholski, Stanislaw Kalinowski, Antonina Krzyzanowska, Roman Knoll,

Witold Matuszewski, Roman Niwinski, Wlodzimierz Redlich, Kazimierz Rozniewicz, Walerian Rudnicki, Antonina Sokolich, Alexander Splawa- Nejman, Stanislaw Stempowski and Leon Trzeciak.. A significant part of them belonged to the leadership of the Polish independence movement and promoted Jozef Pilsudski's ideology. The testimonies were usually recorded during personal conversations between the respondent and Henryk Jablonski, who directed the conversation by means of questions. Sometimes follow-up meetings were held to clarify and deepen individual plots. For example, he met Stanislaw Kalinowski three times (June 19, August 28 and September 10, 1933) (CAW. Sygn. 400.2831). During the conversations Henryk Jablonski kept notes, which were subsequently typewritten. The final stage of recording the testimonies was re-reading and proofreading of the typewritten texts.

Henryk Jablonski used these testimonies as an aide-Memoire. The scheme and the facts were essential in them, not the form of the record. Therefore, the testimonies are saturated with short chopped sentences, ununified abbreviations, occasional tautologies, rare examples of the respondent's direct speech, but rather frequent comments of the interviewer. Now most of these testimonies are stored in the manuscript collection of the Central military archive in Warsaw.

Henryk Jablonski attached great importance to these records. They compensated for the lack of primary documents that had vanished or were stored in private archives inaccessible to him. That is why he used them as a factual and plot backbone of his research. Its first results were published in 1939. The magazine "Niepodleglosc" included two parts of an extensive article "Ministerium Spraw Polskich Ukrainskiej Republiki Ludowej 1917 - 1918". Due to the German-Soviet occupation of the II Polish republic, it was not finished. The material shed light on the activities up to July 1917 and stopped on the twists and turns of the formation of the Polish representation in the Central Rada. Consequently, the presentation of the main material was not even begun (Jablonski, 1939a) (Jablonski, 1939b). Henryk Jablonski continued his research after the war, when he started working at the University of Warsaw. In 1948 he published a thesis named "Polska autonomia narodowa na Ukrainie 1917 - 1918" (Jablonski, 1948). Henryk Jablonski estimated the scientific value of his publication rather modestly. He noted that he sought to complement the historiographical discourse with the pecularities of the Polish political life in the Dnieper Ukraine during the revolution, "...to cause discussion, maybe even protests, or at least outrage" (Jablonski, 1948, p. 16). Today, this publication remains the most thorough research on the topic.

Henryk Jablonski met Kazimierz Domoslawski at least three times. The first meeting took place on September 27, 1933. The second was on November 29 of the same year. The date of the third meeting is unknown, but most likely it was held not much later than the second one. As a result, there appeared three testimonies: the first did not have a title (11 pages), the second was named "P.O.W." (5 pages) and the third one was entitled "Organizacje i ludzie" (2 pages) (CAW. Sygn. 400.2829). However, the latter testimony was an addition to the first two. It lists the people who could confirm and expand Kazimierz Domoslawski's story. It is important that the Kazimierz Domoslawski's testimonies were among the last (if not solely the last) of those that were collected by Henryk Jablonski.

Actually, only the last two testimonies are of interest in the study of the history of the PMO in Ukraine. The first testimony, which was untitled and published in 1923, is largely a variation of the memoirs of Kazimierz Domoslawski on the time of the Central Rada and Pavlo Skoropadsky's Hetmanate (Domoslawski, 1923). It contains only one short story, which directly concerns the PMO. This is a story about the role of Jozef Bromirski in the relations between the student independence organizations in Kyiv during the World War I, namely the `Korporacja', `Filarecja' and the `Unia Mlodziezy Post^powo- Niepodleglosciowej'. He opposed their Association, because he suspected the existence of provocateurs among the members of the `Filarecja' (CAW. Sygn. 400.2830. P.2). polish military domoslawski

An important feature is that the material is presented in the first person, rather than in the third as in most other testimonies. Along with this, there are no traces that Henryk Jablonski directed the conversation with questions. All those facts suggest that the testimony was written with Kazimierz Domoslawski's own hand. It is possible that Henryk Jablonski's involvment was limited only to the preparation of the typescript.

In General, Kazimierz Domoslawski's testimonies are a highly informative source. Firstly, they are written by one of the leaders of the PMO Kiev branch. Kazimierz Domoslawski held concurrently the positions of Kyiv city commandant and the instructor. Secondly, he was in close contact with the head of the PMO in Ukraine Jozef Bromirski and received important first-hand messages. Thirdly, he names more than 20 names of PMO members (CAW. Sygn. 400.2829). This contrasts significantly with the memories of other undergrounders, which are usually sketchy and depersonalized (Ziemianski, 1930). Thus Kazimierz Domoslawski's testimonies can enjoy a high degree of credibility. The absolute majority of the people mentioned by the author appear in the list of PMO in Ukraine members, which was reproduced by Alexander Holichenko (Holiczenko, 2012). The big intrigue is that Kazimierz Domoslawski mentions Wanda, the wife of Leon Wasilewski, the Creator of Eastern European politics of the II Polish rupublic, among the women of the Polish underground in Kyiv (CAW. Sygn. 400.2829, P.7). Unfortunately, there are no sources to check this information.

Chronologically, the testimonies begin in the second half of 1915, when, as Kazimierz Domoslawski recalls, he came to Kiev. The upper chronological limit in the testimonies is not clearly delineated, but most likely it lies in the middle of 1918. The events of March are mentioned, when, after the resignation of Jozef Bromirski, the leadership of the PMO in Ukraine passed to Tadeusz Schatzel and Boguslaw Miedzynski, who arrived from Warsaw. But no mention is made of the vicissitudes with the appointment of the General command commandant of PMO 3, which culminated in the confirmation of the candidacy of Leopold Lis-Kula (Harski, 1930, p.226) (Holiczenko, 2012, p.15).

It should be noted that this chronological period in the memoirs is not represented consistently. The main attention is paid to the second half of 1915 to the beginning of 1917. This period is connected with the description of the organization, focus areas, recruitment of new members, and external contacts. Together they provide a picture of a relatively weak underground organization that was not engaged in practical activities, but rather in the creation of the "PMO legend" - rumors of a strong "mysterious power" (CAW. Sygn. 400. 2829. P.2). The events of the spring of 1918 are covered sporadically. The reason for this was that the position of Kazimierz Domoslawski in the PMO Kiev branch significantly weakened after the demission of Jozef Bromirsky. At the same time, the events of the revolutionary 1917 are not mentioned at all. In the memoirs published in 1923, he appeared to be one of the leaders of the Polish socialist party (revolutionary faction) and did not mention his involvement into PMO (Domoslawski, 1923).

Comparison of testimonies and memoirs of Kazimierz Domoslawski indicate that he actually "catapulted" from the underground to the legitimate politics. It was not a single case. Jozef Bromirski in 1917 suddenly became quite a recognizable politician too. He joined the Board of the Polish democratic Union in Rus, was a Kiev County delegate of the Polish democratic Central in Ukraine and a member of Kiev city Duma representing the Polish Voters List (Woloszynowski, 1917), (Zamarajew, 1917). Another example is a member of the PMO Kiev branch Henryk Jozewski, who in the autumn of 1917 became the head of one of the departments of the Secretariat of Polish Affairs of the Ukrainian People's Republic (Jablonski, 1948, p.57). Thus, we can talk about the fact that the PMO Kyiv branch used the tactics of introducing its members to the leadership of legitimate organizations, and especially to political parties. In this way, the PMO established a covert control over such institutions. This also explains the decrease in the activity of PMO in Ukraine during 1917. Its leaders were involved in high politics.

Conclusions

Altogether, the testimonies of Kazimierz Domoslawski are a valuable source for studying the activities of the PMO in Ukraine during the World War I and the Ukrainian revolution. They contain a large amount of information, in particular personal data. They may be useful for the study of the influence of the independence underground on the legal political life of Poles in Kyiv. The testimonies also allow us to significantly revise the "Ukrainian period" of Kazimierz Domoslawski's biogaphy. His activities in the PMO preceded his membership in the Polish socialist party (revolutionary faction). He was primarily an undergrounder, not a political figure.

Bibliography

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Annexes

Annex A

RELACJA USTNA P.O.W.

Do Kijowa przyjechalem w drugiej polowie 1915 r. i kontakt z P.O.W. nawi^zalem przez p. J. MoszczenskiegoJozef Moszczenski (code names «Ryk», «Edmund Ryk»), born in 1894. At the time of the events was on military service in the Russian army. Probably took a course of study in the 4th school of ensigns in Kiev. ktory mnie do P.O.W. skierowal i zameldowalem si? u Jozefa BromirskiegoJozef Bromirski (code names «Jot», «Piotrowski»), born in 1865. Founder and the first head of PMO Kyiv branch. /pseudonim organizacyjny: „Jot”/. Byl on urz?dnikiem Banku Handlowego.

Bromirski wyznaczyl mnie na komendanta miejscowego i jednoczesnie powierzyl mi robot? instruktorsk^.

Jezeli chodzi o charakterze dzialalnosci P.O.W. w tym okresie - to byla ona wyl^cznie przygotowawcza, zadnej czynnej akcji /w charakterze bojowym/ nie przejawialismy. Srodki finansowe byly bardzo szczuple i pochodzily ze skladek czlonkow /istnialo stale powszechne opodatkowanie/, - oprocz tego pomagal finansowo Bromirski, prawdopodobnie cz?sciowo z wlasnych funduszow, a cz?sciowo od swoich znajomych i przyjaciol.

Ramy organizacyjne byly bardzo szczuple i Bromirski celowo nie d^zyl do zbytniego rozszarzenia organzacji pragn^c miec element pewny ideowo, a z drugej strony pragn^c zachowac chocby szczupla organizacje w calosci bez wsypy, aby przetrwac w ten sposob do chwili decyduj^cej, w ktorej organizacja ta moglaby si? stac baz^ dla szerszej roboty. To zadanie zostalo wykonane. Z drugiej strony Bromirskiemu chodzilo o to, zeby w spoleczenstwie polskim trwala swiadomosc istnienia takiej organizacji, ale bez dokladnej informacji o jej istotnej sile i zeby tego rodzaju legenda istnienia jakiejs tajemniczej sily podtrzymywala w spoleczenstwie polskim nastroj niepodleglosciowy. Bylo to m^dre i rozwazne, bo i tak wtedy szersza dzialalnosc byla niemozliwa, a chodzilo aby ten jakis ognik tlil, a z drugiej strony aby w spoleczenstwie narastala potencjalna energja.

Dziedziny pracy. Pierwsza rzecz^ byla praca wyszkoleniowa. Bromirski kladl bowiem duzy nacisk na jej systematycznosc. Co pewien czas przychodzilem do niego, do Banku i tam, na korytarzu, na laweczce i w sposob nie zwracaj^cy uwagi, skaldalem mu ustne raporty o post?pach prac wyszkoleniowych. W rozmowach tych kladl on nacisk z jednej strony na punktualnosc, systematycznosc zbiorek, a z drugiej strony na podtrzymanie napi?cia ideowego.

Mielismy trzy m?skie sekcje, cwicz^ce, z ktorych dwie skladaly si? z mlodziezy akademickiej, a trzecia z mlodziezy skol srednich. Przerabialismy rozne przedmioty teoretyczne, nast?pnie troch? musztry formalnej w pokoju, chwyty broni^ /byly, zdaje si?, jeden czy dwa karabiny/, oprocz tego kilkakrotnie wychodzilismy na cwiczenia polowe w okolice Kijowa, chociaz tu bylo trudniej ze wzgl?du na to, ze ja nie mialem wyksztalcenia w zakresie sluzby piechoty, a tylko wyksztalcenie artyleryjskie, a inni czlonkowie organizacji takze nie byli przygotowani.

Obok sekcyj m?skich istniala sekcja kobieca.

Oprocz sekcyj czynnych - cwicz^cych byla pewna ilosc czlonkow rezerwie.

Jako miejsce zbiorek sluzylo najcz?sciej mieszkanie MackiewiczaMost likely is Karol Mackiewicz (code name «Pawlowski»). przy ul. Wieliej Wasilkowskiej 104 /?/. Mieszkanie to bylo dosyc odlegle, nie zwracalo uwagi, - tam mielismy bron i przerabialismy chwyty broni^.

Potem bywaly zbiorki u SulkowskiegoBohdan Sulkowski (code names «Ostrog», «Kruk»), a member of PMO Kyiv branch since 1915 року. In 1915-1916 together with Henrik Yuzevskim was in exile in Saratov., u MilanowskiegoMost likely is Wladyslaw Milanowski (code name «Mili»), born in 1898. i u RadziejowskiejMost likely is Natalia Radziejowska, member of a women section of PMO 96

Kyiv branch..

Drug^ dziedzin^ pracy byla technika paszportowa. T4 spraw^ zajmowal si? Wincenty NarbuttUsed the code name «Janusz». i niezyj^cy juz dzis Mieczyslaw ArciniowskiUsed the code names «Michalowski», «Malinowski». It is about the battle between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian armies during the Brusilov Offensive, which took place at Kostyukhnivka on 4-6 July 1916. After the escape of Hungarian units, the Polish legions, without artillery support, were forced to hold off attacks by superior Russian troops. As a result, the loss of killed, wounded and prisoners amounted to about 50%..

Trzeci^ dziedzin^ byla pomoc jencom. Zazaczyla si? ta akcja glownie po bitwie pod Kostjuchnowk^¹¹. Przechowywalismy ich, dawali mieszkanie, odziez, dowody, a nawet wynajdywali zaj?cia.

Z bardziej znanych, ktorzy si? tam przewin?li warto wymienic ZulanfaMost likely is Juliusz Zulauf, born in 1891. Prisoner of the Austrian army.. Byl on u nas na jednej zbiorce i pokazywal chwyty, jakie byly stosowane w legionach. Bylo to w mieszkaniu Radziejowsiej.

Jezeli chodzi o werbunek czlonkow to Bromirski byl bardzo ostrozny i nie zalecal specjalnie werbowac nowych kandydatow, ale wyrazal si?, ze „przyjmowac tych, ktorzy nas sami szukac b?d^”.

Zadnej pisaniny nie bylo. Rozkazy i raporty wydawane i skladane byly ustne, zadnych sladow pisanych pracy nie bylo. Czlonowie mieli pseudonimy organizacyjneNote by H. Jablonski “P. Kaz. Domoslawski - `Edward'.” i zasadniczo mogli znac kogos z terenu akademickiego, a b?d^c w innej sekcji, nie wiedzieli, ze nalezy on do P.O.W.

W tym stanie organizacja przetrwala do przyjazdu SchatzlaTadeusz Schatzel von Murzhauzen (code names «Kopystynski», «Kopystynski Zdzislaw», «Tomasz Krymski»), born in 1891, legionist. In January 1918, as an emissary of PMO crossed the front line to establish contact with the military of the II and III Polish corps. From the spring of the same year served as a Deputy commandant of PMO, head of the organizational Department (Department I). i MiedzinskiegoBohuslaw Miedzinski (code names «Andrzej Switek», «Switek», «Stanislaw Zaleski», «Zaleski», «Zaporowski»), bom in 1891. One of the founders of PMO, member of its General command. In 1915 went to Kyiv and Petersburg. In March-July of 1918 was a General command commandant of PMO 3., chociaz zaznaczyc trzeba, ze w okresie rewolucyjnym praca wyszkoleniowa organizacji znacznie oslabla.

Miedzinski i Schatzel przyjechali z pelnomocnictwami z kraju i rozporz^dzaj^c znacznemi funduszami rozszerzyli ramy organizacyjne. Zorganizowali konspiracijne biuro, wydawali juz pisemne rozkazy. Cal^ kancelarj? oparli na zasadach wojskowych.

Jesli chodzi o kontakt na zewn^trz Kijowa, to mysmy podtrzymowali go tylko z Odessa Ja raz czy dwa razy jezdzilem z polecenia Bromirskiego do Odessy w ci^gu tego calego czasu. W Zytomierzu zachowala si? organizacja stworzona jeszcze przed wojn^ przez Druzyny StrzeleckiePolish independent organization, established in 1911 in Lviv and focused on the military and patriotic education of schoolchildren and students.. Organizacja ta, zlozona z mlodziezy gimnazialnej, pomimo, ze byla pozbawiona wszelkiej l^cznosci z innemi osrodkami roboty wojskowej, jednakze dzi?ki wysokiemu poziomowi ideowemu czlonkow, przetrwala i nawet stala na dosyc wysokim poziomie technicznym, co moglem stwierdzic osobiscie, kiedy /po ich abcesie do organizacji Kijowskiej/ jezdzilem z polecenia Bromirskiego na lustracj?. Dusz^ roboty w Zytomierzu byl ZgorzelskiJan Zgorzelski (code name «Cwiek»). Deputy commandant of Zhytomyr district, Zhytomyr city commandant of PMO..

Bylysmy takze w kontakcie z Petersburgiem, gdzie P.O.W. bylo w r?kach inz. Franciszka Sk^pskiegoUsed the code names «Doliwa», «Karol Doliwa», born in 1881. In July 1915 he was appointed a chief commandant of the PMO in Russia.. Sk^pski wtedy uwazal siebie za komendanta naczelnego na cal^ Rosje i pozniej po rewolucji rosyjskiej, pod wplywem endekow, ktorym istnienie P.O.W. stalo kosci^ w gardle, wydal rozkaz rozwi^zania calej tej organizacji. Wywolalo to ostry konflikt i wymowienie posluszenstwa Sk^pskiemu przez caly okr?g kijowskiErroneous Dating. It is about the arrival of Franciszek Skqpski in Kiev in December 1916. After February 1917, he opposed the creation of the Polish army in Russia. This fact deepened the conflict with Jozef Bromirski /o szczegolach tej sprawy mog^ zlozyc dodatkowe zeznanie./ W Petersburgu i Moskwie P.O.W. rekrutowala si? glownie z mlodziezy narodowej i podporz^dkowala si? Sk^pskiemu.

/Opowiadania p. Kazimierza Domoslawskiego spisal Henryk Jablonski. Warszawa 29.XI.1933 r./

Annex B

RELACJA USTNA Organizacje i ludzie /c.d/

Wiele ciekawych szczegolow z historji organizacyj korporanckich podac moze adwokat OlechowiczStanyslaw Olechowicz (code name «Litwinowicz»). Active member of the Harzer movement, member of PMO Kyiv branch. z Wilna /Mala Pohulanka 14 m.2/

Ciekawe jeszcze rzeczy z malo znanej historji harcerstwa kijowskiego podac moze jego zona Wiktorja z domu KanionkownaWiktorja Olechowicz nee Kamionko (code name «Piotrowska»). Member of the Harzer movement, member of PMO Kyiv branch since 1915.. Byla ona jedn^ z czynniejszych czlonkin antyendeckiej opozycji lewicowej w harcerstwie i posiadala w niem wielkie wplywy. Pracowala ona rowniez wybitnie w P.O.W. Nalezala ona pozatem do Unji Postзpowo-Niepodleglosciowej.

Do dziejow Korporacji ciekawe szczegoly mogliby dorzucic Dr. med. Wladyslaw SzendzikowskiNote by H. Jablonski “Warszawa Nowogrodzka 37.”, Dr. Marjan Kowalewski, dr. Romecki oraz dr. Dobrzynski, ktory nawet napisal wspomnienia z tych czasow i oddal je, zdaje siз Bajerowi.

W ruchu akademickim czynny udzial brala Zofja DembowskaNote by H. Jablonski “Zoliborz. Warszawska Spoldzielnia Mieszkaniowa.”.

Brat Wiktorji, Jozef KamionkoJozef Kamionko (code names «Lapis», «Bujwid», «Jasienczyk»). byl wowczas ozcniem gimnazium, nalezal do P.O.W., do najmlodszej sekcji chlopcow cwicz^cych.

Do tej samej sekcji nalezeli m. in. Wladyslaw MilanowskiNote by H. Jablonski “Warszawa Florianska 12.”, TorczalskiMost likely it is about Heliodor Torczalski, who used the code name «Kowalski». Member of PMO Kyiv branch since 1916., PoniatowskiNote by H. Jablonski “Obecnie ekonomsta.”. Most likely it is about Zigmunt Poniatowski..

Z czynnych w P.O.W. kobiet wymienic jeszcze nalezy p. Sikorsky, oraz Wand? WasilewskaWanda Wasilewska nee Zelenewska., zon? Leona.

Ciekawe szczegoly z zycia, Jozefa Bromirskiego podac moglby zapewne jeden z jego osobistych przyjaciol - GrablisMost likely it is about Ignacy Grablis. pracuj^cy do niedawna w Banku Komunalnym w Warszawie, - oraz Stanislaw FedeckiBorn in 1894. In 1914 - 1917 is a student of Kyiv university. 100, obecnie, zdaje si?, inspektor pracy.

Wiadomosci blizszych o Arciniowskim udzielicby moze mogla siostra jego Paulina Chudkowska.

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