Wales

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1

Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic

Abstract

on the topic: «Wales»

Bishkek

2022

Content

• Introduction
• Chapter I. Wales -- the "land of friends", art and mountain landscapes
• 1. Culture of Wales
• 2. Sport
• Chapter II General information
• 1. Geography and nature
• 2. Climate
• Conclusion
• List of literature

Introduction

Wales is one of the four administrative and political parts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, formerly a conglomerate of independent Celtic kingdoms. Wales is located in the south-west of Great Britain, bordered on the east by the English counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire and Gloucestershire, surrounded on three sides by the sea: in the south it is the Bristol Bay (Severn Estuary), in the southwest - the Strait of St. George, in the north and west -- the Irish Sea, in the northeast -- the mouth of the river Dee (wall. Afon Dyfrdwy). wales political conquest gwynedd

Wales has never in history been a sovereign State within the existing modern borders. However, from about 1057 to 1063, the king of Gwynedd, Gryfydd ap Llywelyn, managed to temporarily take possession of almost all the lands that make up today's Wales. After the death of Griffid, this did not happen again, and by the time of the English conquest of West Wales in 1282, the country had already been divided among several kingdoms again. In 1400, a descendant of two ancient royal families of Wales, Owen Glyndwr, led a rebellion against the English and was proclaimed king of Wales, but completely lost support by 1410 and was forced to hide. Welsh laws were not completely superseded by English ones until 1542. It was only in 1955 that the Queen officially proclaimed Cardiff the capital of Wales (before that, the country simply did not have a capital), although the Prince of Wales usually undergoes an investiture in Carnarvon.

In 1997, the National Assembly of Wales (Senedd) was established, which has the right to amend laws passed by the UK Parliament. In 2006 and 2013, the powers of the Assembly were expanded.The name "Wales" comes from the English. Wales, and then, in turn, from the other-English. Wealas, the plural of the word Wealh. The last word is all-Germanic and comes, apparently, from the name of the tribe of the Volks, that is, initially it meant all the Celts. Later, after the Germans came into contact with Rome, it began to mean not only Celts, but also people who speak Latin, later Romance languages (cf. Wallonia in Belgium, Wallachia in Romania). In Britain, the word wealas meant, first of all, Britons, including Welsh and Cornish (the name of Cornwall contains the same root). However, in the Old English monuments there are also examples of how this root is used in relation to the Romans.

The Welsh name -- Cymru -- comes from the common British *kom-brogi "compatriots" (cf. also Cumbrian, Cumberland). The Latin name Cambria also comes from this word People settled the territory of present-day Wales at the end of the last ice Age. Documentary evidence appears during the Roman occupation of Britain. At that time, the Welsh lands were divided among several British tribes, the most numerous and powerful of which were the Silurians in the southeast and the Ordovicians in the northwest. The Romans erected several forts in present-day South Wales, the westernmost of which was Carmarthen (Caerfyrddin, Lat. Maridunum), and mined gold in Doleykoty (now - Carmarthenshire). In addition, they built a fortress in Kairleon (Isca Silurum), where a majestic amphitheater has been preserved. The Romans also advanced into North Wales, and one of the Middle Welsh stories, "Maxen's Dream" (Breuddwyd Macsen) conveys the legend that one of the last Roman emperors Magnus Maximus (a Spaniard who served as a military commander in Britain), was married to the daughter of a local leader from Segontium, near today's Carnarvon in the county of Gwyneth[3]. During the Roman occupation, Christianity came to Wales around the fourth century. After the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain (ca. 410), the Romanized Britons created many small kingdoms. The states of the southern and eastern plains of the island were quickly conquered by the advancing Anglo-Saxons, but the kingdoms located in the mountainous regions of Northern England and present-day Wales proved to be more stable. In the end, the British kingdoms of the north fell under the blows of the Anglo-Saxons and Scots, but the Western Britons managed to gain a foothold in Wales. However, the loss of fertile lands and rich cities in the southeast of the island did not allow them to successfully fight for the return of these territories. Around the year 540 Gilda the Wise wrote.Thus, many of the unfortunate survivors captured in the mountains were massively destroyed; others, exhausted by hunger, approached and stretched out their hands to the enemies to become slaves forever, if, however, they were not killed immediately, which they considered to be the highest mercy. Others aspired to the overseas regions with great sobbing…By the eighth century, the eastern border of Wales was more or less settled. It is traditionally believed that Offa, the king of Mercia, built a huge earthen rampart along the border of his possessions to separate the Welsh-populated part of Powys, which he conquered, from Wales. The Shaft of Offa has partially survived to this day, and the Welsh still sometimes, going to England, say that they cross the Shaft of Offa (croesi Clawdd Offa).

The largest kingdoms were Gwynedd (northwest of Wales), Deheybarth (southwest) and Powys (east and northeast). Most of their rulers came from the house of Rhodri the Great. Although Wales was not a single state, and the kingdoms were often at war with each other (attracting the English, Irish and Scandinavians to their side), the country was united by a common cultural heritage, as well as a set of laws codified by Hywel the Good.

Chapter I. Wales -- the "land of friends", art and mountain landscapes

The culture of Wales (Welsh: Diwylliant Cymru) is distinct, with its own language, customs, politics, festivals, music and Art. Wales is primarily represented by the symbol of the red Welsh Dragon, but other national emblems include the leek and the daffodil.

Although sharing many customs with the other nations of the United Kingdom, Wales has its own distinct traditions and culture, and from the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the "land of song", in part due to the eisteddfod tradition Wales has been identified as having been inhabited by humans for some 230,000 years, as evidenced by the discovery of a Neanderthal at the Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site in north Wales. After the Roman era of occupation, a number of small kingdoms arose in what is now Wales. These early kingdoms were also influenced by Ireland; but details prior to the 8th century AD are unclear. Kingdoms during that era included Gwynedd, Powys and Deheubarth. While Rhodri the Great in the 9th century was the first ruler to dominate a large portion of Wales, it was not until 1055 that Gruffydd ap Llywelyn united the individual Welsh kingdoms and began to annex parts of England. Gruffydd was killed, possibly in crossfire by his own men, on 5 August 1063 while Harold Godwinson sought to engage him in battle. This was just over three years before the Norman invasion of England, which led to a drastic change of fortune for Wales. By 1070, the Normans had already seen successes in their invasion of Wales, with Gwent fallen and Deheubarth plundered.The invasion was seemingly complete by 1093. However, the Welsh rebelled against their new overlords the following year, and the Welsh kingdoms were re-established and most of the land retaken from the Normans over the following decades.While Gwynedd grew in strength, Powys was broken up after the death of Llywelyn ap Madog in the 1160s and was never reunited. Llywelyn the Great rose in Gwynedd and had reunited the majority of Wales by his death in 1240. After his death, King Henry III of England intervened to prevent Dafydd ap Llywelyn from inheriting his father's lands outside Gwynedd, leading to war. The claims of his successor, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, conflicted with those of King Edward I of England; this resulted in the conquest of Wales by English forces.

The Tudors of Penmynydd grew in power and influence during the 13th to 15th centuries, first owning land in north Wales, but losing it after Maredudd ap Tudur backed the uprising of Owain Glyndwr in 1400. Maredudd's son, Owain ap Maredudd ap Tudur, anglicised his name to become Owen Tudor, and was the grandfather of Henry Tudor. Henry took the throne of England in 1485, at the end of the Wars of the Roses, when his forces defeated those of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Under Henry VIII, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542 were passed. The distinction between the Principality of Wales and the Marches of Wales was ended. The law of England became the only law of Wales which was then administered by justices of the peace that were appointed in every Welsh county. Wales was then represented in parliament by 26 members.

English became the only official language of courts in Wales, and people that used the Welsh language would not be eligible for public office in the territories of the king of England. Welsh was limited to the working and lower middle classes, which played a central role in the public attitude to the language.

The House of Tudor continued to reign through several successive monarchs until 1603, when James I (James VI of Scotland) took the throne for the House of Stuart; his great-grandmother was Margaret Tudor. Welsh nationalism (Welsh: Cenedlaetholdeb Cymreig) emphasises the distinctiveness of Welsh language, culture, and history, and calls for more self-determination for Wales, which might include more devolved powers for the Senedd or full independence from the United Kingdom. While a sense of nationhood has existed within Wales for over 1500 years, the idea that Wales should be a modern self-determining state has only been mooted since the mid-18th century.

In 1406 Owain Glyndwr set out a vision of Welsh independence in his Pennal letter, sent to Charles VI King of France. The letter requested maintained military support from the French to fend off the English in Wales. Glyndwr suggested that in return, he would recognise Benedict XIII of Avignon as the Pope. The letter sets out the ambitions of Glyndwr of an independent Wales with its own parliament, led by himself as Prince of Wales. These ambitions also included the return of the traditional law of Hywel Dda, rather than the enforced English law, establishment of an independent Welsh church as well as two universities, one in south Wales, and one in north Wales. Before the Roman occupation, the dominant religion in Wales was a pagan one, led by the druids. Little is known about the traditions and ceremonies, but Tacitus, whose claims were sometimes exaggerated, stated that they performed human sacrifice: he says that in AD 61, an altar on Anglesey was found to be "drenched with the blood of their prisoners".Christianity was introduced to Wales through the Romans, and after they abandoned the British Isles, it survived in South East Wales at Hentland. In the 6th century, this was home to Dubricius, the first Celtic saint.

The largest religion in modern Wales is Christianity, with almost 58% of the population describing themselves as Christian in the 2011 census. The Presbyterian Church of Wales was for many years the largest denomination; it was born out of the Welsh Methodist revival in the 18th century and seceded from the Church of England in 1811; The Church in Wales had an average Sunday attendance of 32,171 in 2012. It forms part of the Anglican Communion, and was also part of the Church of England, but was disestablished by the British Government in 1920 under the Welsh Church Act 1914. Non-Christian religions have relatively few followers in Wales, with Muslims making up 1.5% of the population while Hindus and Buddhists represent 0.3% each in the 2011 census. Over 32% of the population in Wales did not note a religion. Research in 2007 by the Tearfund organisation showed that Wales had the lowest average church attendance in the UK, with 12% of the population routinely attending.

2. Sport

Over fifty national governing bodies regulate and organise their sports in Wales. Most of those involved in competitive sports select, organise and manage individuals or teams to represent their country at international events or fixtures against other countries. Wales is represented at major world sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup,the Rugby World Cup and the Commonwealth Games. At the Olympic Games, Welsh athletes compete alongside those of Scotland, England and Northern Ireland as part of a Great Britain team.

Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness.The Welsh national rugby union team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and has also competed in every Rugby World Cup, with Wales hosting the 1999 tournament.The five professional sides that replaced the traditional club sides in major competitions in 2003 were in turn replaced in 2004 by the four regions: Scarlets; Cardiff Blues; Newport Gwent Dragons; and the Ospreys.The Welsh regional teams play in the Pro14 league,the Anglo-Welsh Cup (LV Cup),the European Heineken Cup and the European (Amlin) Challenge Cup.

Wales has had its own association football league since 1992. For historical and other reasons, three Welsh clubs (Cardiff City, Swansea City, and Newport County) play in the English Football League. Another two Welsh clubs play in English football's feeder leagues: Wrexham and Merthyr Town.This also qualifies those teams to compete for England's domestic trophies. On 23 April 1927, Cardiff City became the only team outside England to win the FA Cup.In European football competitions, only teams playing in the Welsh leagues are eligible to play for Wales. The five teams in the English leagues are eligible to represent England only, and they are not allowed to compete for domestic Welsh trophies.

Welsh athlete Tanni Grey-Thompson won 11 Paralympic gold medals.

In international cricket, Wales and England field a single representative team, administered by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), called the England cricket team, or simply "England". Occasionally, a separate Wales national cricket team plays in limited-overs competitions, mainly against English county teams. Glamorgan is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship.Plaid Cymru have argued that Wales should have its own international team and withdraw from the existing arrangement under which Welsh players play for England. The proposal has aroused opposition from Cricket Wales and Glamorgan County Cricket Club, who argue such a move would be financially disastrous. The debate focused on a report produced by the Welsh National Assembly's petitions committee, which reflected the arguments on both sides. Bethan Jenkins, Plaid Cymru's spokesperson on heritage, culture, sport and broadcasting, and a member of the petitions committee, said: "Cricket Wales and Glamorgan CCC say the idea of a Welsh national cricket team is `an emotive subject'. Of course having a national team is emotive. You only have to look at the stands during any national game to see that. To suggest this as anything other than natural is a bit of a misleading argument."In their strategic plan, Cricket Wales state they are "committed to continuing to play a major role within the ECB"

Wales has produced several world-class participants in individual sports, including snooker players Ray Reardon, Terry Griffiths, Mark Williams and Matthew Stevens.[145] Successful track athletes include miler Jim Alford who was a world record holder in the 4 x 1500 metres relay, the 110-metre hurdler Colin Jackson who is a former world record holder and the winner of numerous Olympic, World and European medals, and Tanni Grey-Thompson who has won 11 Paralympic gold medals. Wales has also produced a number of world-class boxers. Joe Calzaghe was WBO World Super-Middleweight Champion and then won the WBA, WBC and Ring Magazine super-middleweight and Ring Magazine Light-Heavyweight titles. Other former boxing world champions include Enzo Maccarinelli, Freddie Welsh, Howard Winstone, Percy Jones, Jimmy Wilde, Steve Robinson and Robbie Regan.

Chapter II General information

1. Geography and nature

Wales is located on a peninsula in the west of the island of Great Britain. The total area of the country is about 20,779 km2. The length of the country from north to south is 274 km, from west to east -- 97 km. Wales borders on the east with England, surrounded on three sides by the sea. The total length of the coastline is more than 1,200 km. There are several islands off the coast of Wales, the largest of which is Anglesey (Ynys Mфn) in the northwest.

The population and industrial production are concentrated mainly in the south of Wales, in the cities of Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and surrounding areas. The northeast (the Wrexham area) is also relatively industrialized; the center and northwest are agricultural areas.

Most of the area of Wales is occupied by mountains, especially in the north and in the center. They were formed during the last ice Age, during the Devonian glaciation. The highest mountains are in Snowdonia (Yr Eryri), Mount Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa, 1085 m above sea level) is the highest point in Wales. The mountain range in the center of Wales is called the Cambrian Mountains. To the south are the Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog) mountains, relatively young compared to the Cambrian, and containing significant coal reserves. The Cambrian mountains gave their name to one of the Paleozoic periods -- the Cambrian.In the mid-19th century, two prominent geologists, Roderick Murchison and Adam Sedgwick studied the geology of Wales to determine some principles of stratigraphy and paleontology. After that, two periods of the Paleozoic -- Ordovician and Silurian -- were named after the Celtic tribes that lived in the area.

Wales is open to winds from the Atlantic Ocean, so the climate there is mostly marine. On the west coast, up to 1270 mm of precipitation falls per year, and to the east of the mountains, these figures are slightly lower (up to 723 mm/year), and in the mountains themselves -- higher (up to 2540 mm/year). The average temperature in July is 15.6° C, in January -- 5.6 °C.

The modern border between England and Wales is very arbitrary: in general terms, it was established in the XVI century, based on the boundaries of feudal possessions. For about 64 kilometers, it follows Offa's Shaft fairly accurately. However, then it goes more whimsically: for example, it divides the village of Knighton in Powys and its railway station, makes the village of Church Stoke actually a Welsh exclave in England and passes right through the village of Llanymynech.

Most of the territory of Wales is covered by national parks (Snowdonia, Brecon Beacons, Pembrokeshire Coast) and the so-called "Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty", for example, the Gower Peninsula.

2. Climate

In Wales, summers are short, comfortable and partly cloudy, and in winter long, very cold, windy and cloudy. During the year, the temperature usually ranges from 2 °C to 21 °C and is rarely below -3 °C or above 26 °C.

Based on the tourism score, the best time of the year to visit Wales for a warm weather holiday is from the end of June to the end of August.The warm season lasts 2.9 months, from June 12 to September 10, with a maximum average daily temperature above 18 °C. The hottest month of the year in Wales is July, with an average temperature maximum of 21 °C and a minimum of 12 °C.

The cool season lasts 4.0 months, from November 16 to March 15, with a minimum average daily temperature below 10 °C. The coldest month of the year in Wales is January, with an average temperature maximum of 2 °C and a minimum of 7 °C.In Wales, the average percentage of the sky covered with clouds experiences significant seasonal fluctuations throughout the year.

The clearer part of the year in Wales begins around April 27 and lasts 5.3 months, ending around October 4.Wales does not experience significant seasonal fluctuations in the frequency of wet days (i.e. days when more than 1 millimeter of liquid precipitation or precipitation in liquid equivalent falls). The frequency ranges from 21% to 31%, with an average of 26%

Among the wet days we distinguish those in which there is only rain, only snow, or both. The month with the maximum number of days when only rain falls in Wales is November with an average of 8.6 days. Based on this classification, the most common form of precipitation during the year is only rain, with a maximum probability of 31% observed on October 30.

The clearest month of the year in Wales is July, during which the sky is clear on average, mostly clear or partly cloudy 55% of the time.The cloudier part of the year begins around October 4 and lasts 6.7 months, ending around April 27.

The most cloudy month of the year in Wales is December, during which the sky is cloudy on average or mostly cloudy 70% of the time.To show the change during the month, and not just the monthly amount, we show the amount of rain accumulated over a rolling 31-day period centered on each day of the year. In Wales, there are some seasonal fluctuations in monthly rainfall.

It rains in Wales throughout the year. The month with the most rainfall in Wales is October, with an average rainfall of 50 millimeters.

The month with the least amount of rain in Wales is February, with an average rainfall of 31 millimeters.This section describes the average hourly wind vector (speed and direction) over a large area at an altitude of 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced in any particular location depends largely on the local topography and other factors, and the instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

In Wales, the average hourly wind speed experiences significant seasonal fluctuations throughout the year.

The windier part of the year lasts 5.7 months, from October 13 to April 2, with an average wind speed of more than 18.8 kilometers per hour. The windiest month of the year in Wales is January with an average hourly wind speed of 21.7 kilometers per hour.

The quieter time of the year lasts 6.3 months, from April 2 to October 13. The calmest month of the year in Wales is July with an average hourly wind speed of 15.8 kilometers per hour.

Conclusion

After reading my essay, you are convinced that Wales is a beautiful country with its own characteristics.

Wales is a picturesque country, most of the territory of which is occupied by mountains. The Welsh are a mysterious and contradictory people. They are sensitive to family values, love rugby and pay great attention to creativity. Progressing in many sectors of the economy, culture and science. It is a country with individual natural resources. Wales is trying to move forward in everything and is not inferior to many countries of Foreign Europe. And it is of great importance in the development of recreation and tourism.

Wales is a very promising small state.

List of literature

1. Lloyd J. Е. A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian Conquest, 3rd ed. -- V. 1--2. -- L. -- N. Y., 1939.

2. Williams D. A history of modern Wales. -- L., 1965.

3. A bibliography of the history of Wales, 2nd ed. -- L., 1962.

4. https://ru.wikipedia.org

5. https://xreferat.com/

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