"Twins in spite of themselves": Spanish and Ottoman empires’ issues of decline in XVIIIth century
Common and different in Spanish and Ottoman Empires during the crisis. Lack of industrialization, incorporation into World-Economy, lack of protectionism policy, ineffective fiscal system, devastating and lasting wars, rigid political and social units.
| Рубрика | История и исторические личности |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 09.03.2023 |
| Размер файла | 224,2 K |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
38. Roses, J.R., O'Rourke, K.H., Williamson, J.G. (2007). Globalization, Growth and Distribution in Spain 1500-1913. National bureau of economic research, working paper, No. 13055, 55 p. [In English].
39. Geng M. (1995). L'economie Ottomane et la guerre de XVIIIe siecle. Turcica, no. 27, pp. 177196. [In French].
40. Pamuk, §. (2001). The price revolution in the Ottoman Empire reconsidered. Int. J. Middle East Stud, no. 33, рр. 69-89. [In English].
41. Freitag, U. (Eds.). (2011). The city in the Ottoman empire : migration and the making of urban modernity. London: Routledge. [In English].
42. Geng, M. (1994). Ottoman industry in the Eighteenth century: general framework, characteristics and main trends. Manufacturing in Ottoman Empire and Turkey: 1500-1950. New York: State university of New York press, pp. 59-86. [In English].
43. Dogu, E., Rhodes, R.I. (1975). Western capitalism and the disintegration of the Ottoman empire. Economy and History, no. 18, pp. 41-60. [In English].
44. Reeves-Ellington B. (1999). Incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the Capitalist World-Economy, 1750-1839. Binghamton Journal of history. [Online]. Available from: https://www.binghamton.edu/history/docs/bing-journal-history-1999.pdf [In English].
45. Pamuk, §., Williamson, J. (2009). Ottoman De-Industrialization 1800-1913: Assessing the Shock, Its Impact and the Response. National bureau of economic research, working paper. [In English].
46. Zurcher E.J. (2017). Turkey: a modern history. New York: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd. [In English].
47. Yildirim, O. (2006). Ottoman Guilds (1600-1826): A Survey. The Return of the Guilds. Utrecht: Utrecht University, pp. 1-20. [In English].
48. Escosura de la, L.P. (1990). The loss of colonial empire and its economic impact on Spain. The economic effects of French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Leuven: Leuven University Press, pp. 79-85. [In English].
49. Grafe, R., Irigon, M.A. (2006). The Spanish Empire and Its Legacy: Fiscal Re-distribution and Political Conflict in Colonial and Post-Colonial Spanish America. London: London school of economics. [In English].
50. Adanir, F., Faroqhi, S. (Eds.) (2002). The Ottomans and the Balkans : a discussion of historiography. Leiden: Brill. [In English].
51. Birdal, M. (2010) The political economy of Ottoman public debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the Late Nineteenth Century. New York: I.B.Tauris Publishers. [In English].
52. Agoston, G, Masters B. (2009) The encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. [In English].
53. Grant, J. (1999), “Rethinking the Ottoman `Decline': Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries” Journal of World History, no. 10, pp. 179201. [In English].
54. Grant, J. (2002). “The Sword of the Sultan: Ottoman Arms Imports, 1854-1914”. The Journal of Military History, no. 66, pp. 9-36. [In English].
55. Gokakin, B.O. (2006). The Ottoman Empire and the European international society: a theoretical-historical analysis. PhD. Dissertation. Ankara: Bilkent university. [In English].
56. Pamuk, S. (2012). The Evolution Of Fiscal Institutions In The Ottoman Empire, 1500-1914. The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500-1914. New York: Cambridge university press, pp. 304-332. [In English].
57. Qamli, A. Y. (2021). “Was The Irrational Management System Why The Ottoman Did Not Adopt Capitalism?”. Pamukkale Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, Sayi 44, ss. 15-25. [In English].
58. Evrensel, A., Minx, T. (2017). An institutional approach to the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Cogent Economics & Finance, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, pp. 1-16. [In English].
59. Co§gel, M.M., Miceli, T.J., Rubin, J. (2012). The political economy of mass printing: Legitimacy and technological change in the Ottoman Empire. Journal of Comparative Economics, no. 40, pp. 357-371. [In English].
60. Sariyannis, M. (2016). Ottoman ideas of monarchy before the Tanzimat reforms: towards the conceptual history of Ottoman political notions. Turcica, no. 47, pp. 33-72. [In English].
61. Gomez-Diaz, D. (2007). Industrial revolution in Spain. Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700-1920. Westport: Greenwood Press, pp. 383-388. [In English].
62. Geng, M. (1994). Ottoman industry in the Eighteenth century: general framework, characteristics and main trends. Manufacturing in Ottoman Empire and Turkey: 1500-1950. New York: State university of New York press, pp. 59-86. [In English].
63. Fieldhouse, D.K. (1982). The Colonial Empires A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century. New York: Macmillan. [In English].
64. Wallerstein, I. (2011). The modern World-System: The second era of great expansion of the capitalist world-economy, I730s-1840s. Berkeley: University of California Press. [In English].
65. Dursun, S. (2007). Forest and the State: history of forestry and forest administration in the Ottoman Empire. Doctoral dissertation. Sabanci university. [In English].
66. Charotti, C.J., Palma, N., dos Santos, J. (2022). American Treasure and the Decline of Spain. Economics discussion series. Manchester. [In English].
67. Klein, J. (1920). The Mesta: A study in Spanish economic history 1273-1836. London: Oxford University Press. [In English].
68. Pamuk, S. (2012). The Evolution Of Fiscal Institutions In The Ottoman Empire, 1500-1914. The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500-1914. New York: Cambridge university press, pp. 304-332. [In English].
69. Casey, J. (1999). Early modern Spain: A social history. New York: Routledge. [In English].
spanish ottoman empire economy crisis
Appendix 1
“Too much related” - same problems same path and same results
|
Criteria |
Spanish Empire |
Ottoman Empire |
|
|
Lack of industrialization (production with high surplus value) |
1797 - 11,5 millions in mainland Spain, 13% working in industry/ secondary sector (1,5 million), first cottonspinning machine in Barcelona (1737), 1765 - “Jenny” machine firstly introduced, 1791 - water frame, 1803 - Crompton machine [61, p. 383-384]. |
Ottoman industrialization was no match in design and process with European one, it rather appeared as a complex pattern with rising and falling, export was not encouraged but rather cutralide by prohibition quotas, imp[ort on the other hand was fostered and facilitated [62, p. 59-60]. |
|
|
Hush and non- profitable incorporation of Ottoman and Spanish Empires into World- Economy |
Spanish protectionism policy interlinked with its foreign trade gave disastrous results combined with poor rate of manufacturing easily traced in examples of Latin America trade (where only Spanish ships and merchants could trade but within Latin America and ban for industry and intercontinental trade was ruined by debatable Bourbon reforms [63, p. 35]. |
Due to WSA research Ottomans were incorporated during 1750 to 1856, as Trade Treaty of 1838 and later 1844 marked the end of incorporation of ottoman economics into European trends (subjugated by primarily Great Britain and lesser by France) [64, p. 150-151, 68]. |
|
|
Destructive/ineffective protectionist policy |
“Let London manufacture those fine fabrics of hers to her heart's content; Holland her chambrays; Florence her cloth ... Milan her brocades, Italy and Flanders their linens ... so long as our capital can enjoy them; the only thing it proves is that all nations train journeymen for Madrid ... for all the world serves her and she serves nobody” Alfonso Nunez de Castro, written in 1675 and quoted in Vives gives a clear view of Spanish inadequacy in economic policy [66, p. 2]. Free tarde of grain (1765), abolition of internal custom duties, free-trade with American colonies, protection of manufactories, loosening property inheritance laws (1798) = resulting weakening the state without proper economic status |
Ottoman thought about protectionism never reached far than crucial issues (timber, wheat) and was based on intrinsic and rather delusional presumption: let foreign goods inside is better than making custom protections (thought to torn apart European production), which had been proven completely wrong and ruinous to ottoman manufacturing till 1844 [65, р. 82-84, 100]. Economically, the Ottoman Empire was a pre-capitalist state. The economic policies of the state, such as they were, were aimed at subsistence of the population, at provisioning the major population centers and at the collection of taxes in money and in kind. Not until the very end of the empire did the Ottoman government develop policies that could be described as mercantilist, actively protecting or stimulating certain sectors of the economy [46, p. 11] |
|
|
Ineffective fiscal system and policy |
Despite lots of economic reforms, reactions and radical changes, tax depression still depressed the Mesta and the problem of pastoral protectionism [67, p. 251], inability to transform short-term national debt into long- termed, burdening/levying commodities with different qualities and prospects of economic growth. |
Unable to check the growing power of the provincial notables, the Ottoman state was able to collect limited amounts of taxes during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Most of the tax revenues were retained by various intermediaries. As a result, state finances came under increasing pressure in the seventeenth century and again from the 1770s onwards, especially during periods of war [68]. Fiscally motivated debasements were used rather frequently during these periods. New instruments for public borrowing began to emerge during the eighteenth century in response to these fiscal pressures [56, p. 4-5] |
|
|
Devastating and lasting wars |
War of a Spanish succession (1701-1714) made the biggest contribution into Spanish poor demography despite its uncertainness , but till the end of 1787 historians has been given a number of 10 138 000 inhabitants of Spain itself according to the census [69, p. 21] |
The last victorious war for the Ottomans appeared in 1711, when they recaptured the city of Azov. From that moment, all subsequent wars (1736-39, 17661769, 1774-1783) led only to defeat, loss of territories and therefore economic losses. |
|
|
Rigid political and social units, which constrain strict political actions |
Lack of counterbalancing institutions, which leads to concentrating all political power in the hands of monarchs and their inner circle, low quality of bureaucrats and absence of clear state-oriented strategy. |
Appendix 2
From superpowers to dust (due to WSA route of Spanish and Ottoman Empires from Center to Periphery)
Размещено на Allbest.ru
...Подобные документы
The Spanish Empire as one of the largest empires in world history and the first of global extent. Seaborne trade. Broken Spain and England's relations. The main reasons of war. Some main facts about the Spanish Armada. The first colony of England.
творческая работа [8,9 M], добавлен 13.01.2016Description of the economic situation in the Qing empire. State control over the economy. Impact on its development Opium Wars. Thermos trade policy of the government. Causes and consequences of the economic crisis. Enforcement of a foreign sector.
курсовая работа [77,7 K], добавлен 27.11.2014Biography of spanish navigator of the Italian origin Christopher Kolumba. Search of sponsorship for the leadthrough of expedition to America. Acceding of trip of Kolumba to the Spanish crown. Opening of the American continent, creation of trade-routes.
презентация [1,4 M], добавлен 29.12.2014The world political and economic situation on the beginning of the twentieth century. The formation of the alliances between the European states as one of the most important causes of World War One. Nationalism and it's place in the world conflict.
статья [12,6 K], добавлен 13.03.2014Practical aspects of U.S. security policy from the point of view of their reflection in the "Grand strategy", as well as military-political and military-political doctrines. The hierarchy of strategic documents defining the policy of safety and defense.
статья [26,3 K], добавлен 19.09.2017Imperialism has helped countries to build better technology, increase trade, and has helped to build powerful militaries. During 19th century America played an important role in the development of military technologies. Militarism led to the World War I.
контрольная работа [20,2 K], добавлен 26.01.2012The American Wars is an extremely complex and controversial topic. The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard. America in Great War, Korean War and Vietnam War.
доклад [53,4 K], добавлен 11.09.2012Biographical information about the life of Soviet and Azerbaijani state, party and political figure Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev. Becoming a political career and work as Russian President Vladimir Putin. Angela Dorothea Merkel is a German politician.
реферат [24,6 K], добавлен 20.10.2014The Arab Spring - a wave of demonstrations and coups that began in the Arab world December, 2010. Revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen; civil wars in Libya and Syria; fall of the regime; mass protests in Algeria. The main slogan of the demonstrators.
презентация [3,0 M], добавлен 17.11.2014Features of the socio-political situation of the Kazakh people after the October Revolution of 1917. The creation of KazASSR in 1920, its internal structure of the state system, main stages of development and the economic and industrial achievements.
презентация [1,2 M], добавлен 01.03.2016An analysis of the prosperity of the British economy in the 10th century. Features of the ascent to the throne of King Knut. Prerequisites for the formation of Anglo-Viking aristocracy. Description of the history of the end of the Anglo-Saxon England.
реферат [20,5 K], добавлен 26.12.2010Kennedy is first president USA catholic, first president born in the XX century. The almost three-year presidency of Kennedy, interrupted by his enigmatic murder, is marked the Caribbean crisis; by serious steps on equalization black-skinned in rights.
доклад [5,7 K], добавлен 28.07.2012History is Philosophy teaching by examples. Renaissance, French Revolution and the First World War are important events in the development of the world history. French Revolution is freedom of speech. The First World War is show of the chemical weapons.
реферат [21,6 K], добавлен 14.12.2011What is capitalism, the main points of this system. A brief historical background to the emergence of capitalism. Types and models of the capitalism in the globalizing world. Basic information about globalization. Capitalism in the era of globalization.
реферат [20,3 K], добавлен 15.01.2011Trade and industry of the England in the 16th century. Houses, its construction. Food in England in the 16-th century. Clothes for rich and poor people. Education in the country. A petty school. Oxford and Cambridge universities. The age of the marriage.
презентация [992,5 K], добавлен 28.04.2015The period from 1799 to 1815 is often referred to as the "Napoleonic Wars". These years and the two following decades became one of the most difficult episodes of the British history. Great Britain after Waterloo. The Reform Bill. The Poor Law of 1834.
реферат [21,2 K], добавлен 23.10.2002European heritage and civil government and the foundation of colonial America. Revolution, confederation and the federal Constitution, The foundation of Hamilton’s vision on the treasury. Utility and the prime end of all law. Ancient and modern virtues.
книга [905,1 K], добавлен 26.06.2008Russia Empire in the XX century entered into a complex economic and political environment. Consequences of defeat of autocracy in war with Japan. Reasons of growing revolutionary motion in Grodno. Events of revolution of a 1905 year in Byelorussia.
реферат [9,4 K], добавлен 14.10.2009The most important centers of the Belarusian national revival. Development of public libraries in Byelorussia. Value Hlebtsevicha as a great researcher of library science, his contribution to development of network of free libraries in Byelorussia.
статья [8,2 K], добавлен 14.10.2009Bourgeoisie and proletariat as two massive flows in France, which prepare and made revolution. French Revolution as an impact on the appearing the entire political events in the European countries. Democratic actions in Switzerland after revolution.
доклад [10,7 K], добавлен 14.04.2010
