Matviy Stakhiv and the project of the English edition of ten-volume "History of Ukraine-rus" by Mikhail Hrushevsky (1973-1977)

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Matviy Stakhiv and the project of the English edition of ten-volume "History of Ukraine-rus" by Mikhail Hrushevsky (1973-1977)

Oleksandr Kozii

Oksana Horbachyk

PhD (History), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Departament of the World History and Special Historical Disciplines, Drohobych IvanFranko State Pedagogical University, 24 Ivan Franko Street, Drohobych, Ukraine

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to find out the role and participation of Matviy Stakhiv in the attempts to translate and publish in English ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" by M. Hrushevsky. The methodological basis of the research is based on implements that should ensure maximum objectivity and reliability of the obtained scientific results. There are three main groups of scientific knowledge methods: general, general and special, as well as scientific principles (historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness, continuity). The study is based on the chronological and problematic principle. Taking into account the subject of the study, thefollowing types ofcomparisons have been used: historical and typological - to analyze various processes with common features and characteristics, and historical genetic to illustrate historical facts in close connection with the historical situation in which they arose. The scientific novelty of the article is an attempt to comprehensively analyze the initiatives of individual representatives of scientific centers of the Ukrainian diaspora to bring to the world, in the language of international communication, ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" by M. Hrushevsky, which is a kind of "passport" of the Ukrainian people. For the first time, the role and active participation of M. Stakhiv in the attempt to acquaint wide scientific circles of the Englishspeaking world with this fundamental work on the history of Ukraine have been considered in detail. The Conclusions. The case of translation and publication of ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus ' of Hrushevsky" by the Section of History of Ukraine ShSS headed by M. Stakhiv took place at the appropriate level at the initial stage. Qualified translators, professors from American and Canadian universities, who worked with great enthusiasm, were involved in the work. Much effort and energy was given by M. Stakhiv, who at that time was of a respectable age - on November 30, 1975 he turned 80 years old. Owing to the Ukrainian diaspora, a significantfinancial base was raised for the publication of this fundamental work in English. The whole community, which sought to implement this idea, deeply believed that they were doing some important work to spread the Ukrainian historical science in the English-speaking world. However, at the final stage, the process of publishing the English-language edition of "History of Ukraine-Rus'" by M. Hrushevsky was stopped under the pressure of resistance from some figures of the Ukrainian diaspora for one reason or another.

Key words: M. Stakhiv, M. Hrushevsky, Scientific Shevchenko Society (ShSS), "History of Ukraine- Rus'", diaspora.

МАТВІЙ СТАХІВ І ПРОЄКТ АНГЛОМОВНОГО ВИДАННЯ ДЕСЯТИТОМНОЇ "ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ-РУСИ" МИХАЙЛА ГРУШЕВСЬКОГО (1973 - 1977)

Мета дослідження - полягає у тому, щоби з'ясувати роль та участь Матвія Стахіва у спробах перекладу і виданні англійською мовою десятитомної "Історії України-Руси" М. Грушевського. Методологічне підґрунтя роботи базується на інструментарії, який повинен забезпечити максимальну об'єктивність та достовірність одержаних наукових результатів. Застосовано три головні групи методів наукового пізнання: загальні, загальнонаукові та спеціальні, а також наукові принципи (історизму, об'єктивності, всебічності, наступності). Дослідження побудоване за хронологічно-проблемним принципом. Беручи до уваги предмет дослідження, використано такі види порівнянь: історико-типологічне - для аналізу різноманітних процесів зі спільними рисами й ознаками, та історико-генетичне, щоб показати історичні факти в тісному зв'язку з тією історичною ситуацією, у якій вони виникли. Наукова новизна статті полягає у спробі комплексного аналізу ініціатив окремих представників наукових осередків української діаспори донести до світової громадськості, мовою міжнародного спілкування, десятитомну "Історію України-Руси" М. Грушевського, яка є свого роду "паспортом" українського народу. Вперше детально розглянуто роль та активну участь М. Стахіва у намаганні ознайомити з цією фундаментальною працею з історії України широкі наукові кола англомовного світу. Висновки. Справа перекладу й видання десятитомної "Історії України-Руси Грушевського" Секцією Історії України НТШ на чолі з М. Стахівим на початковому етапі проходила на належному рівні. До роботи було залучено кваліфікованих перекладачів, професорів американських і канадських університетів, які працювали з великим ентузіазмом. Чимало зусиль та енергії цій справі віддавав М. Стахів, який на той час мав поважний вік - 30 листопада 1975р. йому виповнилось 80років. Також завдяки українській діаспорі було зібрано значну фінансову базу для видання цієї фундаментальної праці англійською мовою. Уся спільнота, яка прагнула втілити в життя цю ідею, глибоко вірила, що вони виконують частину важливої роботи для поширення української історичної науки в англомовному світі. Однак на завершальній стадії процес англомовного видання "Історії України-Руси" М. Грушевського під тиском спротиву з боку окремих діячів української діаспори з тих чи тих причин було припинено.

Ключові слова: М. Стахів, М. Грушевський, Наукове товариство імені Шевченка (НТШ), "Історія України-Руси", діаспора.

The Problem Statement. Under modem difficult socio-political conditions for Ukraine, the historical and scientific foundation that was laid by our great scholars and historians in the past centuries is important. Owing to M. Hrushevsky and his ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'", the Ukrainian people, during the hostile large-scale Russian invasion, can convey its historical identity to the world, to show their independent ethno and nation- genesis, their state-building achievements. Not in vain, in the last century, M. Stakhiv tried to acquaint the world community with a real history of Ukraine hoping to a get proper support from it. Therefore, we must continue to acquaint wide public circles with our history based on the fundamental work of M. Hrushevsky.

The Analysis of Recent Researches and Publications. M. Stakhiv's organizational activity is reflected in the memoirs of his students, comrades and members of public organizations in exile. Petro Stercho, a student of M. Stakhiv, in the work "On Publication of History of Ukraine-Rus' by M. Hrushevsky in English", highlighting the main reasons, which became an obstacle to the publication of the English-translated volumes of "History of Ukraine-Rus'", at the same time gave some respect to M. Stakhiv's activity in this matter (Stercho, 1984, p. 239). Ivan Kedryn wrote some memoirs about the role of M. Stakhiv in the creation of the Section of History of Ukraine and organization of work on the translation of M. Hrushevsky's work (Kedryn, 1976, p. 585).

L. Sakada, modern Ukrainian researcher, mentions about the unfulfilled idea of the English translation of "History of Ukraine-Rus'" in the mid-60's of the XXth century (Sakada, 1996, p. 40). The discussion that took place at that time among the Ukrainian scientific diaspora regarding the translation of M. Hrushevsky's work is covered in N. Marchenko's work "The Centennial Jubilee of Mykhailo Hrushevsky in the Pages of Diaspora Periodicals". The author noted that some Ukrainian scholars of that time shifted the discussion of this problem from the scientific to political level and emphasized the need for a new study of the history of Ukraine in English (Marchenko, 2013, p. 191).

The purpose of the research consists in finding out the role and participation of Matviy Stakhiv in the attempts to translate and publish in English ten-volume "History of Ukraine- Rus'" by M. Hrushevsky.

The Results of the Research. As a great follower of the historical scheme of Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Matviy Stakhiv worked with great enthusiasm during the last years of his life, within the Section of the History of Ukraine of the Shevchenko Scientific Society (ShSS), on the translation of the ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" in English (Nadtysianskyi, 1979). He carried out this work as the director of the Section and the chairman of the Commission of the English-language edition of ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" by M. Hrushevsky (Stercho, 1985, p. 893). ukrainian diaspora history

At the second General Meeting of the Section of History of Ukraine, which took place on June 29, 1974 in New York, Matviy Stakhiv was elected the director of the Section. Back in the spring of 1973, the Directorate of the Section approved a project for the immediate publication of the English translation of M. Hrushevsky's ten-volume History of Ukraine- Rus'. This publication was supported by the Presidium of the General Council of the ShSS and the ShSS Board in the United States of America (USA). A separate press release was issued on this occasion, and the plan was recommended for approval at the Scientific Congress dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the ShSS (NTSh v ZSA. Biuleten, 1977). In turn, the Jubilee Congress of the Century of ShSS adopted a resolution stating that the next and most important task of ShSS at that stage is to publish the English translation of the ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" by M. Hrushevsky. In the resolution there was also the request to the Ukrainian community for material and moral assistance in this important matter and there was some gratitude to the members of the ShSS for their active and selfless participation in this difficult work (Stercho, 1984, p. 239).

It should be noted that the idea of translating "History of Ukraine-Rus'" by M. Hrushevsky into English appeared among the Ukrainian diaspora at the beginning of the 60s of the XXth century. This idea encompassed initiative scholars, the Ukrainian citizens-patrons and various scientific institutions in the diaspora, including the Ukrainian Historical Society (UHS). However, at some point there were some difficulties, as some scholars, including Prof. Omelian Pritsak, expressed opinions against the publication of the English-language "History of Ukraine-Rus'", and tried to downplay the scientific significance of this fundamental work and argued about the alleged "obsolescence" of History. This was noted in O. Pritsak's article "In the Century of Birth of M. Hrushevsky", which led to the emergence of skeptics in English circles of the English-language project "History of Ukraine-Rus'" (Pritsak, 2007, p. 187). As for the UHS, at that time it lacked the necessary resources to start working on the publication (Vynar, 2002, p. 269). A similar opinion was held by Oleksandr Dombrovsky, the Ukrainian scholar, historian, member of the ShSS in exile, who noted that half a century passed since M. Hrushevsky wrote "History of Ukraine-Rus'", and during that time new archaeological discoveries were made, which brought a lot of new material. At the same time, he emphasized that many achievements were made in the field of auxiliary historical sciences, which clarified some issues of ancient history of Ukraine. In addition, O. Dombrovsky noted that the translation required large financial costs and the involvement of a significant number of highly qualified translators and historians (Dombrovskyi, 1968, pp. 139,141).

On July 17, 1974, the Second General Meeting of the Section of History of Ukraine at the ShSS decided to establish a Commission for the English-language edition of the ten- volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" by M. Hrushevsky. Prof., Dr. M. Stakhiv was elected a chairman of the commission, Secretary - Prof., Dr. Petro Stercho. The chairman of the ShSS in the USA Dr. Osyp Andrushkiv, Scientific Secretary of the ShSS in the USA Dr. Mykola Chyrovsky, Senator of the Canadian Parliament, Prof, of History at the University of Ottawa Pavlo Yuzyk, Prof., Dr. Lev Dobriansky, Prof. Dr. Meletius Voinar, Prof., Dr. Hryhor Luzhnytsky, Prof., Dr. Volodymyr Stoyko and Dr. Ivan Novosivsky were the members of the Commission (NTSh v ZSA. Biuleten, 1977, p. 70). The Commission, together with its head, argued that "History of Ukraine-Rus'" was a national scientific metric of the Ukrainian people, that is why, they considered it essential to publish this translation and spread it in the Englishspeaking world. According to them, the distribution of this publication will help to acquaint the English-speaking scholars, students and the general public with the objective history of Eastern Europe, and especially with the history of Ukraine (Visnyk sektsii, 1974, pp. 5-9).

For the organizational work of the Commission, the so-called "rulebook" or recommendations on the process of preparation for publication of the English translation of the work by M. Hrushevsky were elaborated (NTSh v ZSA. Biuleten, 1977, p. 65). According to the approved "rulebook", the Commission was given the appropriate tasks: to prepare for each volume supplements in the form of bibliography, including publications in Western European languages, of those scientific works that touched upon this volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'", which appeared after the last author's edition; to invite qualified English translators and draft project agreements with them and with the Directorate confirmation; to involve the relevant Sub-Commissions to consider the terminology in the translation and to supplement the mentioned above bibliography; to take measures to raise funds for the publication of this work (Visnyk sektsii, 1974, p. 5).

The English-language Edition Commission set up two subcommissions - Terminology, and Transliteration, Bibliography. The Terminology Subcommission was headed by Prof., Dr. Vasyl Lev, and it included Professors Yaroslav Rudnytsky, Hryhor Luzhnytsky, Natalia Pazuniak, Volodymyr Kysilevsky and Bohdan Romanchuk. The Transliteration and Bibliography Subcommission was headed by Dr. Vasyl Lutsiv, the members of the commission were: Archimandrite Atanas Velyky, Meletiy Voynar, Dr. Izydor Nahaevsky and Dr. Volodymyr Hutsul (NTSh v ZSA. Biuleten, 1977, pp. 65-66). The translators received recommendations from the Commission on a uniform translation of all volumes. According to the recommendations, the necessary transliteration of the Ukrainian names, geographical names and state institutions should be a prerequisite for translation. As for transliteration in English editions of ShSS, it should be printed in the English alphabet according to the Ukrainian phonetics. Requirements for transliteration were presented in Volume I of English history of Western Ukraine "Western Ukraine at the Turn of European History" by M. Stakhiv and in Volume I of the history of the UPR "Ukraine and the European Uprising in 1911 - 1919" by M. Stakhiv, M. Chyrovsky and P. Stercho (Stercho, 1984, p. 240).

It should be noted that M. Stakhiv, in order to devote himself entirely to this painstaking work, refused to be re-elected Chairman of the ShSS of America and the President in the General Council of the ShSS (Stercho, 1984, p. 239). He also had to face opposition by opponents of the idea of translating "History of Ukraine-Rus'" in the midst of preparatory work on the translation. In particular, an ordinary member of ShSS Bohdan Korchmaryk, who in October of 1974, in a letter to M. Stakhiv expressed the opinion that the translation of this work would not explain to the English-speaking readers the peculiarities of the Ukrainian- Russian relations. On the contrary, it will make it even more difficult for them to understand these processes. He also claimed that some facts of the historical past presented by M. Hrushevsky do not correspond to the objective historical truth. To such remarks the chairman of the Commission of the English-language edition, in the form peculiar to him, argued, that the unsurpassed value of M. Hrushevsky's work consists in the fact that it presents the development of the Ukrainian ethnogenesis and nation-genesis as an independent, original historical process. His next argument was that none of M. Hrushevsky's students developed or created a different scheme of the Ukrainian history, historical work, which would be equivalent to ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" (Stercho, 1984, p. 249).

The translation of "History of Ukraine-Rus'" started in December of 1974. Each volume of this English translation had to be carefully checked by specialists, in particular, the scientific secretary of the ShSS, the chairman of the Commission and a professional English expert. The correction had to be made twice by translators and also by other specialists. P. Yuzyk was invited to test English translation (NTSh v ZSA. Biuleten, 1977, p. 70). According to the resolution of the Commission, M. Stakhiv and M. Chyrovsky had to check the conformity of the translation with the original. P. Stercho had to check the volume translated by M. Chyrovsky (Visnyk sektsii, 1976, p. 13). The commission planned to complete the translation of the first four volumes of "History of Ukraine-Rus'" by the summer of 1976. In October of 1976, the first and third volumes were translated, and the second and fourth were at the final stages. Volume I was translated by M. Chyrovsky, and reviewed by M. Stakhiv and P. Stercho. Volume III third was translated by K. Andrusyshyn, and the reviewers were M. Stakhiv and M. Chyrovsky. Both volumes were edited by P. Yuzyk and prepared for publication. M. Voynar and Y. Lohush translated Volume II, and P. Stercho translated Volume IV (NTSh v ZSA. Biuleten, 1977, p. 71). Printing and publishing was to be carried out by a publishing house of one of Canadian state universities (Visnyk sektsii, 1976, p. 13). It should be noted that M. Stakhiv translated the scientific biography of Mykhailo Hrushevsky included into Volume I of this edition (NTSh v ZSA. Biuleten, 1977, p. 71).

Publishing this monumental history of Ukraine in English was a very valuable affair. Each volume averaged over 600 pages of print. Printing, paper and bookbinding became much more expensive at that time. Publication of maps and illustrations required additional costs. However, the Ukrainian national community was aware that under the conditions of the Soviet occupation of Ukraine and the enslavement of the Ukrainian science, and taking into consideration the growing number of anti-Ukrainian publications of this regime and supporters of its anti-Ukrainian historical doctrine in English-speaking countries, this edition of comprehensive Ukrainian history in English was extremely necessary. Therefore, the Hrushevsky History Publishing Foundation, headed by the ShSS Board in the United States, received significant donations from patrons of the Ukrainian independent historical science (Visnyk sektsii, 1976, pp. 13-14).

A lot of financial effort was made by the chairman of the Commission of the English- language Publication M. Stakhiv. As a member of the Board, or its chairman, he was quite active in strengthening the financial base of the American ShSS. He raised significant funds for his research, which was done by persuading many conscious citizens in the United States and Canada to make monetary contributions to the needs of the American ShSS (Chyrovskyi, 1975).

According to the resolution of the General Meeting, the Directorate of the History Section of Ukraine was directly involved in collecting financial donations for the English- language edition of M. Hrushevsky's work. In particular, M. Stakhiv organized donations to the Hrushevsky Fund of more than 36 thousand US dollars; Prof. Dr. M. Chyrovsky - 7 thousand dollars; Prof. Dr. P. Stercho - 1 thousand dollars and totally for the English edition of Hrushevsky members of the Directorate raised more than 44 thousand dollars. In addition, owing to Matthew Stakhiv, there was received a huge gift for the English-language edition of the history of Ukraine from the entrepreneur and emigrant Dorota Kulchytska in the amount of 92 thousand dollars (NTSh v ZSA. Biuleten, 1977, p. 68).

Recalling D. Kulchytska, M. Stakhiv noted that: "Already during the first conversation, she became interested in the question of how the ShSS works to spread the truth about Ukraine. I emphasized that SShS, as the Ukrainian scientific and academic institution independent of other people's factors, can develop only when it has the financial support of its Ukrainian community. She listened to me carefully, and said briefly: "I will probably not forget about ShSS!" Mrs. Dorota Kulchytska really kept her word. Thus, for ShSS there were collected 90 800.00 dollars on four books before she joined the majority!" (Stakhiv, 1985, p. 979).

It is also worth noting the contribution of the former Lviv cooperator and emigrant Ivan Romaniuk in the total amount of 20 thousand dollars, which was received for ShSS owing to the efforts of M. Stakhiv (Visnyk sektsii, 1974, p. 2). At one time, I. Romaniuk bequeathed all his savings to the New York ShSS, where he established his own publishing fund. There is preserved his correspondence with the then president of ShSS, M. Stakhiv, from which we learn that he financially contributed to the translation into English and the publication of ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" in order to draw attention of the world community to the fact of the Soviet enslavement of Ukraine (Romaniuk, 2013). In particular, in a letter to M. Stakhiv in July of 1970, I. Romaniuk reported that his life was insured by the German company and, if it pays the appropriate money for the property left by him in Lviv, the money will be given to the needs of the ShSS (Romaniuk, 2013).

M. Stakhiv's wife Franka and their son joined the fundraising work for the English- language edition of M. Hrushevsky's work (Stercho, 1985, p. 893). In September of 1976, in the Section of Bulletin of the History of Ukraine there was published a list of names of patrons who donated various sums of money to M. Hrushevsky's "History of Ukraine-Rus'", including the name of M. Stakhiv's son Yaroslav (Visnyk sektsii, 1976, p. 13).

The English-language Commission sought to inform all Ukrainians about the translation and publication of "History of Ukraine-Rus'", that is why, "Voice of America" official federal news agency broadcast a separate audio recording of the publication to Ukraine. And on the morning of December 2, 1974, the then editor Victor Kuliy, for five minutes in detail, informed the Ukrainian listeners of the "Voice of America" about the plan of translation and publication of the work of M. Hrushevsky, emphasizing that this publication is a very important event in the history of the Ukrainian independent science (Visnyk sektsii, 1974, p. 10).

Soon, the members of the English-language Commission finally translated the first, second, third and fourth volumes of "History of Ukraine-Rus'". On November 5, 1977, at the last full meeting of the Commission, at the SShS in New York, it was agreed to sign an agreement with the University of Ottawa Publishing House and to publish the first four volumes. Even cover design options were considered, the cost of each volume and it was proposed to accept orders for all four printed volumes (Stercho, 1984, p. 246).

Unfortunately, the situation with the translation and publication of "History of Ukraine- Rus'" changed dramatically after the election of Yaroslav Padokh as the head of the SShS in America. The SShS did not sign an agreement with the University of Ottawa Publishing House, which had previously agreed to publish "History of Ukraine-Rus'" on the recommendation of Senator P. Yuzyk. Petro Stercho mentions some opponents who could have influenced the failure of this publishing project (Stercho, 1984, p. 245). Also, there is an assumption that O. Pritsak convinced the then head of SShS Ya. Padokh of the inexpediency of the English translation of "History of Ukraine-Rus'" (Vynar, 2002, p. 269).

Thus, we can conclude that the translation and publication of ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus' of Hrushevsky" by the Section of History of Ukraine ShSS headed by M. Stakhiv at the initial stage was at a proper level. Qualified translators, professors from American and Canadian universities, who worked with great enthusiasm, and were involved in the work. Much effort and energy was given to this cause by M. Stakhiv, who at that time was of a respectable age - on November 30, 1975 he turned 80 years old. Also, owing to the Ukrainian diaspora, a significant financial base was raised for the publication of this fundamental work in English. The whole community, which sought to implement this idea, deeply believed that they would do some of the important work to spread the Ukrainian historical science in the English-speaking world. However, at the final stage, the process of publishing the English-language edition of "History of Ukraine-Rus'" of M. Hrushevsky was stopped under the pressure of resistance from some figures of the Ukrainian diaspora for one reason or another.

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