Development of informal Ukrainian public medical education in Galicia (late XIX - 30s of the XX century)

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Development of informal Ukrainian public medical education in Galicia (late XIX - 30s of the XX century)

V. Bilavych, H.V. Bilavych, B.P. Savchuk, H.I. Klishch

¹Warsaw Medical University,Warsaw, Poland

²Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University

3І. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University

Abstract

The experience of Ukrainian medical, cultural-educational, children's-youth, charitable, religious, and other public organizations of Galicia in the late XIX - 30s of the XX century, which created effective forms, means of mass medical education and informal public medical education, is analyzed. The activities of the Ukrainian Medical Society, the Ukrainian Hygienic Society, and the “Medical Community” are highlighted. The main forms and means of informal public medical education are characterized. The role of Ukrainian students, teachers, priests, farmers, and women in this process is shown.

Key words: Medical Community Society; students; informal medical education; medical enlightenment; courses; Ukrainian public associations.

Анотація

І.В. Білавич¹, Г.В. Білавич², Б.П. Савчук², Г.І. Кліщ³

1Варшавський медичний університет

²Прикарпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника

³Тернопільський національний медичний університет імені І. Я. Горбачевського МОЗ України

РОЗВИТОК НЕФОРМАЛЬНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ СУСПІЛЬНОЇ МЕДИЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ В ГАЛИЧИНІ (КІНЕЦЬ ХІХ - 30-ТІ РР. ХХ СТ.)

Проаналізовано досвід діяльності українських медичних, культурно-освітніх, дитячо-юнацьких, благодійницьких, релігійних, інших громадських організацій Галичини наприкінці ХІХ - 30-х рр. ХХ ст., які створили ефективні форми, засоби масового медичного просвітництва й неформальної суспільної медичної освіти. Виокремлено діяльність у цьому напрямі Українського лікарського товариства, Українського гігієнічного товариства, «Медичної громади». Схарактеризовано основні форми та засоби неформальної суспільної медичної освіти. Показано роль українського студентства, учителів, священиків, сільських господарів у цьому процесі.

Ключові слова: товариство «Медична громада»; студенти; неформальна медична освіта; медичне просвітництво; курси; українські громадські товариства.

Introduction

ukrainian medical organization galicia

One of the most interesting and not yet fully studied pages of the history of medical education in the late XIX - 30's of the XX century is the development of public medical education, the participation of students, public figures, educators, farmers, clergy in the public medical movement, the so-called informal education. Under modern conditions, there is relevant historical experience of Ukrainian medical, cultural, educational, children's and youth, charitable and other public organizations of Galicia in the late XIX - 30's of the XX century, which created effective forms, means of mass medical education and mobilized the national potential of Ukrainians to solve vital tasks related to its health.

It was Ukrainian public institutions that most actively contributed to the development of Ukrainian medical education, the largest representative of which was the medical faculty established at the Ukrainian Secret University in Lviv (USU). However, this system was organically complemented by informal medical education, which was received not only by medical students outside the educational institutions (Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv and USU), but also by young female activists, seminaries students, housewives, teachers, priests, nuns of Order of the Sisters of Mary and Order of the Basilian Sisters and others who joined the medical community volunteer movement.

Formation of the medical education system in the western Ukrainian lands was studied by L. Klos [6]. Basic tendencies and specific characteristics of the development of multilevel medical education in the Western Ukrainian regions in the second part of the XVIII- the 30th of the XX century are analysed in the work. Analysis of sense of education in educational institutions of professional training of middlelevel physicians (surgeons, midwives, nurses, medical assistants) and doctors takes a central place in the research. Considerable attention is paid to learning of pedagogical experience of the Ukrainian Secret University and educational work of professional associations of Ukrainian doctors in the making of alternative educational institutions and forms of medical education [6, p. 21-22]. However, the researcher did not study in depth the issues related to the development of Ukrainian informal public medical education.

Despite the fact that scientists (J. Hanitkevych, A. Lupienko, V. Trach and other authors) are actively studying the activities of Ukrainian medical societies in Galicia and some personalities representing the medical movement in the late XIX - the 30s of the XX century, the scientific problem raised in the title of the article has not been deeply studied.

The aim is to analyze the development of Ukrainian informal public medical education in Galicia in the late

XVIII - the 30s of the XX century.

The study uses a number of scientific methods: chronological, historical, specific search, content analysis - provide selection, analysis of the source base, allow to identify general trends, directions of development, achievements of Ukrainian informal public medical education in Galicia in the late XIX - 30s of the XX century; extrapolation and actualization - focus on creative thinking, adaptation and use of this historical experience under the current conditions.

Theoretical framework. In Galicia, which was a part of Austria-Hungary, at the end of the XIX century a system of massive public medical education was formed, covering all areas of public medical care [10, p. 14].

In the fairway of the Ukrainian public medical movement there were professional societies - Ukrainian Medical Society (UMS), Ukrainian Hygienic Society (UHS), Medical Community, People's Hospital, as well as a number of public societies - anti-alcohol and antinicotine society “Vidrodzhennia”, “Soiuz ukrainok”, “Silskyi hospodar”, “Prosvita”, Ukrainian Pedagogical Society “Ridna Shkola” and other institutions engaged in medical education, in particular, created courses and organized other forms of informal public medical education. Youth and children's organizations - “Plast”, “Sokil”, “Sich”, “Luh”, the Ukrainian Sports Union, etc., joined the public “hygienic”, “anti-alco- hol”, “physical” education movement. Physical and spiritual recovery was facilitated by the work in the field of medical care of such societies as the Catholic Action of Ukrainian Youth (CAUY), “Orly”, Marian wives, the Ukrainian Society for Child Protection and Youth Care (USCPYC), the Society of Vacation Homes (SVH), “Ukrainian Burial”, etc.

The Ukrainian public medical movement has positioned itself as a component of the international medical community. Ukrainian medical science was put at the service of “public medical care”, Ukrainian scientists, in addition to serious developments in various fields of medicine, responded to the challenges facing society: the spread of infections, tuberculosis, disease prevention, combating prejudice and the spread of folk medicine knowledge, etc.

In the bosom of the Ukrainian public medical movement a new social stratum of Galician society emerged - “public doctors”. We qualify it as a phenomenon of social life of Ukrainians in Galicia: “public doctors” have become an important factor in the development of public medical care. This category of physicians was supplemented by medical students. At the same time, it is not only a product of the Ukrainian public movement, but also an interesting pedagogical phenomenon (while still students of Lviv University or USU, uniting in the Medical Community, young people became active participants in public education, arranging traveling summer schools for peasants). Working in the People's Hospital as volunteers, they acquired professional skills.

Another factor of informal medical education for Galicians was professional medical journals. For example, in 1898 Ye. Ozarkevych began to publish “Medical Collection” - a voluminous scientific research (the issue was 90- 100 pages and consisted of three sections: original scientific articles, statistical committee reports and terminology). The “Medical Collection” played an important role in disseminating knowledge among Ukrainians in Galicia, became a kind of medical encyclopedia for the population of the region (for example, Ye. Ozarkevych published about 100 works on various topics) [1, 7].

In 1912, the first popular science medical journal in Ukrainian language began to be published in Lviv - “Zdorovlie” - a body of the UMS (editor of the monthly - Ye. Ozarkevych, administrator of the journal - D. Berezhnytskyi), which became an important form and means of medical education. I. Horbachevskyi,

S. Drymalyk, S. Vitoshynskyi, P. Turyanskyi, P. Franko and others were published here. The journal contained materials of scientific and methodological and practical significance; published news on world medicine, interesting facts and events from the life of medical organizations of different countries, raised issues of health and morbidity of different peoples, development of medicine, disease prevention, control of epidemics, improvement of sanitary and epidemiological condition, etc. In its columns, Ukrainian scientists and doctors published articles on health care, promoted a healthy lifestyle, anti-alcohol control, and raised the issue of studying hygiene as a subject in schools, and so on. The editor Ye. Ozarkevych presented articles on general, social, school hygiene, occupational hygiene, food hygiene, homeopathy, etc., published fragments of the Latin-German-Ukrainian dictionary. The magazine became popular among the population, had more than 400 subscribers in Lviv and Galicia. Its publication was interrupted by the First World War [4]. Thus, the journal “Zdorovlie” became the first medical periodical Ukrainian-language scientific publication.

The same means of informal education was the magazine “Vidrodzhennia”, whose editor-in-chief was Sofia Parfanovych - a doctor, teacher, writer, public activist, organizer of the anti-alcohol society “Vidrodzhennia”, and an active member of the “Prosvita” society, UPT “Ridna Shkola”, “Silskyi hospodar”. Her dozens of articles published in almost all Ukrainian magazines at the time, as well as works “Man and Woman” (19301935); “Vegetables, spring and soft drinks” (1932); voluminous 572-page edition of “Women's Hygiene” (1939), etc became a kind of manuals on hygiene education, healthy eating, sex education, etc. [2-4].

Of particular note is the experience of the Medical Community (1910-1944), whose members worked selflessly and charitably in the field of public health, conducted active anti-alcohol and anti-nicotine activities, and promoted the basics of hygienic knowledge among the rural population, worked for free in the “People's Hospital”, which provided medical services to low-income Ukrainians, etc. Students, together with doctors belonging to the UHS, organized “anti-tuberculosis” and sanitation courses, “ambulance” courses, created a kind of educational centers for adults, so-called adult universities, summer traveling schools, as many of those participants who attended such lecture halls, which soon became public sanitary and hygienic educators, gave lectures in their villages [1].

A number of scientific student societies worked in this field: “Akademichnyi kruzhok”, “Druzhnii lykhvr” of Lviv University, “Osnova” of Lviv Polytechnic, “Torhivelnyk”, Society of Book Adherents, Society of Education Adherents, Society of Scientific Lectures named after Petro Mohyla in Lviv, “Vatra” and others.

The Medical Community Society, which was usually attended by Ukrainian students studying at the USU Medical Faculty, has become a forge of training specialists to work in the field of public medical care for Ukrainians.

For example, in 1912 the “Medical Community” organized “Samaritan courses” on their own, which were widespread in Europe; medical students “gave a series of lectures on first aid”, paying special attention to medical care for the wounded; in addition to theoretical information, organized practical exercises: formed practical skills in students to apply bandages, artificial respiration, etc. These courses lasted several weeks, had a large number of participants (about 80, mostly women), were popular and recognized by the public [1, p. 63].

The following phenomenon testifies to how deeply Ukrainian students understood the importance of medical education among Ukrainians, as well as the importance of raising their own professional level: for self-improvement, self-development, improvement of professional skills and so on within the “Medical Community” practiced “pre-rigorosal courses” in chemistry, anatomy, they taught undergraduate students and thus prepared young colleagues for rigoros (basic exams in high school and to achieve a scientific degree (doctorate). - Authors) [2].

During 1927-1928, 40 popular lectures on “antituberculosis content” were organized by the cultural and educational commission. At the same time, 15 abstracts were prepared for publication. During 1928-1929, “medical students Mihotskyi, Kozhynskyi, Klyufas, Voronka read 120 essays on medical topics” [5].

Since the mid-1920s, the Medical Community has been systematically providing medical education to the adult population of the region [1, p. 70].

Not only doctors but also teachers, clergy, public figures, and “progressive peasants” joined this movement. Here are some examples: teacher D. Batyuk mastered medicine on his own, bought the necessary professional literature, subscribed to medical journals, bought a microscope, studied folk medicine, so he was keen on herbs, all this - to provide medical advice to farmers in the area of veterinary medicine [2-4]; teacher and writer, public figure, activist of the Union of Ukrainian Women O. Duchyminska often provided medical services to peasants and their children, was on duty at night with the sick, this is how she understood her responsibilities [3]; educators (I. Blazhkevych, O. Horytsvit, etc.) directed their work in the field of public medical care and explanatory-consultative activities, the purpose of which was to combat superstitions, divination, belief in “dream books”, omens, fortune tellers, etc. [7, 10]. Agronomist M. Dyachenko, an active member of the “Silskyi hospodar” from Bodnariv, near Kalush, provided first aid to local peasants, built a good medical library, knew pharmacology and made various drops and ointments [2, 3]. A priest from the Komarnyky village of Turka district Vasyl-Salamon Shchasnyi created a pharmacy at his own expense, where locals could buy homeopathic medicines for a small fee. He has been involved in this business for over 30 years. The daughter of the priest Z. Shukhevych, O. Shukhevych from the village of Tyshkivtsi, Horodenka district, set up a small hospital at home, where she provided free assistance to local residents. Similar medical activities were carried out by the family of the priest I. Onutskyi from the village of Pidverbtsi, Tlumach district (then Tovmatskyi district. - authors) [2, 3]. This indicates the spread of medical knowledge among the population of the region.

The special attention should be paid to the six- month courses of public hygienists. We qualify them as an important form of non-governmental women's education, which was designed to train junior staff, including assistant doctors in anti-tuberculosis counseling of the UHS, which will be discussed below. The magazine “UkrainianYouth” actively promoted this specialty [8, 9].

The training of public hygienists consisted of a theoretical component (study of anatomy, human physiology, general pathology, acteriology, basics of antiseptics and disinfection, biochemistry, endocrinology, genetics, infectious diseases, basics of hygiene, maternity and childhood care, patient care, emergency aid) and practical component, which provided practical training in a hospital (“Narodna Lichnytsia”, then Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi Hospital “Narodna Lichnytsia”), where highly qualified doctors passed the experience to young medical staff - mostly high school students or graduates of gymnasiums and public schools, nuns, girls and young women. After successfully passing the final exam, the cadets received certificates of public hygienists and could begin their professional activities as nurses in hospitals and clinics. By 1939, there were two courses conducted, which were completed by about 100 participants [10].

These women and girls were actively involved in social work, became public advocates of health, effectively helped in the field of healthcare of Ukrainians: visited sick people at home, counseled the population, gave various professional advice to those in need of medical care, distributed free medicine, discovered new patients or suspects of tuberculosis, carried out explanatory work with them, referred to a doctor or X-ray examination, etc. [7, р. 212].

Conclusions and Prospects for Research

The driving force of Ukrainian medical movement during the studied period were medical and public figures, educators, students, conscious peasantry, activists of the women's movement, united in the Ukrainian Hygienic Society, People's Hospital, Ukrainian Medical Society, Medical Community and other institutions. They focused their efforts on the fight against infectious diseases and their prevention; development of consulting activities; hygienic education and enlightenment of Ukrainians; medical care of women with children, etc. At the end of the XIX - the 30s of the XX century in Galicia, Ukrainian doctors, scientists, students, public educators, clergy, farmers, women, and teachers became devotees of social work in the field of informal public medical education of the local population. They proposed effective forms and methods of medical education, which are also relevant today.

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