The Irish question on the eve and during the English Revolution

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РФ

ПЕНЗЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ИМ. В. Г. БЕЛИНСКОГО

Историко-филологический факультет

Кафедра «Перевод и переводоведение»

Курсовая работа по дисциплине:

«История и культура стран изучаемого языка»

на тему: «The Irish question on the eve and during the English Revolution»

Выполнил: Гришанова М.В.

Группа: 20ИЛ2

Руководитель:

Асс. Савостьянов В.О.

Пенза - 2021



Introduction

The relevance of the work is due to the fact that it was the English Revolution that served as the impetus for the birth of a new social order. The revolution contributed to the establishment of bourgeois orders. The principles of the English Revolution expressed both the needs of England and the needs of Europe at that time, it was the first bourgeois revolution of pan-European significance.

In the 30s of the XVII century, the seizure of the lands of the Irish clans and their brutal oppression in national, political and religious terms began. It was the time of the viceroyalty of Earl Thomas Wentworth Strafford. Upon assuming office, he began to implement his rigid political system. The events of 1640-1641 that took place in England provoked the Irish to draw the right conclusions, and they organized a confederation of clan nobility and Catholic clergy. In this way, they sought to expel the foreigners and achieve the independence of Ireland as a separate country.

The victory of the English Revolution greatly influenced the socio-economic development of the country. "The victory of the bourgeoisie then meant the victory of the new social order, the victory of bourgeois property over feudal, nation over provincialism, competition over the guild system, division of property over the entail, the domination of the owner of the land over the subordination of the owner to the land, enlightenment over superstition, family over the family name, industry over heroic laziness, bourgeois law over medieval privileges" [1].

Historians E.A. Kosminsky and Ya.A. Levitsky in their work "The English Revolution of the XVII century" called it a bourgeois revolution on a European scale.

The object of research in the course work is "the Irish question".

The subject of the study is the emergence and main stages of the development of the "Irish question" on the eve and during the English Revolution.

The purpose of the course work is to reveal the features and prerequisites that influence the emergence of the "Irish question", and its further influence on the development of the revolutionary movements of the English Revolution.

Tasks:

- to find out the reasons for the beginning of the English Revolution;

- to characterize the activities of the Long Parliament;

- to consider the political situation after the formation of the Confederation;

- analyze the internal war;

- to assess the royalist forces of Ireland;

- to consider the process of the conquest of Ireland by Cromwell;

- analyze the consequences of the new dispensation of Ireland.

Methods: descriptive-analytical method with its components: generalization and interpretation, method of contextual analysis.

The practical significance of this topic is because the period of the XVII century is a turning point for England, Ireland and Europe at all, it predetermined the course of further history. The main reason for the political struggle at that time was the socio-economic changes that caused ideological differences.



1. The "Irish question" on the eve of the English Revolution

1.1 The brewing and beginning of the Irish Rebellion

The prerequisites for the Irish uprising were the events contributing to the accomplishment of the English bourgeois Revolution of 1640. Then, the bourgeoisie, in alliance with the new nobility, opposed absolutism, the nobility and the ruling Anglican Church. At that time, the Long Parliament, convened by Charles I from 1640 to 1660, was at the head.

The Royal colony of Ireland became the main reserve of Charles's monarchy in its struggle against the revolution that had begun. The leaders of the Long Parliament considered the royal army in Ireland, created by Strafford in 1640, to be very dangerous. The parliamentary opposition achieved the execution on May 12, 1641. Strafford, accusing him of treason for the introduction of a "tyrannical regime" in Ireland and of plans to spread this regime. In 1641, the opposition achieved the dissolution of the Army of Ireland, thus defeating absolutism.

In the spring of 1641, the House of Commons of the Irish Parliament adopted a Declaration of Law, which stated: "His Majesty's subjects in the Kingdom of Ireland are a free people, and they should be governed only according to the common law of England and the statutes drawn up and adopted by parliament in the Kingdom of Ireland, as well as according to the customs existing in this kingdom." [3].

After the Chambers of the Irish Parliament adopted the Declaration, the Irish Parliament would be proclaimed the bearer of the supreme power of the court in Ireland. This alerted the Long Parliament, because in addition a standing committee was created to manage all public affairs in Ireland. The Long Parliament perceived such initiative as a threat to his rights and power. As a result, the Long Parliament stopped the promised distribution of "favors" to Ireland.

This state of affairs provoked aggression from the nobility of the Irish province of Ulster. Therefore, they matured a secret conspiracy to raise an armed struggle for the seized lands, as well as in defense of Catholicism. The main conspirators were representatives of the Irish family of the Ulster Sept. A plan was developed for armed action and the seizure of fortresses, a stock of weapons was made, and an attempt was made to find support from the nobility of other provinces, connections were established with the Irish emigration, and, in addition, with the pope and Cardinal Richelieu, who promised help with weapons and money.

The leaders of the Long Parliament did not contribute to the resolution of conflicts in the Kingdom of Ireland. The parliamentary opposition in London also did not deal with the issue of the national liberation of Ireland from English domination.

In the conflict between the crown and the bourgeois-noble opposition of parliament, King Charles began to flirt with the Anglo-Irish majority of the Irish parliament and with conspirators from the clan nobility in Ulster. In the spring of 1641, he sent a reply to the Irish Parliament, in which he informed him of his agreement to satisfy a number of demands regarding the hardships and arbitrariness of officials and to grant the "favors" promised in 1628. The King's confidants met with the conspirators in Ulster and were informed about the preparations for the uprising. Charles and his supporters in London believed that a local rebellion in Ireland would not only restrain the activity of the parliamentary opposition in England, but would also force the Long Parliament to send a special army to suppress it, led by Charles himself, that, having finished with the Irish rebels, he would return with this army to England and, having subdued the opposition, would end the revolution that had begun forever. This was the essence of the Royalists' "Irish plan" in London. [2]

At that time, the government of Dublin was headed by two supreme judges of the king - William Parsons and John Borlase, they became rich under James on the expropriation of Irish lands. Charles's promise of "mercy" to the Irish parliament greatly shocked them and those who stood behind them - English officials, adventurers, who saw this as a serious concession of the king to the Irish and Anglo-Irish and curtailed the large-scale expropriation of land.

Parsons and Borlase considered all this and hastened to provoke armed Irish demonstrations in order to disrupt the "mercy" of the king, cause oppression, seizure of new lands, colonization.

After receiving the information, no action was taken to prevent an armed demonstration in Ireland.

In addition, provocative rumors began to spread from Dublin about an allegedly impending attack by the Scottish army aimed at the complete destruction of Catholicism in Ireland. All this hastened the appearance of the conspirators in Ulster.

Thus, all the prerequisites were created for the beginning of the Irish revolt.

1.2 The Long Parliament and the Irish Rebellion

The armed battle began in October 1641, and within a few days, the rebels captured the main strategic sites and castles of Ulster, destroying most of the property of the English colonists. They explained their actions by the fact that the English parliament has already taken several measures against English and Scottish Catholics, threatening to send a Scottish army "with a sword and a Bible in their hands" against the Irish, adding that "as a rule, everyone who has property in Ireland is not sure of their safety." [5]

The rebel leaders elected Felim O'Neill, who soon led the assault on the city of Drogheda, commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

However, the capture of Dublin Castle with its military arsenal failed, as the plot of the conspirators came to the attention of the British authorities. The Irish did not start a local uprising until Ulster. The leaders of the uprising did not receive the support of sluggish landowners; strong ties with the Irish and Anglo-Irish were not established. The struggle came to the fore with the defense of Catholicism in Ireland as the main national task of the battle. There were other demands: religious tolerance, the return of confiscated lands, the elimination of the arbitrariness of British officials and lawyers, loyalty to the King of England and the protection of his power from the invasion of the long parliament.

Armed struggle received widespread support from Irish peasants in other provinces. People who started by force, spontaneously seized their lands, expelled British colonists and other Protestants from their estates, destroyed their homes, property and livestock, and sometimes physically strangled them. All these were simply the actions of oppressed people who took up arms to liberate their country from the oppression of enslaved Britons. A broad movement to protect Irish lands from seizure and English colonization turned the Ulster Rebellion into an "uprising" that swept the whole country and lasted for several years.

In declaration at the beginning of this uprising, the parliament called on all Protestants to unite to protect themselves from the general «slaughter». Parliament announced the recruitment of 8 thousand armies to be sent to Ireland to suppress the "uprising", promising anyone who helps defeat the rebels with their own forces as a reward for "the country in Ireland on merit».

In February 1642, both houses of the Long Parliament passed the Lend-Lease Act "for the rapid and successful creation of the Kingdom of Ireland." The loan was approved: 1,360 applications were signed during 1642. Most of the subscribers were Londoners, including Oliver Cromwell, the future director of the Independents, who donated 600 ft.

Thus, long before the suppression of the Irish rebellion, the London Parliament announced that it would seize the lands of the Irish rebels for distribution to future subscribers of the Irish loan in England.

A large-scale anti-Irish propaganda was launched in England. Petitions began to appear in parliament demanding to save English Irish Protestants from the "massacre" by Catholics. bourgeois religious revolution parliament

"The riots now," the supreme judges reported to London at the end of November, "have generally increased to such an extent that in many places, even near Dublin, four miles away, not only obvious rebels from the native Irish, but men, women and children from local residents attack their English neighbors and take everything they have..." [4]

The English colonialists and the Anglo-Irish aristocrats called these demonstrations a "general massacre". Engels points out the provocative nature of such an accusation: "But there was no massacre. All sources of that time ascribe to the Irish only the intention to arrange a general massacre, and even the two chief justices, Protestants (proclamation of February 8, 1642), declared that "the main part of their conspiracy and, among other things, the general massacre, failed." [6]

The peasants' actions against the British colonialists were numerous. This frightened the Irish nobility, who saw it as a serious threat to their wealth and position. Therefore, the leaders of the rebellion in Ulster began to look more aggressively for allies among the Anglo-Irish nobility. Expressing the position of the Anglo-Irish majority, the Irish Parliament in its declaration condemned the armed action of the Ulster rebels and expressed loyalty to Charles. I asked him to give the lords and communities of the Dublin parliament the opportunity to liquidate the uprising on their own, "without the help of people from England." [7]

"The government was actually driving the English of Pal and the Anglo-Irish lords of Manster into the rebel army in order to get a reason for new confiscations" - this is how Engels assesses these actions. [8]

As a result, on January 1, 1642, Charles declared the rebellious Irish rebels and offered them to surrender their weapons, and then agreed to an act of parliament on the Irish loan and confiscation of the lands of the rebels.

1.3 The political situation after the formation of the Confederation

By the summer of 1642, most of Ulster, Leinster, Connaught and Munster were in revolt.

The rebels faced the task of creating an independent state. This became necessary due to the failure of Charles's "Irish plan" and the outbreak of the English Civil War in August 1642. The creation of the state was also supported by the Catholic clergy, who hoped to regain all church lands and income. The prelates supported the project of uniting all the rebellious territories into a confederation. Ambassadors were sent to the German Emperor, the Pope and the French king with a request for help to Irish Catholics. [9]

The representatives of the counties and cities subject to the rebels gathered at the General Assembly formed an independent state from these territories and established the basic principles of its structure and activities. It was called the Irish Confederation of Catholics. The functions of the Government were assigned to the Supreme Council, which consisted of 24 members. Lord Maungarret was elected President of the State. The capital of the Confederation was the city of Kilkenny. The territory of the Confederation was traditionally divided into four provinces. Discrimination against Catholics was abolished, the church received a privileged position, regaining the lands and property belonging to the Protestant church.

The formation of an independent state was an important event in the national liberation struggle of Ireland. However, the Irish and Anglo-Irish feudal lords did not create this state at all to support the people's liberation war. Their goal was to share the domination of Ireland with the English monarchy, to achieve a number of benefits for themselves and to ensure the security of their possessions from expropriation by English adventurers.



2. The "Irish Question" during the English Revolution

2.1 Aggravation of internal struggle

In the spring of 1643, the Dublin authorities had to report to London "the administration and the army are in a terrible situation" due to lack of funds for the conduct of the war, which threatens defeat and the loss of Ireland.

Under the influence of hostility to the rebels of Ireland, which engulfed wide circles in England, Charles officially continued to consider all confederates rebels.

In the first months after the formation of the new state, the Confederates could defeat the government forces with one blow and end the war with a complete victory. However, this opportunity was missed, and Charles and the Anglo-Irish lords managed to carry out their plans.

In January 1643, Charles instructed Ormond to conclude a truce with the Confederates for a year. It sharply escalated the struggle between the "native Irish" and the Anglo-Irish and undermined the unity of the Confederation.

On March 25, 1646, the "peace of Ormond" was concluded and Ormond arrived in Kilkenny. Under the terms of the peace, the interests of the "native Irish" were infringed. They did not receive freedom of religion, but only freed themselves from the oath to the English king as the head of the Anglican Church. The confiscation of land from the Irish has not been canceled either.

It was the conclusion of peace that finally split the Confederation and further aggravated the internal struggle in Ireland. The performances of the "native Irish" were spontaneous and unorganized.

After the defeat of Charles I in the war in England in early 1647, Ormond hurried to the side of the victor, which was the Long Parliament. After the defeat of Charles I in the war in England in early 1647, Ormond hastened to side with the victor, which was the Long Parliament, cynically stating that he preferred English rebels to Irish. However, after arriving in England and learning about the order of parliament for his arrest, he fled to France, finding shelter there with the English emigration.

2.2 Royalist Forces of Ireland

The overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a bourgeois-noble republic in England caused serious alarm in Ireland. The desire to unite their forces prevailed among the royalists. This was also demanded by the royalist emigration, in whose counter-revolutionary plans Ireland played a major role.

However, the warring factions in Ireland could not unite this time either. Pursuing selfish goals, they did not dare to appeal to the people and call them to defend their homeland.

Realizing that Charles's case was lost, O'Neill tried to conclude a separate peace treaty with the Long Parliament, but came across the unwillingness of the parliamentary commissioners to grant Catholics freedom of religion and ensure the security of their possessions.

In September 1648, Ormond arrived in Ireland and on January 17, 1649, concluded an agreement with the Confederation, according to which punitive laws against Catholics were abolished for military assistance to the Stuarts. Prior to the convocation of Parliament, power was to be in the hands of Ormond as the royal Governor of Ireland and commander-in-chief of the Confederate forces, but under the control of 12 trusted commissioners elected by the Supreme Council of the Confederation.

On January 30, 1649, Charles I was executed in London and Rinuccini was recalled from Ireland a month after Ormond concluded peace with the Confederation.

Meanwhile, Ormond unsuccessfully tried to reconcile the Confederates with Owen O'Neill, despite the fact that he was the only commander capable of resisting the British troops.

In the autumn of 1649, Owen O'Neill died. . Shortly before that, in August 1649, Ormond was defeated by Jones' parliamentary troops at the village of Rathmines, near Dublin. A few days later, Cromwell landed in Ireland with a large army. The forces capable of resisting the invasion were fragmented and weakened.

All this led to the fact that the decisive force of the national liberation movement - the masses of the people at the time of the invasion of Cromwell's country were weakened and divided as a result of the rivalry of various groups.

2.3 Cromwell's Conquest of Ireland

Thanks to the revolution of 1649, the bourgeois-democratic stage was passed - the monarchy was destroyed and a republic was created.

Nevertheless, there was no continuation.... Independent circles of the bourgeoisie and the new nobility came to power, who began to use the bourgeois-noble republic to suppress the forces of the democratic wing of the revolution, to conquer and plunder Ireland.

The Independents intended to carry out its colonial enslavement on the principles of free bourgeois entrepreneurship. In order to complete the suppression of the left wing of the English bourgeois revolution and consolidate the victory of the bourgeois-noble bloc, preventing its further development along the bourgeois-democratic path, the independents organized an expedition.

The Irish expedition was motivated by the need to strike at the royalist and Catholic counter-revolution, the center of attraction of which was Ireland. Parliament appropriated for the expedition part of the sums received from the sale of church lands and the collection of fines from royalists. The number of this army was brought up to 12 thousand people, Cromwell was appointed commander. A large amount of ammunition, weapons, ammunition and food was in Bristol. 130 ships were ready at any time to transfer the expeditionary army and protect its communications during the campaign. [11]

Cromwell chose a good moment to invade Ireland. On August 15, 1649, he landed with the main body of his army near Dublin and soon entered it; joining Jones' army, he took Drogheda and then Wexford. In March 1650, after the third assault, the Confederate capital Kilkenny surrendered to Cromwell.

The Irish partisans (called "Tories") attacked the British troops, seriously complicating the conduct of hostilities. Punitive detachments of the British burned villages, destroyed food supplies, trampled crops, mowed down unripe bread, killed cattle, hoping to starve the Irish into submission.

"Due to the lack of bread and livestock, the Tories may be left without provisions and thus will be forced to submit and leave these places",- the commissioners of the parliament explained the meaning of this tactic. Partisans were subjected to particularly brutal reprisals. [12]

At the same time, the religious struggle among the royalists escalated. The Catholic bishops noticeably intensified their activities; they sought to take advantage of Ormond's unpopularity and seize the leadership of the struggle against the English Puritans into their own hands.

Back in January 1650, Cromwell addressed the Irish with a declaration "To the deceived and corrupted people of Ireland", in which he declared the Catholic clergy the main culprit of resistance and promised peace to the Irish if they refused to obey the Catholic clergy and expelled him.

Soon the army of the Irish royalists completely disintegrated. Ireland was devastated. The wars and internecine struggle that lasted for more than 10 years, the cruelty and looting of British soldiers, especially the Cromwellian army, famine and epidemics completely upset the country's economy, sharply reduced its population. [13]

The Irish Uprising was the largest event of the national liberation struggle of the Irish against the English colonialists and had a progressive significance. This is how Engels assessed this uprising. In one of his letters he remarks: "But there is still a small difference: the French Revolution wanted to give land to the people, and the English Republic wanted to take land from the people in Ireland" - this is how Engels assessed this uprising. [14]



2.4 Consequences of the new Dispensation of Ireland

Based on the acts of the English Parliament of 1652-1653 on Ireland, a new distribution of Irish lands was carried out. According to William Petty, who conducted a census of confiscated lands, out of the total land area in the country of 20 million acres, 11 million acres were confiscated and settled, of which 8 million were suitable for cultivation. A special commission in Attlon established the categories of papists' guilt. Subscribers to the Irish loan - adventurers received only 390 thousand acres of land in the same 10 counties. The army cut up almost 2 million acres of Irish land. Both adventurers and soldiers and officers were allocated mainly the best lands. When the army was disbanded, the soldiers received a document - an "obligation" indicating the amount of Irish land that the state had to cut into compensation for its arrears of salary for service. [15]

However, many colonists, especially those with large estates, opposed the general resettlement of the Irish from the colonized territories, seeing them in advance as future tenants of their lands, as well as a source of cheap labor.

As contemporary notes, it was easier for a colonist to find Irish holders and they were "more profitable" than English holders were. It was the benefits of exploiting the Irish as small tenants that forced the majority of English colonists to support the demand not to relocate all the Irish of the colonized territories to Connaught and Clare, and some of them were left in their native places. "The Irish nobility of Ulster all moved to Leitrim, but the common people stayed and willingly worked," one report in 1659 reported. By the end of 1655, the resettlement of the Irish from 26 counties was mostly completed. [16]

Therefore, the defeat of the Irish popular uprising of 1798 interrupted the development of the revolutionary process, throwing Ireland into colonial slavery. However, the revolutionary upheavals were a powerful incentive for the formation of the national consciousness of the Irish people.



Conclusion

Thus, the consideration of the historical events of the Irish Uprising and the English Revolution allowed us to achieve certain results. The military struggle with the English settlers began in Ireland in October 1641. A few days later, the rebels captured the most important strategic points and fortresses of Ulster, destroyed most of the property of the colonists.

The range of movement to protect Irish land from confiscated colonization and the English language turned the rebellion in the province of Ulster into a "national revolution" that swept the country and lasted for several years.

The formation of an independent State is one of the important events of the national struggle for the independence of Ireland. However, the Irish and Anglo-Irish feudal lords in general did not make this situation to support the People's Liberation War, which was fought in every place, mainly in the form of local guerrilla action. The goal is to share the ownership of the Irish with the English monarchy, gain advantages and ensure the safety of their property expropriation by the English traveler.

In the first months after the formation of a new state, enemies can defeat the government with one blow and at the end of the war to complete the victory. However, there is a lost chance, and Charles and the Anglo-Irish Lords managed to carry out their plan.

The armistice in 1643 dramatically increased the conflict between the "Irish" and the Anglo-Irish, as well as the Federation base and division. He is also a very impatient rival of the Federation-Puritan and Anglican Dublin, fearing that Charles will put up with the Catholics in the price of a push to confiscate the land and property of the "rebels" and satisfy all their arguments.

The conclusion of peace finally split the Confederation and further aggravated the internal struggle in Ireland. In Limerick, the common people, led by a monk, massacred the heralds appointed to announce the conclusion of peace. Unrest took place in many cities.

The internal confrontation between the Irish and Anglo-Irish aristocrat, which led to the Irish Uprising, their anti-popular, subtly political class, brings the facts of the decisive force of the national liberation movement-a crowd of people while five know; the collapse of the invading country is weak and the split is the result of competition between different groups.

Cromwell's expedition was inspired by the need to attack the counter-revolution of the Regalists and Catholics, and the center of gravity is in Ireland. In the end, the Irish rebellion was extinguished. The victory of the British army was explained by the fragmentation of the Irish army, the internal struggle between them, and the weak and unpopular Ormond as the main commander. The struggle of the Anglo-Irish lords and the Irish nobility, Catholics and Protestants, clergy and nobility did not stop, there were unrest and desertion by the British in some parts of the army.

So, in the course of the course work, the following tasks were solved:

- the reasons for the brewing and the beginning of the English Revolution are considered;

- the activity of the Long Parliament is characterized;

- the political situation after the formation of the Confederation is considered;

- the internal war is analyzed;

- assessment of the royalist forces of Ireland;

- the process of the conquest of Ireland by Cromwell is considered;

- the consequences of the new dispensation of Ireland are analyzed.

In summary, it should be noted that the defeat of the Irish popular uprising of 1798 interrupted the development of the revolutionary process, throwing Ireland into colonial slavery. However, the revolutionary upheavals were a powerful incentive for the formation of the national consciousness of the Irish people.



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