Early iron age mound near the village Malynivtsi in Podillia

1983. Вып. 23. Рис. 1: 7. and Rudkivtsi Винокур І.С. й ін. Довідник з археології України. Хмельницька, Чернівецька, Закарпатська області. Київ: Наукова думка, 1984. Рис. 10; ГуцалА.Ф. Рудковецьке городище і перший похід скіфів у Придністровський Лісостеп. Давня і середньовічна історія України. Кам'янець- Подільський: НВЦ Кам'янець-Подільського університету, 2000. Рис. 2. settlements of the Dniester region. Large pots decorated with a fluting spread at Chornyi Lis-Zhabotyn sites of the Dniester region under the influence of fluted Hallstatt cultures. It is also subject to such a type of decoration as a fluted neck. In general, it was not a very common type of decoration in the region at that time. Its samples are known on vessels from settlements in Komarove Могилов О.Д. Комарів. С. 78., Dnistrivka Смирнова Г.И. Закрытые предскифские. Рис. 10: 4., and Neporotove Крушельницька Л.І. Чорноліська культура. Рис. 19: 5.. Such a decoration can sometimes be found among synchronous antiquities of the Forest- Steppe Dnipro region Тереножкін О.І. Розвідки і розкопки 1949 р. в північній частині Кіровоградської області. Археологія. 1952. Ч. VII. Рис. 7..

Dated to the Early Scythian period, large pots with a fluted neck at the sites of the Western Podillia group are found only occasionally: mounds in Kachanivka Sulimirski T. Scytowie. Tab. XV: 4. and Loievtsi Крушельницька Л.І. Чорноліська культура. Рис. 83: 6.. On some vessels, the stylization of the motif occurred, and the decoration obtained the form of drawn rollers Sulimirski T. Scytowie. Tab. XV: 4, 5; Ганіна О.Д. Поселення скіфського часу. Рис. 5, 7.. The mentioned decoration, dated to the same time, is known to be found further east, in the Buh Смирнова Г.И. Гальштатский компонент. Рис. 3: 11. and Dnipro Петровська Є.О. Курган VI ст. до н.е. Рис. 7. regions.

The ornamentation of large pots with knobs is also typical for the Middle Dniester region in the Early Iron Age. This detail is believed to be spread there under the influence of the fluted Hallstatt cultures Смирнова Г.И. О формировании позднечернолесской культуры на Среднем Днестре по материалам поселения Днестровка-Лука. Археологический сборник Государственного Эрмитажа.

1984. Вып. 25. С. 56.. Such decor is associated in the region with the finds dated to the pre-Scythian Могилов О.Д. Комарів. С. 76-77. and Scythian Sulimirski T. Scytowie. Tab. XIV-XV; Могилов А.Д. О формировании. Рис. 2. times. However, mostly these are simple conical applications. The large pot from Malynivtsi is characterized by a rare applied volute, with three vertical stripes. Among the few analogies, we can name the fragments of large pots, where 2 or 3 stripes run from the applied volute downwards. They were found at the Early Scythian Trakhtemyriv fortified settlement Дараган М.Н. Начало раннего железного века в Днепровской Правобережной Лесостепи. Киев: КНТ, 2011. Рис. V: 50: 4; V: 51: 7.. On the fragment from the pre-Scythian settlement in Teremtsi, the applied volute is moon-shaped, and the projecting parts directed downwards are small Могилов О.Д. Теремці... Рис. 6: 4..

The ladle has a rather non-standard shape, similar to a mug. The traditions of making vessels with such a body in the Middle Dniester region date back to the Late Bronze Age Смирнова Г.И. Поселение позднебронзового века и раннего железа возле с. Магала Черновицкой области. Краткие сообщения Института истории материальной культуры. 1957. Вып. 70. Рис. 1.. For the pre-Scythian and Early Scythian times of the region, such forms are uncharacteristic. Sometimes they are found at the sites dated to Vysotska culture Sulimirski T. Scytowie... Tab. XIX: 1, 8..

Thus, the set of wares includes a number of features that in the Middle Dniester region can be considered predominant for the pre-Scythian period. A pot with two rollers, more likely - a large pot and a ladle, which, despite its rare shape, looks quite archaic. On the other hand, pots with a roller under the rim, although they are sometimes found in the pre-Scythian mounds, mostly belong to the Early Scythian period.

So mound 1 in Malynivtsi has a number of both pre-Scythian and Scythian features. The stone layer and biritualism in funeral rites are common features. Among the pre-Scythian ones, we should note a group of graves under the mound, their small size, such types as a narrow pit or a cist, the bodies positioned in different directions in one tomb, and the burial method (predominance of crouched inhumations at the same time with the presence of cremations in urns). Although the percentage of burials in vessels seems to be somewhat high. Most of the inventory also resembles the pre-Scythian assortment: a few decorations, no weapons, and too few metal objects in general. Belonging to the mentioned period, if we consider burials, it could be the pots with two rollers and a large pot, as well as a ladle, because of its shape. Pots with a decorated upper part would seem to be closer to wares from the Early Scythian burials, although they are known to emerge as early as the pre-Scythian period. The complex of laid ceramics was located at the level of the ancient horizon under the stone layer and can be stratigraphically associated with the earliest primary burial No. 1. We should also note that the stone bead looks unusual for the Scythian times.

The topography of the necropolis on the watershed should be counted among the Scythian features, albeit with a slope toward the river valley. Burned-down wooden tombs are mainly attributed to that period, although mound No. 1 in Malynivtsi seems to demonstrate only the formation of such rites. As a secondary argument, one could add the fact that Malynivtsi necropolis continued to exist in the Early Scythian period (to which most of its mounds are dated).

Therefore, based on the totality of facts, mound 1 in Malynivtsi should be attributed to the turn of the pre-Scythian and Scythian periods. Unfortunately, no chrono-indicators were found in the complex that could specify such a position (weapons, bridles, jewelry, etc.). In absolute terms, the time of its construction can be close to the end of the 8th - the beginning of the 7th century BCE. Chronologically, the earliest burial under the mound was the primary burial 1, and the complex of ceramics from the southeastern part of the mound might belong to it. Later are secondary burials 3 and 4, but their mutual sequence is not clear. Within burial 3, the earliest was an urn burial.

In social attribution of the buried, the size of their burial mound is important in comparison with the synchronous burials of the region. In the case of the burial that is being published, such attribution is somewhat complicated with its mid period chronological position, because the mounds of the pre-Scythian and Scythian times have their individual, sometimes different, features. Low mounds are characteristic of the first of the periods, and their variability from barely noticeable to 2-4.5 m high is typical for the second one. In addition, the complexes of that time, with possible more or less exact dating, can already be attributed to Kelermesskaia period, which is much later than the mound from Malynivtsi. Given this, as well as the size of the mound and the predominance of the pre-Scythian rites, in our opinion, the attribution of the complex to the pre-Scythian burials looks more promising. We should note that the mound illustrates the end of that range of antiquities with the transition to the Scythian phase.

Sociological analysis should be started with the assumption that the concentration of a group of burials under one mound in Malynivtsi can testify in favor of the kinship of the buried, their belonging to the same family or clan. The small size of the burial complexes and the modest inventory indicate that property stratification probably did not go far within clans or the local community. It is assumed that the small necropolises of the Scythian period in the Middle Dniester region could hardly be the burial place for all the members of numerous local communities, who could also be buried in little-studied underground necropolises in settlements, following the rites that had left little archaeological evidence Гуцал А.Ф., Гуцал В.А., Могилов О.Д. Ранньоскіфський курган... С. 51.. These assumptions can also be applied to the slightly earlier Malynivtsi mound. It is unlikely that 8 people buried there represented the entire population of the settlement. Pre-Scythian necropolises (Bernashivka, Lomachyntsi) indicate the existence of underground burials at that time. Their predominance in the mixed burial ground in Bernashivka can indicate the fact that the elite were buried in the few mounds and ordinary members of the community - mainly in underground complexes. Despite the larger size of the primary burial mound tombs, their variability and social stratification in Bernashivka community are also not as noticeable as in some Scythian necropolises. The elite of the pre-Scythian times can be better distinguished by analyzing the materials of the Bandyshivka mounds with large tombs. Talking again about the first Malynivtsi mound, we consider it quite possible that part of the population of the local community could also be buried following the mentioned moundless rites, however, such locations have not been discovered yet. In this case, the mound burial could stand out significantly, representing a wealthier and socially significant family. However, the dimensions of the graves of Malynivtsi complex are approximately identical to the synchronous underground graves of the region. Therefore, with such a model, population stratification was still in an early phase.

Conclusions

When determining the place of the mound among the pre-Scythian sites of the region, we should note that all the mounds of that time had relatively small dimensions of up to 1-1.1 m, indicating the absence of a notable stratification of communities. According to the size of the hillocks and tombs, only the mounds near Bandyshivka can stand out. There, the elements of the bridle, which are rare in the region, were found. Whereas according to the variety and larger scale of the constructions, the mounds in Bernashivka can also stand out, but to a lesser extent. It is probably possible to add here the one-meter-high mound 1 near Mervyntsi, where details of the horse trappings were also discovered.

Malynivtsi mound can illustrate the next social group of burials. The level of their stratification changes gradually. The largest are the one-meter-high mounds 8 and 9 in Luka-Vrublivetska, with a diameter of 9-10 m. However, they covered several graves. The mound under consideration can stand, if not in parallel, then immediately behind them. Despite half the height, it has a larger diameter. This series is continued by smaller Dniester region mounds, which, as a rule, cover several burials. After them, there are simple underground graves.

Therefore, mound 1 near Malynivtsi may be the burial of a family that insignificantly, but still stood out in one of the Middle Dniester region communities. Perhaps its status was at the stage of the initial, but already noticeable social formation of the tribal nobility at the level of local communities. As evidenced from other chronologically close burial complexes of the Middle Dniester region, such processes occurred there everywhere, but particular progress they had in the east of the region. It is possible that it was facilitated by the close proximity to the more socially stratified population of the Middle Dnipro region and the nomadic steppe.

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