The history of archives in Central Asia: ancient times

Размещено на http://allbest.ru

The history of archives in Central Asia: ancient times

Sherzodjon Choriyev

National University of Uzbekistan

Guljahon Shaydullaeva

Zumrad Raxmonkulova

Abstract. The article devoted studies of the documents on the history of the archives in Central Asia on the basis of archeological researches having been conducted in Central Asia over the last decades. Until now there have not been conducted practical complex studies of Central Asian archives of ancient times. On the basis of certain facts this following article has described the life experiences of ancient people who lived in the territory of current Uzbekistan and indicated the process of preserving documents and transferring data from generation to generation in the form of rock paintings and archival documents-libraries. These references indicate to the existence of ancient scripts in Khorezm. On the basis of scientific studies of the scientists it can be concluded that the elements of scripts discovered on the ancient ceramic handcrafts may be considered as the samples of early economic archieves found in the territory of present Uzbekistan. In the period of Akhamanids in Iran and in Central Asia cuneiform was widespread and in the whole territory of the empire Aramaic script wasn't the only language of paperwork. As it has been indicated in the article, according to its geographic scope, the Bactrian language took the second place after the Sogd language which was widely used in the territory extending from India to Eastern Turkestan. The fact that two biggest empires as Kushanids and Ephtalits and then also the state of Takhirids utilised this script demonstrates the significance of the. ancient Bactrian language in the lives of ancient nations. This paper also shows the similar attributes of the Bactrian language used in making negotiations of Surkh-Kutal, Rabotak with the scripts used in the samples of the letters in the documents from the library of Ashurbanipal and with the Het script in which the texts of the anthems, national communal decisions and religious messages were inscribed on the rocks. There are also some evidences proving the existence of particular archives in the residences of ancient rulers of Central Asia in such places as Toprak Kala (Khorezm), and in the mount of Mug' (Devashtich archives). Particularly in royal archives there was a systematic archival work and such materials as leather and wood were widely used to fix the data. Such documents as personal letters, diplomatic correspondence, contracts and economical records were kept in this period. It also should be noted that paperwork was far more enhanced in this epoch.

Keywords: Sopollitepa; Jarkutan; pictography; Ancient Khorezm; Sugd; Devashtich archive

history archives central asia rock paintings documents libraries

Introduction

Nowadays a lot of works are being done in preparing personal for the field of archives and also studies are being conducted in the history of the formation of work ethics and order in archival works and a lot of efforts are being done to master these accomplishments (Vallejo Sierra & Morillo, 2022).

According to the research works of some scientists, modern archival works are developing in the form of “Big data” which encompasses texts, photos, audios, videos and similar information. “Big data” is successfully utilized in many spheres such as medicine, transportation, media, governmental establishments, the Internet, retail industry and so on (GUO Wei-ya, 2021).

International Archival Convention of France is constantly making a lot of efforts to encourage specialists to study the documents in the arch ives and to estimate their significance, to preserve archival heritage and to utilize them. Nowadays a special attention is spared to the studies of the history of archives and contemporary archival works in the developed countries of the world (Kretzschmar, 2013, pp. 5-9).

In the decree of “Action Strategy” that has been signed by the president of Uzbekistan to establish 5 important Uzbekistan's Development Strategies for 20172021, it is mentioned to “encourage scientific researches and innovation activities, to put into practice effective mechanism of achievements” (National database of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2017, February 08), and to implement the latest technology. Above mentioned factors are strictly taken under control to learn and investigate the history of Uzbekistan via primary archival sources.

Especially, the research which has been carried out about the archival history of ancient times holds a big significance in making clear topics that are related to nationhood and governmental issues. The verdicts and decisions of the Republic of Uzbekistan such as: decrees about “Archival works” (2010), the cabinet of ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan “Approving normative archived documents” (1999, October 30, No. 482), “Extra actions to improve archival field in the Republic of Uzbekistan” (2008, August 26, No. 194), “Development of archival field in the Republic of Uzbekistan” ( 2012, April 5, No. 101), “Storing handwriting sources of the president of Uzbekistan and implementing investigational and promotional actions” (year 2017, May 24) are playing an important role in effective completion of abovementioned tasks.

Today there are no research works on the archives of ancient times of Central Asia and Uzbekistan. The researches done on the history of archives of ancient times may clarify many things related to the history of statehood which is indeed a very actual topic.

Research methodology

The methodological basis of the work is a number of historical studies. The article applies the method of critical analysis of archaeological research materials related to the history of ancient archives. The findings presented in this article are arranged in chronological order. Also, paleographic source studies, textological, archival methods of scientific research are used in the work. This approach provides an opportunity for objective coverage of the historical processes of formation and development of ancient archives in Central Asia and, in particular, in Uzbekistan. In the process of working on the topic, the principles of objectivity and impartiality occupied an important place, which helped to assess the history of the archives of ancient times in Central Asia and Uzbekistan. Thus, an integrated approach in the application of various scientific research methods, used by the authors in preparing this article, helps a systematic and more versatile disclosure of historical realities in the history of the ancient archives of Uzbekistan.

Results and discussion

In IV-III BC in Mesopotamia the very early handwritings appeared in the form of paintings and later it turned to cuneiform (an ancient wedge-shaped script). At the end of the 3^rd millennium BC Egyptian hieroglyphics came to an existence which coincided with the creation of the inimitable Egyptian kingdom (D'yakonov, Neronova, & Svencickaya, 1983, pp. 12-30). In the history of the humankind the very first handwriting based on letters was founded by the Phoenicians at the end of the second millennium BC and this handwriting served as a ground for the origination of the Aramaic and Greek alphabets. It is acknowledged that Greek, Chinese, Aramaic, ancient Bokhtari, Khorezmian, Sogdian handwritings had been put into practice until the introduction of the Arabic handwriting in Central Asia (Rtveladze, Saidov, & Abdullayev, 2000, pp. 89-123). The most ancient handwriting is considered a short Aramaic handwriting inscribed on the vase dating back to VI-V centuries BC found in Aybuyirkala memorial in ancient Khorezm. Also, messages and texts written in Aramaic handwriting were found in Kuykirilganqala, Amurdarya.

The most ancient pictographic handwriting was found in Sopollitepa memorial in Uzbekistan and an item with 29 signs were discovered there. They were divided into 8 groups according to their shapes by scientist A. A. Askarov. The first group of signs were in the form of half moon, and quite similar signs were found in another 4 items. There is a sign of drawn bow in the second group, in the center of it there was a perpendicular straight line. The exact 5 pretty similar shape-signs were found in Sopollitepa. Parallel lines were found with 6 signs by the third group of people. There was a straight line connecting with the third parallel line which resulted in the constitution of the letter “N” The signs of fourth group were in the for m of crop and they are only 4. The signs of the fifth group were described on one dish and it is straight line which connects two circles. We can call this sign as “a cart”, because in Central Asia the picture of “a cart” is demonstrated in exact way on ro ck paintings. When it comes to the sixth group of the signs, it's similar to the first group as their shape is in the form of the moon but there is a difference as the moon there is a lot more bowed. The seventh group of signs reminds the letter “A” as 3 s imilar signs were found. The eighth group represented the shape of a snake and there were pictures of a snake on two ceramic items (Shaydullaev, 2009, p. 142).

It's a little bit complicated to say what is the clear meaning of the pictures represented on these items and the scientists differ in their opinions concerning them. It is scientifically proved that the signs written on the items are the very first pictographic handwritings. In ancient eastern history, handwritings were gradually formed undergoing several stages. As it has been mentioned above, people delivered their opinions, thoughts, elements of their lifestyles in the form of paintings and signs. The signs in Sopollitepa and Jarkutan are of a big example of it. Similar to the ceramic era, in this era pictographic signs can be seen on ceramic dishes, like on vases, pitchers and kaskans. Until today, 52 kinds of inscribed sign-writings that belonged to Jarkutan area have been found. Some signs were repeated 2 -3 times. However, a lot more signs have been written only once and they are irreplaceable.

The sign of cross is one of the most constant and repeated sign in the era of Jarkutan among pictographic sign-writings. The sign of cross is not only applied on ceramic items but also was widely described on amulets and seals in ceramic. The sign of cross was extensively used as pictographic handwriting. We can also see this in Egyptian pictography in the form of hoe and plow (Shaydullaev, 2009, p. 145).

The fact that representatives of the population kept records of information or texts related to agricultural farming life, and the occurrence of this type of inscriptions on seals indicates that this economic sector has become important even at the city -state level.

Figure 1. Pictographic signs (Sopolli culture): (a) - (Choriyev, Shaydullaev, & Annaev, 2007, pp. 30-31, picture 14); (b) - (Choriyev, Shaydullaev, & Annaev, 2007, pp. 31-32, picture 15).

According to archival materials found from Jarkutan memorial, we can make a conclusion that 52 kind of diverse sign-handwritings inscribed on ceramic items were quite enhanced.

It is worth mentioning that some stamps and seals found in Jarkutan memorial were used in agricultural and economic spheres and sectors which means that farming archives also existed in this period of time.

Figure 2. Jarkutan. Pictographic characters (Choriyev, Shaydullaev & Annaev, 2007, p. 27, picture 10).

Aybuyirkala and Kuykirilganqala handwritings as an archive documents.

Sogdian scripts.

The Sogdian handwriting had been of utmost importance until the Arabic caliphate period. This type of script dated back to approximately the I BC and the I AD. In the early middle ages Sogdian script was used in such regions as the old Marv of Eurasia to Altay, Mongolia, China and Tibet (Livshits & Khromov, 1981, pp. 347-515), while the Sogdian language was the first means of understanding and communication in trade. The Sogdian script samples were not only found in Sugd in Central Asia but also in such places like Chach, Fergana and Semirechye. Although there is no any single information about when and where Sogdian script was created. The first samples were found back in the I BC and the I AD, and there were silver coins made in the Bukhara region imitating Evtidem, who was Greek Bactrian and these samples are considered to be the most ancient items of the Sogdian script.

Many samples of the Sugd script have been found in Uzbekistan and out of them distinguishes with its uniqueness a 16-lined vertical script written with an ink on the walls in Afrasiyab relics (1965). The scripture was read by Livshits and it belongs to the second half of the 7th century BC. The context says that the king of Samarqand Avarhuman received the ambassadors of Turontosh, the king of Chaganyan (current Surhandarya) leaded by Pukarzod. They brought maids and presents with themselves (Al'baum, 1975, pp. 52-56). The information about king's official reception of the ambassadors was recorded on the script example from Chaganiyan. A theory has been forwarded that the information about this official reception had been recorded on the wall according to the order of the king.

Specifically, it was the fortress wall that served as a medium for storing this official miniature document. The thing that can serve as an evidence about the existence of archives in that period is archival documents found in the Mug mountains and cliffs. We can conclude that these inscribed documents on the wall were completed to demonstrate the king's political and diplomatic role in his kingdom. Alongside with investigating Sogdian script in Chach in recent years, interesting information and data has been gained. The examples contained coin with the name, date and even the names of the region (Rtveladze, 1997-1998, pp. 307-328). The most ancient coins of Chach dated back to the III-IV AD and most likely at this times local inhabitants knew the Sogd language and scripture.

Archive of Tuprokkala, Khorezm.

The archive of the Khorezmian kings belonging to the third century was found during the expedition of the palace complex located in the ark of Tuprokkala, the capital of ancient Khorezm which served as the king's residence. In 1947-1949, the members of the Khorezm archeological-ethnographic expedition under the leadership of S. P. Tolstov found 140 documents of the ancient Khorezmian people written on leather and wood in the king's archive in Tuprokkala palace. 122 of them were written on the leather and most of them already decayed.

a

b

Figure 4. Toprakkala excavations: (a) - panorama of the Toprakkala excavations (Tolstov, 1948, p. 177, picture 45); (b) - an aerial view of the excavations at the governor's palace in Tupoqkala (Tolstov, 1964, p. 183, picture 45).

Only 18 documents written on the leather and 8 wooden documents written on the wood were preserved in a good condition. The most essential part of these documents were related to administrative and economic matters and were written in the Aramaic language type. The language of these documents is similar to the Persian (farsi) language belonging to the XIII-XIV centuries in Khorezm which was verified by А.A. Freyman and other linguists. Also, some documents indicate the year. These dates were written on the leather and they are 207, 231 and 232 which are considered as unknown. The cultural layer where the documents were found belongs to the Kushan-Afrigiy period of Khorezm history dating back to the III-IV centuries (Alimov, 2004, pp. 3-5).

Archived documents inscribed in Bactria script.

The suggestion about announcing it as “Bactrian script” was put forward by В.Khen (Rtveladze, Saidov, & Abdullayev, 2000). But Kushan kings themselves declared it as the Aramaic (Aramiy) language. The coins of the first Kushan kings were inscribed in the Greek language, and in the time of “Kanishka” (the first half of the II century AD) the coins had the following script “Shaonano Shao Kanishka Kushan” in the Bactrian language meaning “the king of the kings Kushan”. According to this, the idea that Bactrian script was created in the time of Kanishka came to existence. However, recent findings give a hint that Bactrian script existed even before the era of Kanishka and with the help of several scripts of Dashti Navur, J. Fusman came to a conclusion that alongside with Khoshatkhi and unknown script, Bactrian handwriting also existed. Later in the time of Kanishka, the Bactrian script became the state language.

There are approximately 25 letters in Bactrian handwriting. A lot of scientists are of one opinion that Tokharistan scripts originated from Bactrian script. From chronological side, Bactrian handwriting has been used for almost 800 years (from III AD to VII-IX centuries). In 1954-1959 French archeologists pioneered the discovery and studies of the Bactrian script inscribed on limestones found in the complex of the temple on the hill of Surx-Kotal of Boglan region (northern Afganistan) (Livshits, 1974). And the sample found on the hill of Surx-Kotal is considered to be one of the biggest sample of Bactrian script and this 25-lined scripture was inscribed on limestone. 2 more samples were also found in the same area and they were inscribed on the limestone as well. Rabotak is a monumental letter on the stone. According to their structure, these samples of scripts can be compared to a supplication, a hymn, and recorded archives containing the nation's decrees written on the rock pillar and the archive in Ashurbanipal library.

Ayritam script is also close to famous Surx-Kotal (Northern Afghanistan) as for its meaning and is considered as the first example of monumental inscriptions of this type for right-bank Bakhtaria. Both scripts are about a construction. Ayritom scripts were carved by so called Mirzod and (...and Mirzod wrote this under the order of Shudya). This handwriting belongs to the beginning or the middle of the II century BC and the text has not been read to the end (Masson & Romodin, 1964, pp. 192-193). This script was written in the Greek alphabet in the style of Kushan and the language in which the inscription was written is an East-Iranian language that is previously unknown to science, and therefore it is complicated to fully comprehend and translate it. This language is a connecting link with Pashtu -pomir languages (munjakh, yigda) and Sogdian, Khorezmian and Partav languages (this language is called Bactrian today). Because of its grammatical structure this language receded away from its ancient appearance as compared to East-Iranian languages.

The following part of the script was read with difficulty: “Khuvishka king, governing years 4, king.. .gifted (or present) ... became Shudya ... And.. .he (Shudya) decorated the memorial... Shudya did another thing. He established (in akropol) ... in memorial.. .(memorial) without water (left), this is why Shudya...dug” (O'zbekiston tarixi, 2013, pp. 159-160).

Based on these half translated historical documents, this can be assumed as the document similar to a report saying that during the reign of Khuviska, a person named Shudya (Shodya) decorated the pyramid, carried out construction and repair work and provided water to the pyramid.

The translation script in Surkh-Kotal.

“This fortress is named Winner Kanishka memorial, and the king built it for his own memory. Now, at the end of the construction, the water in the pool dried up, as a result the fortress remained without water. When the drought started in the peak heat of summer, Idols were taken away off their nests: The idols were both pictures and statues as well. And the fortress had been empty till the arrival of a noble, hardworking, benevolent, good-doer and well-wishing Nikonzok in the 31^st year of his reign. Then he encircled the fortress, dug a well, brought water, and the stone was placed on in the well in such a manner that people inside the fortress would not suffer from water shortages, and when the drought occurred, the idols would not be taken away from their nests in the heat of summer, and the fortress would not become empty. A special device was built above the well to raise the water and also a reservoir was constructed. Due to this well and reservoir the fortress flourished. The well was constructed by subordinates of the king: Hirgoman, Kuzgashka's son Burzmihr, Astilgancig and Nikonzok. And Evman Mihrahaman wrote this together with Burzmihr-puhr and Amir Raman”.

According to textural analysis of the above given document the text found in Surkh-Kotal monument was written in the form of a report. In the early middle ages in the area of Central Asia kings inscribed the important achievements of their time in the form of historical reports on solid rocks to preserve them for longer period. It seems that the technology of inscribing information similar to the Behustun script written in the time of Ahamanids also entered the areas of Central Asia.

Archival documents of Mug Mountain (or archive of Divashtich).

During the excavations in the castle on Mug mountains 120 km east of Samarkand, archival of sughd documents belonging to the beginning of the 8 ^th century AD showed a big role of sughd language and script in Central Asian people's history and culture. There were found 89 documents in various languages like Sughdian, Arabic and Chinese. 74 of archival documents were written in Sogdian script, and most of them were personal and diplomatic letters, contracts and yearly accountancy records of the economy. A lot of researchers such as A. Freyman, V. Livshits, M. Bogolyubov, O. Smirnov carried out studies on interpreting these archive documents. A large amount of documents were found in Panjikent and in the areas surrounding it, precisely, from Zarafshan upstream. They are connected with the name of Panjikent governor - Divashtich and in a lot of documents the king of Sugd was reminded as Samarkand governor.

In the battle against to Arabs, the notice sent to Divashtich by Fatufar, the representative of Divashtich who was sent to Chach to conclude an agreement with the rulers of Ferghana and the khan of Tires, was of particular interest.

It's interesting to learn the letter sent to Divashtich by his representative Fatufar who was sent to Chach with a special assignment in order to sign a treaty with the governor of Chach, Fergana and Tires for to combat with Arabs.

Let us give opportunity to present one of the translation of Freyman from Sogdian documents:

“The king of Sughd, the governor of Samarkand Divashtich wishes well-being to the leaders of district and shows his respect. Whenever you get my letter send a healing cup of drink to a person who seek in soul and you opt to give it immediately and he will recover from this and it will save him”.

Precious information about socio-economic, military and cultural history of Sugd was tracked in archival documents found in Mug mountains. For example, the documents inform about 4 types of slaves in the continent, important instructions of family rights md participation of Turks in Sughdian urban life an in the authority.

Figure 5. Document 1.I. Archival documents of Devashtish (Livshits, 1962, p. 113, picture 3).

Conclusions

Referring to the research on the things such as temples, the palace of the kings, defensive constructions, craft facilities, residuals of the settlements and the samples of high civilization and the seals found in Jarkutan memorials belonging to the Bronze age in the area of ancient Bactria, we can conclude that there were various types of archives as urban state archive, the archives of temples and the archives of economy of patriarchal families.

Satraps and military leaders were under a constant control of the king of the kings and the central government in Ahamanids' period. There were such professions as the head of the chancellery, a treasurer, accountants, judges, calligraphers and others in Satraps. It is obvious that the Aramaic language was not a sole language in the whole empire as the office works were also conducted in the Greek language and concerning Kapadokia, Cilicia, Syria and Palestine they utilized the Aramaic language. When it comes to Egypt, they used hieroglyphics dating back to the times of the pharaoh and in Persia and Central Asia Aramaic and the scripture similar to cuneiform were put into practice.

Script samples inscribed on ceramic items which were found in archeological monuments as Kuykirilgankala, Kalaikir, Govurkala, Burlikaala, Khumbuztepa and Yakkaporson dating back to the III--I centuries BC proves the existence and development of economic archives in the form of scripture in the territory of Khorezm after the era of Ahamanids.

There were special palace archives of Khorezmian kin gs in the king's residence (belonging to the III century) on the arch of Tuprakkala, the capital of ancient Khorezm.

The library archives were also developing in the religious temples in the I-II centuries AD.

In the regions of Central Asia, in ancient times, city state archives, personal archives of patriarchal families and economic archives existed, and later archival libraries began to appear in temples. Basically, documents were recorded on ceramic items and limestone slabs.

Archives of the palaces started to operate systematically in the early Middle ages. Leather and wood were widely used as a tool of recording archival information. Different types of documents as diplomatic and private letters, agreements and economical notes were stored in the archive. Additionally, recordkeeping in state institutions was improved at that period of time.

References

Al'baum, L. I. (1975). Zhivopis' Afrasiaba [Painting of Afrasiab]. Tashkent: Fan [in Russian].

Alimov, I. А. (2004). Arxivshunoslik. [Archival science]. Andijan: Andijan State University [in Uzbek].

Betancur Roldan, M. C. (2022). Archival traditions in Latin America. Archival Science, 22, 483-500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-022-09393-4.

Choriyev, Z. U., Shaydullaev, Sh., & Annaev, T. (2007). OZbekiston hududida yozuvning paydo bo'lishi va taraqqiyoti. [The emergence and development of writing in the territory of Uzbekistan]. Tashkent: Yangi asr avlodi [in Uzbek].

Ctvrtnik, M. (2022). Classified records and the archives. Archival Science, 22, 129165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-021-09370-3.

D'yakonov, I. M , Neronova, V. D., & Svencickaya, I. S. (Eds.). (1983). Istoriya drevnego mira. Kniga 1. Rannyaya drevnost'. [Ancient world history. Book 1. Early antiquity]. Moscow: Nauka [in Russian].

GUO Wei-ya (2021). Prospect of Archive Dataization in Big Data Age: Significance and Dilemma. Revista Argentina de Clinica Psicologica, 30(2), 250-258. https://doi.org/10.24205/03276716.2020.4023.

Ishakov, V. (2006). Tarihni tilga kiritgan yozuv [An inscription that mentions history]. Fan va turmush. No. 1-3. [in Uzbek].

Karapetyants, I. V. (1997). Ekonomicheskiye arkhivy Zapadnoy Yevropy i SSHA do nachala ХХ veka [Economic archives of Western Europe and the USA until the beginning of the 20th century]. Moscow: RSUH [in Russian].

Kretzschmar, R (2013). Zur Einfahrung: Zeitgeschichte, Archive und Geheimschutz. In R. Hering, R. Kretzschmar (Eds.), Zeitgeschichte, Archive und Geheimschutz. Beitrage einer Sektion auf dem 49. Deutschen Historikertag 2012 in Mainz (pp. 5-9). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag [in German].

Livshits, V. A. (1962). Sogdijskie dokumenty s gory Mug. Vypusk II. Yuridicheskie dokumenty i pis'ma [Sughd documents from mount Mug. Issue II. Legal documents and letters]. Moscow: Publishing house of Eastern Literature [in Russian].

Livshits, V. A. (1974). Kushany: pis'mennost' i yazyk [Kushans: writing and language]. In B. G. Gafurov, G. M. Bongard-Levin, E. A. Grantovsky, L. I. Miroshnikov, B. Y. Stavisky (Eds.), Tsentral'naya Aziya v Kushanskuyu Epokhu [Central Asia in the Kushan Era] (Vol. 1, pp. 313-321). Moskow: Nauka [in Russian].

Livshits, V. A., & Khromov A. D. (1981). Sogdijskij yazyk [Sogdian language]. In V. S. Rastorgueva (Ed.). Osnovy iranskogo yazykoznaniya. Sredneiranskieyazyki [Fundamentals of Iranian Linguistics. Middle Iranian languages]. Moscow: Nauka [in Russian].

Mambetullayev, M. M. (1990). Gorodishche Bol'shaya Ajbujir-kala (raskopki 19761977 i 1981 gg.) [Settlement Bolshaya Aybuyir-kala (Excavations in 1976-1977 and 1981)]. In Arheologiya Priaral'ya [Archeology of the Aral Sea] (Issue IV, pp. 91-131). Tashkent: Fan [in Russian].

Masson, V. M., Romodin, V. A. (1964). In R. T. Akhramovich, O. V. Gankovskiy, & V. A. Livshits (Eds.), Istoriya Afganistana: v 2-kh tomakh. T. 1: S drevnejshih vremen do nachala XVI veka [History of Afghanistan: in 2 volumes. Vol. 1: From ancient times to the beginning of the XVI century]. Moscow: Nauka [in Russian].

National database of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2017, February 08). The Strategy of Actions in five priority directions of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021 (further-strategy of actions) according to appendix No. 4947 - decree. Retrieved from https://lex.uz/docs/3107036 [in Uzbek].

Tolstov, S. P. (1948). Po sledam drevnexorazmiyskoy sivilizatsii [In the footsteps of ancient Khorezmian civilization]. Moscow, Leningrad: Publishing House Academy of Sciences of the USSR [in Russian].

Tolstov, S. P. (1964). Vpoiskah kul'tury Drevnego Horezma [In search of ancient Khorezm culture]. Tashkent.

Rtveladze, E. V. (1997-1998). Pre- Muslim Coins of Chach. In K. Tanabe (Ed.), Silk Road Art and Archeology (Vol. 5, pp. 307-328). Kamakura, Japan: Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies.

Rtveladze, E. V. Saidov, A. Kh., & Abdullayev, Ye. V. (2000). Ocherki po istorii tsivilizatsii drevnego Uzbekistana: gosudarstvennost' i pravo [Essays on the history of civilization of ancient Uzbekistan: statehood and law]. Tashkent: Adolat [in Russian].

Shaydullaev, Sh. B. (2009). O`zbekiston hududida davlatchilikningpaydo bo`lishi va rivojlanish bosqichlari (Baqtriya misolida) [The emergence and development stages of statehood in the territory of Uzbekistan (in the example of Bactria)] (Doctoral dissertation). Ya. G. Gulyamov Samarkand Archaeological Institute, Samarkand. Retrieved from https://library.samdu.uz/book?id=3001 [in Uzbek].

O'zbekiston tarixi (2013). Xrestomatiya, I tom. [History of Uzbekistan. Chrestomatia, Volume I]. Tashkent: Fan [in Uzbek].

Vallejo Sierra, R. H., & Morillo, J. P. (2022). Itinerarios en la construction historico - institutional de la archivistica como disciplina y profesion en Colombia. Revista Interamericana de Bibliotecologia, 45 (3), e344960.

https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rib.v45n3e344960 [in Spanish].

Шерзоджон Чориев

Національний університет Узбекистану, Узбекистан

Гулжахон Шайдуллаєва

Зумрад Рахмонкулова

Анотація. У цій статті досліджено історію архівів Середньої Азії на основі археологічних досліджень, проведених протягом останніх десятиліть. До цього часу практично не проводилися комплексні дослідження з вивчення середньоазіатських архівів давнього періоду. У цій статті висунута і обґрунтована, на основі конкретних фактів, ідея про досвід давніх людей, які проживали на території сучасного Узбекистану, в галузі зберігання документів та передачі інформації з покоління в покоління, включаючи наскельні зображення та документи архівів-бібліотек. На основі наукових досліджень вчених можна зробити висновок, що елементи писемності, виявлені на керамічних виробах давності, можуть служити зразками ранніх господарських архівів на території Узбекистану. У період Ахеменідів в Ірані та Середній Азії було поширене клинописання, і на території всієї імперії арамейська писемність не використовувалась як єдина мова діловодства. Як зазначено в статті, за географією поширення бактрійська мова займала друге місце після согдійської мови і була широко поширена на території від Індії до Східного Туркестану. Той факт, що дві великі імперії - Кушан і Ефталітів, а потім і держава Тахіридів використовували цю писемність, свідчить про важливе значення бактрійського давнього письма в житті древніх народів. У цій статті наведені схожі риси бактрійського письма, що використовувалося при складанні договорів Сурх - Котал, Рабатак, зразками письма в документах бібліотеки Ашшурбаніпала та хеттського письма, яким були вирізані тексти гімнів, рішень народного збору, релігійних фрагментів на камені. Поряд з цим у роботі наведено відомості, що підтверджують існування спеціальних архівів у резиденціях давніх правителів Середньої Азії - у Топраккале (Хорезм) та Мугській горі (архів Деваштича). Зокрема, у архівах правителів було систематизовано архівну роботу, а для фіксації інформації в архівних документах широко використовувалися матеріали, такі як шкіра та дерево. У цей період у архівах зберігалися особисті листи та дипломатична переписка, договори, господарські облікові записи. Також слід відзначити, що у цю епоху була значно удосконалена система діловодства в державних установах.

Ключові слова: Сапаллітепа; Джаркутан; піктографія; Стародавній Хорезм; Согдійська мова; архів Деваштича

Размещено на Allbest.ru