Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) in the public and information-communication space of the middle ages and early modern period: international-political, socio-humanitarian and intercultural discourses

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Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) in the public and information-communication space of the middle ages and early modern period: international-political, socio-humanitarian and intercultural discourses

Tsivatyi Viacheslav Hryhorovych

PhD (History), Associate Professor,

Honored Education Worker of Ukraine

Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Scientific Society of History of Diplomacy and International Relations

Politics and diplomacy of Renaissance presents a logical continuation of the institutional political and diplomatic ideas of previous eras, including ancient. However, it is completely independent, institutionally framed, original political and diplomatic thing, reflecting a holistic, political system and heuristically- approach to the surrounding world and the person in it. In the Renaissance appeared worldview new paradigm.

Culture Renaissance man drew attention to the mundane world and its charms, opening their eyes to the surrounding beauty and creating a need for active cooperation in the knowledge of secrets, as well as creative and adjusting the image perpetuating its political and diplomatic means. Interest in the knowledge of earthly things rejection indisputable authority of the church, the growth of secular elements in the culture researchers called the characteristic feature of the Renaissance.

At a certain characteristic Friedrich Engels, the Renaissance is "the greatest progressive revolution all the time experienced by mankind, the era that required Titans and Titans that bare power of thought, passion and character, versatility and learning".

Dante Alighieri (it. Dante Alighieri) is famous Italian politician, writer, literary critic, poet, theologian, philosopher and diplomat, titanium Renaissance worldview. His most famous poem is a world masterpiece "The Divine Comedy" (it. La Divina Commedia). "Divine Comedy" is a philosophical and artistic synthesis of medieval culture [1].

Information about the life of Dante Alighieri, this remarkable person, very few survived, their main source is written his own autobiography same art, which depicts only a certain period.

Dante Alighieri began his literary career very early and left to posterity many works, however, brought him worldwide fame written in Tuscan dialect Divina Commedia ("Divine Comedy"), which began to write in 1290, rebuilt in 1313, and finished 1321. In three parts ("Hell", "Purgatory", "Paradise"), Dante describes his journey to God.

Companion lyrical serves Roman poet Virgil, Dante later accompanied Beatrice who personifies grace of God. The product is a real encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Many researchers consider "Divine Comedy" one of the most important works not only Italian but also of world literature.

The exact date of Dante's birth is unknown: according to different sources, he was born in 1265 between 14 May and 13 July noble family. Sometimes referred to as the birth date of 1266.

His education also almost no information, but preserved evidence when he was just amazed contemporaries with their education. There is a hypothesis that he was educated at home, and later continued his studies at the University of Bologna, however, did not finish it.

Dante gave much time to self-education, including foreign languages, creativity ancient poets, among them the special place occupied Virgil, whom he regarded as one of his spiritual teacher [2; 3, с. 3-20].

Platonic love appeared in his heart at the age of 9 years old when Dante Alighieri met Beatrice Portinari, the daughter of folk Portinari in which to hopelessly in love at first sight, but never even spoke to her. After reaching the age of majority was able to see her often, exchanged greetings with her on the street, but never knew it well - he gave an example of so-called "polite love".

From the standpoint of today's hard to understand the vicissitudes of love and all its circumstances. However, this love was the brightest event in the life of A. Dante and possibly it push the literary work. Many of his poems praised Beatrice watching him. In the great misfortune to Dante, Beatrice died in 1290.

The death of the woman he loved with his head forced him to go into science. He studied philosophy, astronomy, theology, become one of the most educated people of his time, although the baggage of his knowledge did not go beyond the medieval tradition that relied on theology. In 1295 Dante Alighieri began studying politics and diplomacy as a member antypapistskoyi party.

After the entry into force of the regulations in 1295, which allowed people from the middle class to hold political office if they are registered in any art, Dante entered the guild of healers and pharmacists. In subsequent years, his name is often mentioned in the registration documents. In 1294 in Florence, died Brunetti Latina (12201294), the notary, who was in charge of the correspondence of the Florentine republic, diplomat, scholar and poet. In addition, because of this sad event in the sources of information is preserved, according to which his diplomatic skills mastery Latina gave one of his best students - Dante Alighieri.

It was his Dante called his teacher. In August 1320, almost immediately after writing the last lines of "Comedy": "Love that moves the sun and the light ..." Dante on behalf of Guido da Polenta sent on a diplomatic mission to Venice. However, the road comes trouble - he contracted malaria ...

Dante dreamed of using the "Comedy" became famous and return home with honor and diplomatic successes, but his hopes were realized. Returning from Venice, poet died on September 14, 1321. "Divine Comedy" was the peak of his literary work, but only so it is rich and diverse artistic heritage is not limited, it contains a particular philosophical treatises, journalism, lyrics.

For certain course of political and diplomatic career Dante is not known because many historical documents were lost, but thanks to the surviving sources played most of his political and diplomatic background, quite interesting and colorful. Dante was the Council of the people of November 1295 to April 1296, a group of "wise men" in December 1296, from May to September was part of Sta. If necessary, it sent a diplomatic mission and [4; 5, с. 275-281].

The formation of institutions of diplomacy - institutionalization - involves the replacement of spontaneous and experimental behavior in international relations behavior regulated, expected, predictable and predicted. Techniques and methods of diplomacy early modern times - is quite complicated diplomatic tools, aimed at implementing the foreign policy objectives of the state.

Diplomatic tools - a set of tools and methods used to achieve or implement the goals. Difficulties diplomatic practice due to a number of factors and conditions that can either promote or interfere with the tasks assigned to diplomacy or priorities negotiations.

Diplomats Renaissance and early modern time spent provisional negotiations; preparing draft future agreements comprehend ambassadorial ceremonial and diplomatic protocol diplomatic system of stereotypes. At the end of the XV - beginning of XVI century in Western Europe began a rapid transition to a modern system of embassy services - permanent diplomatic missions. It laid the foundation for the institutionalization of diplomacy and foreign policy of each state and European foreign policy in general.

Describing the idea of emotion in diplomacy, we must bear in mind that the relevant pattern will be different in different countries diplomatic practice, but they can highlight some universals related to the universality of human experience, the example of negotiations in Europe and the Middle early modern times. Emotional coloring negotiations always played an important role in achieving the objectives. It also should be aware that there is a dilemma emotions - feelings, but in this period should be split, with an emphasis on the cognitive component of emotion that is the result of social and cultural conditioning.

The most common emotions in diplomatic practice associated with certain external displays (diplomat scared or angry diplomat if the diplomat is happy, and so on. F.), which are then transported in a diplomatic dialogue. Theory and Practice of Diplomacy Middle Ages and early modern times reflected in the works of diplomats, as Machiavelli "The Emperor," Philippe de Kommin "Memoirs," Francesco Guicciardini "History of Italy", Bernard de Rosiere "Short paths of messengers" Abraham de Vikfor "Ambassador and its functions," Alberyko Gentile "Three books about embassy" Ermolao Barbara "on service Ambassador" and so on. d. Theorists and practice diplomacy Renaissance were mostly convinced that politics and diplomacy is an art - which is independent of morality and religion when it comes to costs.

Diplomat and politician shall consciously or unconsciously maintain functional versatility and power in integrity with professional competence, through the wisdom, and the ability to negotiate and make informed conclusions on historical comparisons.

In the works of contemporary research period, we can trace the beginnings of classification instruments of foreign policy: peaceful foreign policy instruments (multilateral and unilateral) and power tools of foreign policy. In their works, they describe multilateral contacts: direct negotiations; as a means of diplomacy; mediation (mediation); negotiations.

There is amazing legend. Once, late at night, when silence reigned around, the gate of a monastery knocked loudly pale, weary traveler. The clank of iron was heard in the hot air. Goalkeeper asked who is knocking and it should. This strange and muffled replied briefly "Peace!"

This traveler was a Florentine exile, the greatest poet of the Italian Dante Alighieri. Not just for himself he craved tranquility and peace, but also for his homeland, which suffered from endless strife, wars and strife.

Dante did not advocate international cooperation as a condition of maintaining peace, namely individual responsibility for maintaining peace, as well as for the welfare of humanity as a whole.

Monarchy or the Empire Dante Alighieri - a model of international order, political and diplomatic system, model of world order and world order aimed at achieving human well-being, part of which is necessarily universal peace.

On the plan works, Dante wrote in a letter to Kanhrande affairs Scala Italian nobles at the court where he lived in exile: "Saving people from the shameful condition and lead them to happiness."

The writer wanted the spiritual salvation of humanity, effectiveness of preventive diplomacy, and therefore proclaimed the high ideals of goodness, love, charity, Mind. Thus, Dante affirmed the strength of internal capacities of man, believed in its potential for spiritual transformation, and with it the inspiration of life [6, с. 136-141].

In 1300 Dante became a fellow of six Priora, but the papal party evicted him from Florence, confiscating all estates. In 1301 he was sentenced to be burned and destroyed the house.

To escape the hard sentence Dante had ever leave his hometown. In 1302 Florentine government decided, that Dante threaten death penalty if he will attempt to come in without paying appointed a fine of five thousand. Florins.

Wonder, in June 2008, after almost 690 years after the death of the great Dante, Florence authorities canceled its decision on expulsion from his native city. For this, 19 members voted for the Florence City Council, with five opposed. Mayor Leonardo Domenici said that the verdict on cancellation of Dante would be held during the opening ceremony.

It would be great Florentine awarded the highest award of the city. Critics of the government's decision Florence called the idea of rehabilitation Dante cheap trick that aims only to attract more tourists of the city, and noted that if the writer was allowed to return, he might never have written his best works [7].

Man is passionate, full of great hopes and expectations, Dante always looking for a "right way" in the world of bloody strife, endless political strife that engulfed the crushed Italy.

He is mistaken, and then tries to find the truth. It always remains true to his two muses: Beatrice and Italy, the unity that the poet dreamed of throughout his life [8, с. 136-141].

"Divine Comedy" was written in 1307-1321, respectively. It was the time in the history of culture was named OverRenaissance. Growing interest in the human person, its earthly joys and hopes. Gradually begins to form a new humanistic way of thinking, the final formation of which will be linked to the Renaissance era.

However, the belief in the unlimited possibilities of human nature, the uniqueness of human personality is emerging now. This process plays a brilliant poem of Dante, who is also a synthesis of medieval culture and the prologue to the Renaissance culture.

"Dante is the highest expression of poetry crown and perpetuation of what is called the middle ages. All culture, all beliefs, all the anguish and hopes of those times found expression in his poem. And at the same time as a man of genius all his being he belongs to later times, although opinions and views rooted in the past", - says Franko, fan and scholar of Dante's poetry.

This kind of duality is reflected in the art style of the poet. Dante called the poem "Comedy" in medieval canons established, then the so-called works that began sad, and ended happily. The epithet "divine" that is "beautiful" poem gave the first biographer of Dante, author of the famous "Decameron" J. Boccaccio [3, с. 3-20; 4].

From the distant 1302, and for the above-mentioned factors Dante Alighieri almost 19 years led a wandering life, and this period was the peak of his literary work. Dante died in Ravenna on the night of 13 to 14 September 1321. His grave is nowadays place of pilgrimage for millions of visitors [5, с. 275-281; 8, с. 136-141].

Such kind of place appeared in Kiev, in the park "Vladimir Hill" (near the Ukrainian House), which in December 2015 was established and inaugurated a monument to world famous poet, writer, politician and diplomat - Dante Alighieri. The ceremony of the monument to the Italian poet and diplomat attended by Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Italy Fabrizio Romano and Kyiv Mayor VitalyKlitschko, members of the public, students and teachers of the Diplomatic Academy of Ukraine.

The unveiling took place as part of the development of public spaces "Kyiv - a city of the world". Italian Ambassador Fabrizio Romano said the relationship with Ukraine Dante: "He scored and Ukrainian lands, such rich writers and poets. Many of them - from Gogol, Shevchenko, Lesia Ukrainka to Franko, Bulgakov, Akhmatova-drawn from the works of Dante ..." The Ambassador also read greetings from the Mayor of Florence - Dante's hometown.

The sculpture Dante Alighieri opened in honor of the 750th anniversary of the world famous poet, diplomat and Italian figure. The monument is made of white marble, the author of the project - sculptor Luciano Massari (Italy). Architect - Leonid Small (Ukraine).

In addition, the Ukrainian scientists Andrushivka astronomical observatory open their assigned small planet official name "Societa Dante" ("Dante Society") in honor of Dante Alighieri Society. The relevant certificate scientists presented the Ambassador of Italy to the opening ceremony of the monument to the poet [8, с. 136-141].

Dante came back in European literature in the era of Romanticism. In the eighteenth century about it earlier, but it was not relevant. He is a poet of the nations that fought for liberation. In Italy, especially, since the time of Garibaldi was torn Italy. In Poland, the figure of Dante turned great poets Mickiewicz and Slovak exiles. Finally, in Ukraine, where the situation was worse than in Italy, even worse than in Poland because our country has been deprived not only of his state but also right to call itself.

In our opinion, there is no coincidence in the period of Romanticism in Europe is this majestic figure of Dante and not accidentally Italian nation formers of nineteenth century allies are in his name. It was a different understanding of the nation than in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries, but it was the beginnings of understanding of the nation, nation-building starts.

If we consider the Ukrainian history, then obviously conventional equivalent to the time of Dante in Italy will be times Khmelnitsky or Ivan Mazepa tragic times.

In Ukraine, the works of Dante known since the beginning of the XIX century. Highly esteemed poet Taras Shevchenko. Lesia Ukrainka appealed to the works of famous Florentine poet. In 1898 she translated V song "Hell" from "The Divine Comedy".

Since then Dante's terza rima sounded in Ukrainian. Permanent interest in the artistic heritage of the poet showed Franko. While still in Drohobych school, he read the works of Dante in German and Polish translations, made the first attempt to recreate the sound of Dante's poem language. In the 80s there was a plan to translate "Divine Comedy" by Ivan Franko appreciated "General inaccessible to ease and grandeur of style".

The mention of it is found in a letter to Drahomanov. As a result of years of work Franco translated and commented on the most important passages of the "Divine Comedy."

The work was completed in 1913 edition of the book "Dante Alighieri. Characteristics of the Middle Ages. The life of the poet and a selection of his poetry." Despite the small size, it has become the first in Ukraine holistic philological study of the works of Dante.

Ukrainian reveal to readers the beauty of the words of the Italian poet tried and V. Samoilenko. In his later years on the translation of "The Divine Comedy" worked M. Dray-Khmara. Arrest in 1935 gave him complete this work. Not preserved, unfortunately, and text translation.

The first complete translation of "Hell" made Mr. Karmansky. M. Rilsky edited text. Editing, however, gradually turned into co-authorship. Fully E. Drob'yazko translated "Divine Comedy" into Ukrainian. In 1978, his translation won Rylsky award [9, с. 316-320].

In Ukraine there are two complete translations of "Divine Comedy" by Ukrainian, Peter Karmansky and Eugene Drob'yazko. Translation of Karmansky, according to researcher Dante in Ukraine Maxim Strikha, was far from perfect. In 1956 was published only the first piping of this translation, thoroughly refined Maxim Rilsky.

Translation Drob'yazka published separate parts of the publishing house "Dnipro", "Purgatory" (1968), "Paradise" (1972) and full edition - in 1976. Hypothetical third full translation, on which he worked neoclassicist Michael Dray-Khmara, Most likely not survived. Deserves high praise new translation of "The Divine Comedy" Maxim Strikha, in which the author spent 21 years. This high poetry. This is not only a treasury of knowledge about medieval life, but brilliant images...

Researcher of Ukrainian poetic translations of Dante, Maxim Strikha called attention to the creative genius of Italian signs of European Ukrainian culture. According to him, Ukrainian first written name Dante belongs Philip Orlik, then - Feofan Prokopovich.

Reviews of Dante in Ukrainian literature were "Aeneid" Kotlyarevskogo works of Shevchenko, in the twentieth century - Poetry Lina Kostenko, VasylStus, Oksana Pachlowska. As well as samples of Ukrainian art.

In the Taras Shevchenko National Museum hosted a presentation of a new book by the famous Ukrainian artist and scientist Olga Petrova "Divine Comedy" by Dante Alighieri: Art Comment ages 14-20".

The book was published in Ukrainian and English. Present at the presentation of famous figures of Ukrainian culture in unison noted that the book was the result of Olga Petrova and simultaneously break Ukrainian culture in the European space.

The new edition is always new experiences Books. For the bibliophile, it begins with the use of a material object itself. This book to hold, turn pages is a real pleasure. And this is not just a material form corresponds to the content - it is generated and how this should relate to the majestic, truly temporal figure of Dante. Not only domestic, but also the world of art to the science of the monograph had work that synthesized creative experience to the highest professional level artists who worked on the images of majestic Dante's poem.

The study "Divine Comedy" as a literary masterpiece and is dedicated to the hundreds of thousands of pages in the global literary space. Not lacking and art history books, but they mostly relate or work of some outstanding illustrators of Dante - Sandro Botticelli, William Blake, Gustave Dore, Salvador Dali, or analysis of artistic masterpieces Sinyorelli, Michelangelo, Delacroix, Rodin - those freskistiv, sculptors, are inspired by themes of poems. However, putting all graphic Danteany a single scientific context, consideration and analysis of historical traditions, cultural sequence for the first time made it Ukrainian researcher Olga Petrova.

Creative contacts of O. Petrova with library of the British Museum (London) enriched monograph masterpiece "Siena Code" (1442-1450). Note, even in 1993 the museum acquired library lithography O. Petrova - her illustrations to the "Divine Comedy." And in 2009 the British Museum gave the author of the monograph entitled reproduce miniatures "Siena Code".

Therefore, a grain seed to unique pictorial series, covering 361 illustration. This graphic conglomerate O. Petrova analyzes of captiousness encyclopedic. Scientific conclusions presented by the author in emotionally intense linguistic form, awaken the imagination of the reader.

Traveling from the Renaissance to the end of the twentieth century is that the literary form of the text, emotional stress that keep the reader in mind condition intrigue and deeper penetration into the world of Dante. Harmony is an emotional and rational perception completeness and greatness of Dante, and the brilliant achievements of artists. A quick note that among the many illustrations completely unknown, sometimes - maybe forgotten.

The power of sound presented and analyzed the works left a deep impression. Therefore, again we must stress that illustrations played a crucial role in the "growing" Dante themes of his work into the public consciousness in the modern sense of the great Florentine [9, с. 316-320; 10, с. 32-37; 11; 12; 13, с. 279-283].

Finally, we want to draw attention to the peculiar phenomenon, which is the book of O. Petrova in our art space.

Only with the advent we discovered that in fact (though we know might not guess) in our culture there is no "our" Dante - and in such a wide artistic context. And the fundamental work Olga Petrova made it possible to enjoy the complete "assimilation" of the universal intellectual, thesaurus, which always shows the convergence of national culture at the highest level of civilization [14; 15, с. 337-363; 16, с. 111-117; 17, с. 174-178; 18, с. 112-114].

Thus, the modern reader might sometimes difficult to understand some original opinions and views Dante Alighieri, poet, diplomat and politician, because he lived on the border of two epochs - the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period [19; 20, с. 67-75; 21; 22, 133-141; 23; 24, с. 1-4; 25].

No wonder it is called "the last poet of the Middle Ages and the first poet of modern times." In the medieval world view, reflected in the book, along with outdated ideas were progressive features, opening faint prospects of people not otherworldly paradise life and earthly, joyful and just.

In literature, politics and diplomacy Dante Alighieri left a bright trail. He is one of those who stood at the cradle of Italian diplomacy, Italian political and diplomatic system, its traditions; he formed the classical model of Italian diplomacy and contributed to its institutional development.

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